Problems and Countermeasures of Food Security in China

Jiang Ciyu, member of the Party Group and Deputy Director of Ankang Grain Bureau

Food security has always been a major strategic issue related to China's national economic development, social harmony and stability, national security and self-reliance. China is a big country with a population of more than 65.438+300 million in the world. With the decrease of cultivated land and the shortage of water resources, climate change is increasingly restricting food production. However, with the development of urbanization and industrialization, the growth of population and the improvement of people's lives, the demand for food has increased rigidly, and the food supply has been in a tight balance for a long time. Therefore, China's food security is not only based on China's national conditions, but also the focus of attention of all countries in the world. It is very important to study the food security in China.

First, the connotation of food security

The United Nations International Food and Agriculture Organization 1974 1 1 raised the issue of "food security" for the first time at the first World Food Summit in Rome. 1983 in April, Edward Saouma, Director-General of the International Food and Agriculture Organization, put forward a new concept of food security. In other words, the ultimate goal of food security should be to ensure that all people can buy the basic food they need anywhere. 1996165438+1October, the second world food summit expressed the concept of food security for the third time: let all people enjoy enough food at any time and live a healthy and energetic life. As can be seen from the above, the connotation of food security is constantly developing, from quantity security to quality security, from national food security to household food security, from nutritional security to sustainable security. For more than 20 years, this concept is definitely being adjusted, but the most basic content is still to ensure that people all over the world have the right to get the minimum nutrition. This explanation means that "all people can get enough safe and nutritious food at any time." Including ensuring that there are no risks in terms of availability, acquisition, utilization and stability. "

(A) the meaning of food security

It includes three meanings: first, to ensure the quantity and quality of food supply, that is, not only to supply enough food, but also to ensure the safety and hygiene of the food supplied to meet people's basic needs for survival and health; The second is to ensure the stability and long-term of food supply, that is, to ensure that food supply is adequate and hygienic at all times to meet people's long-term needs; The third is to ensure people's purchasing power, that is, people can not only buy but also afford the basic food they need for their survival and health. The main contents of food security include: safe and reasonable food reserves, stable development of food production according to market demand, moderate import and export of food, solving the problem of food and clothing for the poor, so that all people can enjoy adequate food at any time.

(b) Food security measures

To measure a country's food security, the safety factor of grain storage is the main factor. On this basis, we should also consider the fluctuation coefficient of grain output, the dependence on grain foreign trade, the food and clothing situation of the poor people and other indicators. Generally speaking, there are five "not less than": (1) The self-sufficiency rate of grain is not less than 95%. The commonly used standards in the world are: a country's self-sufficiency rate ≥90% is an acceptable level of security; A country's self-sufficiency rate of ≥95% is basically self-sufficient. From 65438 to 0996, the white paper "Grain in China" issued by the China government determined that the self-sufficiency rate of grain in China was above 95%. In recent years, the grain trade volume in the international market is roughly 230-240 billion kilograms. Every time China's grain self-sufficiency rate is reduced by 1 percentage point, it will occupy 2 percentage points of the world grain market share. (2) The grain reserve rate shall not be less than 18%. According to FAO's long-term observation, the ratio of annual grain reserves and commercial stocks to annual total consumption (referred to as inventory consumption ratio) is 17- 18%, which is the minimum food security level. (3) the annual per capita possession is not less than 400 kilograms. From the experience since China's reform and opening up, the per capita possession of grain is higher than 400 kilograms, and the food security is guaranteed, and sometimes there will be structural and regional surpluses; 350-400 kg, tightly balanced; Under 350 kg, it is prone to food crisis. In China, the grain storage capacity of three months per capita in producing areas and six months per capita in selling areas is also regarded as the standard of food security in various regions. (4) The basic farmland area is not less than 65.438+0.6 billion mu. With the growth of population and grain demand in China, the basic farmland area is not less than one person and one mu to ensure the grain production area. (five) the grain planting area is not less than 654.38+650 million mu. The grain output in recent years has proved that although the national grain output has increased for five consecutive years, the grain output has basically remained at the level of 500 billion Jin, with an average yield of 320 Jin per mu. However, the growth of output is subject to many constraints, and it is relatively difficult to increase the output per unit area. The sown area must be kept at about 654.38+0.6 billion mu to ensure the self-sufficiency rate of grain. In addition, the food security level of low-income groups. Meeting and ensuring the basic food needs of low-income people can significantly improve the level of food security, and it is also an index content to measure food security.

(C) the characteristics of food security in China

As a special commodity, grain has five characteristics:

1, the price of grain supply is large, and the price elasticity of grain demand is small. Grain is a special commodity, which is different from the law of supply and demand of general commodities. The demand law of general commodities is: the price rises and the demand falls; Prices are falling and demand is rising. However, people's consumption demand for food is rigid and basically stable, and the demand for price changes will remain unchanged. From the perspective of supply, price has a great influence on grain output. When food prices are high, farmers will have a variety of grains. If the price is low, farmers will grow less grain, and the income is the reference coefficient for farmers to grow grain. More grain, lower prices, "stealing grain hurts farmers", affecting farmers' enthusiasm for growing grain; If there is too little food, the price will go up. On the one hand, it will increase the economic affordability of residents and grain-deficient farmers, on the other hand, it will stimulate farmers' interest in growing grain, leading to a downward trend in prices. This law determines that there can be neither more nor less grain, and the characteristic of grain production is that there can be neither more nor less.

2. The periodicity and fluctuation of grain production are intertwined, which is difficult to control. There are both natural risks and market risks in grain production. Market risk is the fluctuation of grain production caused by the change of grain price, the uncertainty of market price and the uncertainty of production. Natural risk and market risk are intertwined, which intensifies the fluctuation of grain production. Grain reserves can adjust surplus and shortage, but too much reserves will increase costs, and too little reserves will not be enough to resist risks. This is a dilemma. Especially in poor areas, they are often short of food and money, and the government's regulation ability is very weak. Grain policy is a systematic project, and production, circulation, reserves and subsidies should be considered as a whole.

3. The food problem has a "magnifying" effect. Food is a necessity, and tight supply and demand may lead to large fluctuations and chain reactions. The two serious inflations in the late 1980s (1987- 1988) and the early 1990s (1993- 1995) were both related to the problem of food supply and the sharp rise in food prices, which contributed to each other, and the country had to carry out contractive macro-control. During the period of SARS in 2003, domestic grain prices fluctuated, and in the autumn harvest season, there were signs of rapid increase everywhere. Food prices in China rose for the first time in six years, with an average increase of about 20%. In 2006, with the international food shortage, prices fluctuated again. Up to now, the grain price has increased by 10% every year, and the era of low grain prices is gone forever.

4. The food problem has a "herd effect". There are more than 300 million farmers and 900 million farmers in China, and their production is isomorphic. Residents' consumption also has herd mentality, buying up and not buying down. Production follows the trend, consumption follows the trend, rushing headlong into it, rushing headlong into it, either increasing greatly or decreasing greatly, which leads to great difficulty and high cost in grain control.

5. The grain policy has a "lag" effect. Grain production is greatly influenced by natural factors, the scale of farmers' operation is small, and the regulation is lagging behind. When problems arise, research policies are often "better late than never". Since the reform and opening up, China's grain policy has been adjusted five times. This year's policy will not take effect until next year. Therefore, to deal with the food problem, we should plan ahead and combine short-term policies with long-term mechanisms.

Second, China food security status and influencing factors analysis

Food is the foundation of human survival and development. Successive governments in China have put food security in the first place and regarded granaries as a prosperous scene. During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, "chenchen local accent, Taicang legacy" was praised by historians. Bai Juyi, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, described "rice is fat and white, and both public and private granaries are rich" in "Remembering the Past", which is also a wonder. Since the founding of New China, especially since the reform and opening up, China has successfully solved the problem of food and clothing for hundreds of millions of people by relying on policies, science and technology and investment, achieved a basic balance between supply and demand of agricultural products, achieved a historic leap in bumper years, and achieved brilliant achievements in feeding nearly 2 1% of the world's population with less than 0/kloc-0% of the world's arable land. Since 2004, the central government has successively issued five No.1 documents and a series of measures to benefit farmers and support agriculture. For example, the policy of "four taxes" in agriculture (agricultural tax, lint product tax, animal husbandry tax and slaughter tax) is abolished, and the policy of "four subsidies" in agriculture (direct subsidies for grain, improved varieties, subsidies for agricultural machinery purchase and comprehensive direct subsidies for agricultural materials) is implemented, so that agriculture and farmers can "recuperate" and reduce the burden on farmers, and farmers can reduce their burden by about 654.38+0.25 billion yuan every year; Established an agricultural policy subsidy system that conforms to China's national conditions, combines comprehensive financial subsidies with special financial subsidies, and gradually standardizes management. In 2007, farmers directly enjoyed 70 billion yuan of financial funds for supporting agriculture, reaching 1 1000 billion yuan in 2008. The input growth mechanism of agriculture and food production has been implemented and established. For example, the implementation of the incentive policy for large grain (oil) counties, the implementation of the minimum purchase price policy for rice and wheat, and the increase of transfer payments to major grain producing areas have greatly improved farmers' enthusiasm for growing grain. The national grain harvest has been good for five consecutive years, and the total grain output reached 500 million kilograms. Planting area, unit yield and total output increased simultaneously, and grain production changed from recovery development to steady development. At the same time, improve the responsibility system of county heads in grain provinces and cities, strengthen the responsibilities of governments at all levels in grain production and food security, improve and establish the central and local grain reserve and finished grain reserve mechanisms, so that the safety factor of grain stocks will reach more than 20%, the total grain volume will be basically self-sufficient, and food security will be basically guaranteed. The level of food security is second only to Canada, France, the United States and Australia, and higher than the world average.

However, grain is a weak industry. Restricted by its growth cycle, geographical environment and climatic conditions, the factor of "depending on the weather" still exists. From the demand point of view, in the next two or three decades, China's population will increase, cultivated land will decrease, food demand will be irreversible, and the world's food will be tight, and the situation will be grim. For a populous country like China, we must ensure self-sufficiency; From the production point of view, farming is reduced and the basic production area is difficult to control; Science and technology are backward, and it is difficult to improve the output per unit area; The economic comparative benefit is low, farmers' enthusiasm for growing grain is not high, and it is unlikely that grain output will increase significantly; Objectively speaking, some poor and unemployed people are difficult to eliminate in the short term, and the consumption level of most residents has improved. Due to the increase of grain used for industrial transformation in economic development, the contradiction between supply and demand has been formed, and food supply and demand will be in a tight balance for a long time, and food security will face severe challenges.

(A) demand factors: grain demand showed a rigid growth trend.

Domestically, this is mainly determined by the following five unchanging development trends: First, the national population is huge and the base is high, and the annual growth rate 10‰ will not change in the short term. China's existing population is more than 654.38+03 billion, and it is expected to reach 654.38+06 billion by 2020, with an annual net increase of 654.38+00 billion Jin. Second, the trend of increasing population urbanization rate will not change. By the end of the Eleventh Five-Year Plan, the level of population urbanization will increase to over 40%. With the transfer of rural labor force, commodity grain has increased by10 billion Jin every year. Third, the trend of further improvement of residents' living structure will not change, and the trend of diversification and high quality of food consumption will aggravate the continuous increase of food consumption. Fourth, adjusting the economic structure, constantly improving the ecological environment, implementing the strategy of sustainable development, and continuing large-scale returning farmland to forests, grazing and grassland and wetland protection will inevitably require increasing subsidies and food supply for returning farmland to forests. Fifth, animal husbandry as a development strategy will not change, so the demand for feed grain will increase greatly. It is predicted that by 20 10, the total feed grain demand will reach187 billion kg, accounting for 36% of the total grain consumption, and it will reach 235.5 billion kg in 2020, accounting for 4 1% of the total consumption. These factors determine the growing demand for grain and staple foods in China. Undoubtedly, with the increasing demand for food and staple food, the responsibility of ensuring national food security is getting heavier and heavier. To sum up, it is predicted that by 20 10, the per capita grain consumption of Chinese residents will be 389 kg, and the total grain demand will reach 525 billion kg. By 2020, the per capita grain consumption will be 395 kg, and the total demand will reach 572.5 billion kg.

Internationally, global food shortage has become a very serious problem. The main problem at present is the uneven distribution of grain. There are serious food shortages in 39 countries, 24 of which are in Africa, 9 in Asia and 5 in Latin America. According to FAO statistics, there are more than 850 million people suffering from chronic food malnutrition in the world, including 820 million in developing countries, 2,500 in transition countries and 9 million in developed countries. At present, many people in most parts of Africa and West Asia are starving, and there is less and less arable land in the world. In the future, the contradiction between world grain supply and demand will remain a major problem. According to estimates, the global food consumption demand has increased by 220 billion kilograms in the past 10 years, with an average annual growth of1.1%; The output increased by 654.38+000 billion kilograms, with an average annual growth rate of 0.5%. At present, the consumption ratio of world grain stocks is close to the lowest level in 30 years. With the shortage of energy and high oil prices, the contradiction between energy and food for food has become increasingly prominent, which will further aggravate the global food supply and demand tension. Although China's grain is basically self-sufficient, the self-sufficiency rate remains above 85%, but the contradiction between supply and demand of variety structure is still outstanding, and there is a certain gap between rice and soybean production and demand, which needs about 50 billion kilograms every year. That is to say, on the one hand, the international food demand is increasing; on the other hand, China's food security still depends on certain international markets to ensure the demand. It is difficult for China to make use of the international market to make up for the shortage of individual domestic grain and oil varieties. With China's entry into WTO, grain production and market are also impacted and challenged. The United States, Canada, Australia and other major grain exporting countries in the world have obvious advantages in quantity, quality and price because of their small population, large planting scale and high technology content. Restricted by the population of a large agricultural country, China is small in scale and limited in technical conditions. It is unlikely to increase the planting area and reduce the production cost in the short term, and it is also difficult to reduce the cost of circulation. There is not much room for price reduction, and imports are increasing year by year, which has caused shocks and challenges to production and market. Especially with the liberalization of WTO agricultural products policy, the influx of foreign high-quality and low-price grain and the increase of supply capacity, domestic grain will be uncompetitive due to high cost, which will lead to the decline of farmers' income from growing grain. Driven by interests, the reduction of planting area and the reduction of grain productivity will be seriously affected.

(2) Supply factors: Many factors restrict the improvement of supply capacity.

This is mainly due to the defects of China's natural resources:

1, less arable land, insufficient guarantee of basic production area. Before there is a fundamental breakthrough in agriculture and grain science and technology, the planting area of grain is still the decisive factor for the sustained growth of total grain. At present, the total cultivated land area in China is only 65.438+82.6 million mu, and the per capita cultivated land is only 65.438+0.38 mu, accounting for only 40% of the world's per capita cultivated land. The per capita arable land in more than 600 counties in China is lower than the internationally recognized warning line of 0.8 mu per capita, and the per capita arable land in one third of provinces (autonomous regions) and cities is less than 65.438+0 mu. Affected by drought, steep slope, barrenness, flood, salinity and other factors, the quality of about two-thirds of low-and medium-yield fields is relatively poor. With the rapid development of urbanization and industrialization, the occupation of cultivated land will continue to increase. The scale of cultivated land in China can hardly be compared with that in some foreign countries: per capita cultivated land in Australia 120 hectares, Canada 165438 hectares, 57 hectares in the United States, France 18 hectares, Argentina 17 hectares and Russia 14.5 hectares. It can't be ignored that in recent years, the problems of land desertification, soil degradation and "three wastes" pollution have decreased by millions of mu, and the shrinking of cultivated land area is an important constraint factor in China's grain production.

2. Water resources are short, and drought is a serious threat. China is a country with serious water shortage in the world, with a per capita water resource of about 2,200 cubic meters, which is only a quarter of the world's per capita water resources. Agricultural production lacks more than 20 billion cubic meters of water every year, and the distribution is extremely uneven, and the water and soil resources do not match. China's water resources are mostly distributed in the south, and the places north of the Yangtze River are generally short of water. The grain output in North China, Huang, Huai and Hai regions accounts for 53% of the country's total output, and the commodity grain accounts for 66% of the country. These major grain producing areas are seriously short of water. At the same time, the drought in northern China is serious, resulting in desertification of cultivated land, continuous reduction of cultivated land and shortage of water resources. In addition, in recent years, natural disasters in China are serious, there are many unfavorable meteorological factors, the duration of precipitation in the northern region is less, and the trend of drought is serious. In the future, affected by global warming, drought and flood disasters in China, especially drought and water shortage, will intensify, which will bring many adverse effects on agricultural production and pose a great threat to China's medium and long-term food security. Water shortage and drought have become the restrictive factors of production and yield increase in major grain producing areas.

3. Water resources are seriously polluted. According to statistics, 850 rivers in China 1200 are seriously polluted, and agricultural products produced by using sewage to irrigate farmland are also polluted. Environment and water pollution have reduced the quality of grain and agricultural products in China, and pollution has aggravated the shortage of water resources, resulting in fragile ecology and frequent droughts and floods, which has affected the growth of grain production and reduced the effective supply capacity of grain.

(3) objective factors: poverty, unemployment and natural disasters occur frequently.

1, the promotion of returning farmland to forests and grasslands has objectively aggravated the contradiction of food demand. According to the planning of the Ministry of Forestry, in 2006, there were 1467 hectares of farmland returning to forest and grassland, involving hundreds of millions of people. This great project, which benefits the country and the people, not only reduces the sown area of grain, but also increases the supply of grain demand. Many farmers in mountainous areas use retired hillside farmland as grain ration fields, and have no other economic sources, so they need to use grain subsidies for returning farmland to forests as grain rations. After it was changed to cash subsidy in 2004, due to the increase in food prices, cash subsidy was not enough to buy the needed food, and there was a gap in rations. Some subsidies have expired, but most of the economic forests and ecological forests after returning farmland are still in the state of seedlings. After stopping grain replenishment, it will affect the production and life of farmers returning farmland. Especially in the western region, the grain source is insufficient and the transportation cost is high. We should also consider the consolidation of achievements that will not rebound after returning farmland.

2. Poverty and unemployment. There are 332 poverty-stricken counties in China, where 30 million rural people have not enough food and clothing, and there are more than 7 million unemployed people in cities. Solving the food security problem of this part of the population is also an important part of national food security. There are many objective factors that make it difficult for these people to get rid of poverty, some are lack of living conditions, some are labor loss, and some are socially disadvantaged groups caused by physical disabilities. According to the concept of food security, to ensure that everyone has food, this is a problem that must be solved to ensure food security. (1) Grain stocks and reserves in most poverty-stricken areas are seriously inadequate. Many poor counties have no county-level reserves. (2) The supervision ability of local governments is weak. (3) The market development is not perfect. It is difficult to meet the minimum food needs of the masses. (4) The food price is too high, the traffic is not smooth, the transportation is difficult and the cost is too high. According to the survey, the transportation cost per kilogram of grain in poor areas is more developed than that in 0.2 yuan. (5) The processing capacity is weak, and it is difficult to ensure food security in quantity and quality by mainly relying on small private workshops for processing.

3. Frequent natural disasters. Especially in western China, the ecological environment is harsh, the land is barren, and droughts, ice disasters, snowstorms, earthquakes and floods occur from time to time. In February, 2007, the snowstorm in Hunan involved 17 provinces and regions, resulting in a large-scale reduction in crop and grain production. From May 65438 to February 2008, four provinces and cities were seriously affected by the Wenchuan earthquake, and the state used 3 billion Jin of central grain reserves to solve the living problems of the affected people. In the spring of 2009, a large area of drought occurred in the main wheat producing areas in northern China, which also had a certain impact on grain production. The frequent occurrence of natural disasters objectively has irresistible reasons, but it also exposes the problems of weak agricultural foundation and insufficient agricultural investment in China, which are all factors affecting food security.

4. The comparative benefit of growing grain is low. In recent years, due to the rising prices and labor costs of agricultural means of production such as chemical fertilizers, pesticides and agricultural diesel, farmers' cost of growing grain has greatly increased, and the comparative benefits of agriculture have declined. With the rapid development of urbanization and industrialization in China, the number of migrant workers in rural areas has increased, especially more than half of the young and middle-aged laborers in the main producing areas have gone out to work, and there is a structural shortage of agricultural labor, so grain production has become a "sideline" trend. Some localities advocate "one industry in one county" and "one product in one village", vigorously adjust the agricultural industrial structure, and plant cash crops such as turmeric, flue-cured tobacco, konjac, oilseeds, cotton, Chinese herbal medicines, mulberry trees and fruit trees. According to the statistics of agricultural departments in western poverty-stricken areas, the yield of rice, wheat and corn increased by 17- 19% in 2005, and increased by 6- 10% in 2006-2008. Farmers actually benefited from 320 yuan -390 yuan per mu of grain. The income from planting cash crops is mostly 500- 1000 yuan, and some even more. The rural labor force averaged from 20 yuan in 2002 to 40 yuan in 2008. Compared with planting cash crops, the benefits of urban grain production are obviously low, which leads to farmers' low enthusiasm for grain production and makes it more difficult to promote the stable development of grain production.

Iii. Countermeasures for Establishing and Perfecting the National Food Security System

Facing the hidden dangers and risks of food security in China, to fundamentally solve the food security problem in China, we must establish an effective food security system according to China's national conditions, economic development trends and characteristics of food security.

(1) Stabilize basic farmland and ensure production base.

Cultivated land is the basis of grain source, and ensuring sufficient grain production area and steadily improving grain production capacity should be the basis of ensuring national food security. Take the strictest measures to protect cultivated land, and ensure that the total amount of cultivated land in China is not less than 654.38+0.8 billion mu, and the basic farmland is not less than 6543.8+0.56 billion mu. Strictly control the occupation of cultivated land by non-agricultural construction, strengthen the management of cultivated land occupied by non-construction and effectively curb the excessive reduction of cultivated land. Constantly optimize the structure of cultivated land use, rationally adjust the layout of land use, increase the intensity of land consolidation and reclamation, and improve the level of intensive land use. We will continue to build a modern commodity grain base and form a stable grain production base. Strengthen the protection and management of water resources and improve the guarantee rate of water supply for agricultural production; Strictly control river pollution, guide farmers to use chemical fertilizers, pesticides and agricultural films scientifically, vigorously increase the use of organic fertilizers, biological fertilizers and biological pesticides, reduce the pollution of cultivated land and water resources, improve the efficiency and benefit of water resources utilization, and protect and improve the environment of grain producing areas.

(2) Improve the market system and ensure effective supply.

Giving full play to the basic role of grain market mechanism in the allocation of grain resources can guarantee grain supply efficiently, flexibly and at low cost. It is necessary to establish a complete grain market system as soon as possible, with the national grain wholesale market as the leader, the regional wholesale market as the backbone, the numerous bazaars distributed in urban and rural areas throughout the country as the basis, and the grain futures circulation as the guide. Efforts should be made to solve the structural contradiction of varieties and the contradiction between regional grain supply and demand, activate the grain market and ensure effective supply. Vigorously develop modern logistics, speed up the improvement of grain logistics channels in backward areas, transform and build large-scale cross-regional logistics enterprises and logistics bases in and out of production and marketing areas, and realize logistics distribution. It is necessary to standardize the market system and strictly control market access; Establish a market credit system and strengthen the role of trade associations and non-governmental organizations in self-management and maintaining market order. Strictly regulate the behavior of market players, strictly implement the system of product quality quarantine and inspection, severely punish illegal transactions of fake and shoddy products, strictly implement the system of pollution-free packaging and labeling of products, and earnestly strengthen supervision and inspection of the grain market.

(3) Improve the reserve system and strengthen macro-control.

Establishing a national grain reserve system is an effective measure to ensure national food security. China's successive governments have reserves all over the world. The reserve system is the material basis and effective means for the country to deal with major natural disasters and public emergencies, stabilize the fluctuation of the grain market and implement macro-control. To ensure China's food security, we must improve and perfect the combination of central reserve and local reserve, government reserve and minimum inventory of enterprise goods, and family grain storage. The central strategic special reserve is mainly used to ensure the obvious shortage of national grain supply and meet the needs of major natural disasters and emergencies. Local reserves are mainly used to solve the imbalance between regional supply and demand, the needs of emergencies and the emergency needs of residents' rations. At the same time, all enterprises engaged in grain purchase, processing and sales must undertake the minimum inventory obligation of grain and oil to ensure the necessary reasonable inventory. It is necessary to optimize the layout and variety structure of reserves, especially in the main sales areas, grain-deficient areas in the west, poverty-stricken areas and areas prone to natural disasters, and strengthen and enrich the central, local and enterprise reserves. In addition, it is necessary to strengthen the reserve of finished grain and oil in large and medium-sized cities and disaster areas, ensure the emergency supply of grain and oil market, and effectively strengthen the material basis of macro-control.

(4) Establish policy system and improve policy guarantee.

The food problem in China is a huge systematic project with complexity, arduousness and long-term. To solve this problem, there must be comprehensive and lasting national policy support. First, strengthen agricultural infrastructure construction and food production investment policies, vigorously strengthen agricultural infrastructure construction, especially the construction of farmland water conservancy facilities, and steadily improve the basic capacity and output capacity of cultivated land. Pay close attention to the construction of farmland water conservancy, intensify the transformation of agricultural water supply and irrigation, promote the transformation of low-and medium-yield fields, reclaim land, improve the utilization rate of cultivated land, and build standardized farmland with stable and high yield, drought and flood protection, water saving and high efficiency. At the same time, it is necessary to strengthen investment in agrometeorological monitoring and crop pest control. The second is to improve the policy of direct grain subsidies and incentives. We will further improve the policies of direct grain subsidies, special subsidies for agricultural materials, subsidies for improved varieties and subsidies for the purchase of agricultural machinery, implement the central government's incentive policies for major grain and oil producing provinces and counties, and actively support large grain growers and specialized households to develop grain production. The third is the industrialization support policy. It is necessary to build support for the construction of grain-centered industrial processing, storage and transportation facilities, provide policy financial support for grain and oil wholesale markets, storage facilities, logistics and distribution, and provide policy guarantee.

(5) Innovating the scientific and technological system and improving the way of increasing production.

Science and technology is an important and long-term factor for increasing grain production. China's agricultural science and technology is still relatively weak in general, especially its original innovation ability, which is not strong enough in adjusting industrial structure and variety structure, transforming and optimizing industries, and forming new economic growth points. Therefore, the establishment and innovation of science and technology support system is very important for deep processing of agricultural products, enhancing the added value of agricultural products, increasing farmers' income and ensuring food security. At present, efforts should be made to improve the level of grain yield per unit area. Strengthen scientific and technological support, vigorously promote the research on key agricultural technologies, and strive for a major breakthrough in grain output. By 20 10, the national grain yield will increase to about 325 kg per mu, and to about 350 kg by 2020. Vigorously promote scientific and technological innovation, strengthen the application of agricultural biotechnology and information technology, strengthen scientific research, implement scientific and technological projects such as new variety breeding and high grain yield, start major special projects for cultivating new varieties of genetically modified organisms, and improve the research and development capabilities and proliferation capabilities of biological breeding. At the same time, the establishment of improved varieties system, safe storage system, deep processing, development and transformation system and quality standard system of agriculture and grain is an important measure to ensure grain production and quality improvement.

(six) the development of non-food resources, open up food supplement channels.

Non-food products are an effective supplement and supply to food, and also an effective channel to enrich people's lives, rationally adjust and adjust people's living standards and quality, and promote food diversification. It not only reduces and saves food, but also enriches people's healthy life. First, vigorously develop grain-saving animal husbandry. Adjust the product structure, gradually expand the cultivation of high-quality and efficient feed crops, and develop grain-saving herbivorous livestock and poultry. For example, the development of artificial grassland, high-yield forage grassland, raising livestock with orange stalks, planting Citrobacter, etc. It will expand the source of feed for aquaculture and improve the conversion efficiency and utilization rate of feed. The second is to actively develop aquaculture. There are seven tributaries 1200 rivers and lakes, tens of thousands of reservoirs and ponds in China, making full use of fresh water resources and actively promoting ecological and healthy aquaculture. Develop aquaculture in paddy fields and courtyards, rationally develop aquaculture in low-lying saline-alkali land, and expand the area of freshwater aquaculture. At the same time, it is necessary to strengthen the protection of aquatic resources and the ecological environment of water areas and promote the sustainable development of aquaculture. The third is to promote the production of oil crops. On the basis of giving priority to the development of grain crop production, we will strive to develop oil crops such as soybeans, rapeseed, peanuts and sesame, and improve the varieties and quality of oil crops. Fourth, vigorously develop woody grain and oil industry. Rational use of land resources in alpine regions in mountainous areas, development of woody grain and oil output, and construction of a number of famous, special, excellent and new woody grain and oil bases. Such as walnut, chestnut, olive, konjac, rice and other grain and oil food varieties, increase the supply of woody grain and oil food, and open up food supply channels.