Strawberry, also known as cranberry and cranberry, originated in Europe and was introduced to China at the beginning of this century. Strawberry has a heart-shaped appearance, bright pink color, juicy pulp, sweet and sour taste, pleasant aroma and rich nutrition, so it has the reputation of "fruit queen"
According to the data of the 4th National Strawberry Research Association, the current strawberry production area in China is nearly 6,543.8+0,000 mu, and the output is 700,000 tons. Strawberries are planted in all provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions, among which the main producing areas are distributed in eastern coastal areas such as Liaoning, Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu, Shanghai and Zhejiang, and Sichuan, Anhui, Xinjiang and Beijing have also developed rapidly in recent years. The key strawberry producing areas are Dandong, Liaoning, Baoding, Hebei, Yantai, Shandong and the suburbs of Shanghai.
Before the rural reform and opening up, the strawberry area in China was only tens of thousands of mu. Since 1990s, strawberries have developed rapidly due to the adjustment of rural industrial structure, the improvement of people's living standards and the changes of domestic and foreign strawberry consumption markets. 1990, the national strawberry output was about 654.38+10,000 tons, and it increased to 700,000 tons in 200 1 year, of which 20,000-30,000 tons were exported, making it a big producer and exporter. However, under the new situation that the production benefit is greater than other planting industries and the market demand is greater than production, the strawberry production in China has shown a great development trend, and it is estimated that it will increase by 65,438+10,000 tons of mu every year during the Tenth Five-Year Plan period.
Second, the main varieties and characteristics
Strawberries can be divided into edible strawberries, ornamental strawberries and wild strawberry resources. At present, there are more than 2,000 main varieties of strawberries in the world, and new excellent varieties are constantly cultivated in the world. There are also hundreds of introduced and self-bred varieties in China. The new superior varieties planted and cultivated in China in recent years were introduced.
Fengxiang
An early-maturing variety selected by the Japanese Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries from Chunxiang, a hybrid of Prunus mume, was introduced to China on 1987. The plant is stout, with large leaves on the petiole, oval, dark green and bell-shaped ear leaves, which are not resistant to powdery mildew. Inflorescence is relatively erect, with medium strength. The fruit is cone-shaped, with ribbed surface, bright red, sweet and rich taste, soft and dense meat, soluble solid content of 9%- 1 1%, moderate hardness and storage and transportation resistance. The average single-energy fruit is 32 grams, the highest is 65 grams, the yield per mu is 1 and 5-2 tons, and the dormancy period is shallow, so it is suitable for planting in greenhouses and greenhouses in early spring. 8000-9000 plants per mu, pay attention to powdery mildew.
Yi's daughter
It was bred in Tochigi Agricultural Experimental Farm, and its parent was kurume 49 hybrid Tochigi, registered in 1996, and introduced to China in 1998. The plant is robust, with dark green leaves, thick leaves, moderate series strength, powdery mildew resistance and moderate flower quantity. The fruit is conical and bright red. The meat is reddish, not so empty, and it tastes sweet. The soluble solid content is 9%- 1 1%, and the fruit is uniform, hard and resistant to storage and transportation. The first-class fruit weighs 30-40 grams, and the yield per mu is about 2 tons. The dormancy period is shallow, suitable for greenhouse production, with an yield of 9000 plants per mu.
Ghosts are angry and sweet.
An early-maturing variety bred by farmer Tsukuwa Watanabe in Utsunomiya City, Tochigi Prefecture, Japan, was registered in 1992 and introduced to China in 1996. It has vigorous growth, erect plants, strong reproductive ability, high temperature resistance and moderate disease resistance. The leaves are oval, the buds are medium, and the flower stalks are thick and long. The fruit is cone-shaped, orange-red, the seeds are sunken on the surface of the fruit, the flesh is reddish, the taste is sweet and fragrant, the soluble solids are 9%- 10%, and the hardness is medium. The average weight of first-order fruit is about 35 grams, the maximum is more than 70 grams, and the yield per mu is about 2 tons. The dormancy period is shallow, which is suitable for greenhouse planting. 8000-9000 plants per mu, and farmyard manure should be added to meet their demand for fertilizer.
Yukio Hans Vorarlberna
Japanese mid-early maturing variety, with strong plants, small oval leaves, dark green color and large flowers. The fruit is conical, even, bright red, sweet and hard. The average first-class fruit is about 35 grams, and the yield per mu is about 2 tons. Suitable for greenhouse planting, planting 9000- 1 1000 plants per mu, pay attention to the prevention and control of powdery mildew.
Female peak
Japanese mid-early maturing variety, with erect plants, strong growth potential, strong stolon meristem, large dark green leaves and shallow dormancy. The fruit is conical, bright red, the flesh is reddish, sweet and sour, fragrant, neat in shape, shiny in surface and flat in seed surface. The average weight of the first-order fruit is 20 grams, and the maximum fruit weight is about 30 grams. High hardness, storage and transportation resistance, is an excellent fresh food. Suitable for greenhouse planting, planting 8000-9000 plants per mu, pay attention to the prevention and control of mite pests.
Bao jiao Zao sheng
Japanese mid-early maturing variety, with vigorous plant growth, openness, strong reproductive ability and spoon-shaped leaves. The fruit is cone-shaped, the flesh is light orange, the taste is sweet, the seeds are red or yellow, and most fruits have sunken surfaces and moderate hardness, so it is an excellent fresh food species. The single fruit weight of the first inflorescence is about 3 1 g, and the yield per mu can reach more than 2 tons. Suitable for greenhouse and early spring greenhouse planting, with 8000-9000 plants per mu.
Red pearl
Japanese variety, 1999, was introduced to China. The plant grows vigorously, the plant state is open, the leaves are thick and erect, the stolon has strong pumping ability, high temperature resistance and moderate disease resistance, and the inflorescence branches are thicker than the leaves. The fruit is conical, bright red, with slightly concave seeds, sweet taste, 8%-9% soluble solids, yellowish flesh and thick and soft juice. It is an excellent variety of fresh fruit in the market, with an yield of about 2 tons per mu. Shallow dormancy, suitable for anti-season cultivation in greenhouse, planting 8000-9000 plants per mu, pay attention to prevent powdery mildew.
Born early at the end of the year
Japanese mid-early maturing varieties have strong plant growth potential, open plant type and high leaf density. The leaves are oval and dark green. The fruit is conical, bright red in color, delicate in taste and sweet in taste. Soluble solid content 10.4%, fruit hardness 0.40 kg/cm2, average weight of first-class fruit 20g, maximum single fruit weight 52g, and yield of about 2 tons per mu. Planting per mu 1 10,000 plants.
Li hong
Chiba Agricultural Experimental Farm, Japan, is a hybrid of Chunxiang inbred line and Fuyu, and its name is published in 1976. China imported from 1983. The plant has strong growth potential, erect and strong stolon generation ability. The leaves are oblong, large, medium thick, dark green and slightly yellow in spring and summer, with 13- 14 leaves per plant. The peduncle is thick and erect, lower than the leaf surface, with 3-4 inflorescences per plant, with an average of 8 flowers per inflorescence. The fruit is cone-shaped, with average single fruit weight 15- 18g, maximum fruit weight of 30g and yield per mu1.5t. The fruit surface is thick red, with strong luster, evenly distributed seeds, slightly concave fruit surface, strong toughness, red pulp, fine and dense pulp, rich juice, strong fragrance and pith. The dormancy period is moderate and shallow, which is suitable for promoting or semi-promoting cultivation in greenhouse or early spring greenhouse. Plant 8000-9000 plants per mu, and pay attention to the prevention and control of aphids.
At present, the self-bred varieties in China are Mingjing, Leiming, Xu Ting, Shuofeng and Shuomi. Shuolu, Duxing No.1, Duxing No.2, Shibei No.1, Chunxing, Changhong No.2, Guolin and other four seasons, only Fengxiang varieties have planting area in Dandong area, which was selected by Wei Jinsheng, a farmer from donggang city, Liaoning Province, from Fengxiang variety mutants on 1998. The plant has healthy growth, strong reproduction, fresh and tender green leaves, rich flowers and fruits, and outstanding disease resistance. The fruit is nearly conical and the flesh is delicate. Soluble solids 7%-9%, sweet taste and good hardness. The first-class fruit weighs about 30 grams, the ear is even, the yield per mu is more than 3 tons, the dormancy period is short, and it is suitable for greenhouse planting, and the yield per mu is 9000- 1 1000 plants. In addition, two hybrid lines bred by donggang city Strawberry Research Institute showed excellent quality and high yield. These include:
ZJ×DKL strain
Donggang city Strawberry Research Institute 1998 Hybrid Breeding. Through trial planting identification in 2002-2003, the plant grows vigorously, with open plant shape, bright green leaves, oval leaves, resistance to powdery mildew and mites, thicker pedicels lower than leaves, conical fruits, bright red color, sweet taste, fragrant smell, about 9% soluble solids, good hardness and large and uniform fruits. The strain has been included in the scientific and technological research project and is entering the process of experimental demonstration and declaration and identification.
Dudra
Spanish mid-early maturing variety, with strong plants, strong disease resistance, large leaves, green color and high yield. The inflorescence can be pumped for many times, and it can blossom and bear fruit for many times in the solar greenhouse from the end of June 165438+ 10 to July of the following year. The fruit is oblong, conical or oblong-wedge-shaped, with deep red and bright color, sweet and sour taste, good hardness, storage and transportation resistance, large fruit and high yield. The single fruit weight of the first inflorescence is about 42g, and the maximum fruit weight can exceed100g. The yield per mu is more than 2 tons, and the typical yield per mu of solar greenhouse in donggang city, Liaoning Province is more than 6 tons. Suitable for greenhouse cultivation, planting 9000 ~ 1 1000 plants per mu.
Tudela strawberry
Spain's medium-early maturing variety has vigorous plant growth, good stress resistance, strong seedling reproduction ability, many inflorescences, long conical fruit, bright dark red color, sweet and sour taste, moderate hardness and even fruit. The single fruit of the first inflorescence weighs 40 grams, the maximum fruit weight is 98 grams, and the yield per mu is about 2 tons, which is suitable for greenhouse cultivation. Plant 9000 ~ 1 1000 plants per mu.
Shopping cart 1 (shopping cart 1
Spanish medium-ripe variety. The plant grows vigorously, with deep dormancy, oval thick leaves, shallow leaves, dark green leaves and weak fertility. The fruit is conical, the fruit surface is bright red, the meat is light yellow, the taste is fragrant, the soluble solid content is 7%-9%, the first-class fruit with moderate hardness weighs about 35g, the maximum fruit weight exceeds 100g, and the yield per mu is more than 2 tons. Most suitable for greenhouse production in early spring. Greenhouse production can be covered with greenhouse film after the dormancy period to 65438+early February, and can also be used for open field production. Plant 9000 plants per mu.
El Santa
Dutch medium-mature variety. It is vigorous and healthy, with strong fertility, dark green leaves, nearly round, short conical fruit, large and colorful. It has good pith, sweet taste and moderate hardness. The average weight of first-order fruit is about 38 grams, the maximum single fruit weight is more than 80 grams, and the yield per mu is more than 2 tons. Suitable for greenhouse cultivation in early spring, with a yield of 9000 plants per mu.
Honey (honey)
American early-maturing varieties. The plant is semi-spread, with medium and compact plant height, dark green leaves, early creeping, high yield and strong adaptability. The first-order fruit has concentrated maturity, large and uniform fruit, conical fruit, purple color, bright red meat, moderate sweet and sour, good hardness and storage and transportation resistance. The yield per mu is about 2 tons, which is suitable for various cultivation forms. It is an excellent variety for deep processing and quick freezing export. Planting per mu 1 1000 plants.
Century hong
"Century Red" (No.13) is a new strawberry variety introduced from the United States by China Academy of Sciences on 1998. Our company introduced the first generation virus-free vaccine from Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2000. After successful propagation and seedling raising, more than 6000 mu of plastic greenhouse 10000 mu was transplanted and open-air cultivation was developed. Strawberries in greenhouse are listed in the Spring Festival every year, and open-air strawberries are listed in March.
Four. Nutritional value and medicinal value
Strawberry fruit is tender and juicy, sweet and sour, and has a unique flavor. According to the analysis, strawberry is rich in amino acids, fructose, sucrose, glucose, citric acid, malic acid, pectin, carotene, vitamin B 1, B2, nicotinic acid and minerals such as calcium, magnesium, phosphorus and iron. These nutrients can promote growth and development, which is of great benefit to the elderly and children. It contains 5- 12% sugar, 0.6- 1.6% acid, 0.4-0.6% protein, vitamins b and c, iron, calcium and phosphorus. It is a fine fruit suitable for all ages. Strawberries are not only delicious, but also can be processed into a variety of foods, which are increasingly favored in people's lives for their health care, nutrition and palatability.
Strawberry is mild in medicinal properties, sweet and sour, delicious, and has the effects of clearing away lung-heat, resolving phlegm, tonifying deficiency, enriching blood, invigorating stomach, lowering blood fat, moistening intestines and relaxing bowels. Eating strawberries can promote the formation of human cells, maintain the normal functions of teeth, bones, blood vessels and muscles, promote wound healing, promote the formation of antibodies, enhance human resistance and have detoxification effects. Strawberry contains anti-cancer exogenous protein substances, which can prevent the synthesis of carcinogenic nitrosamines. Strawberry contains a variety of organic acids, fruit acids and pectin substances, which can decompose fat in food, promote appetite, help digestion, promote digestive juice secretion and gastrointestinal peristalsis, and eliminate excess cholesterol and harmful heavy metals. Eating strawberries has therapeutic effects on coronary heart disease, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, arteriosclerosis, constipation, anemia, tuberculosis, qi deficiency, dyspepsia, summer heat polydipsia, diabetes, frequent urination, nocturnal emission and enuresis. Strawberry and its products are rare healthy foods for pregnant women and the elderly.