Toxic mushrooms, also known as poisonous mushrooms, are species of large fungi that produce a toxic reaction in humans or livestock when their substrates are consumed.
The main mushroom toxins that have been identified as highly toxic include gooseberry peptide toxins (toxin peptides, toxin umbrella peptides), gooseberry toxin fly alkaloids, light cappuccinoids, deerflower toxins, and oleanders toxins.
Gooseberry peptide exists in many kinds of mushrooms in nature and belongs to cyclic polypeptide toxins, which are divided into 3 categories according to the composition and structure of amino acids: goitrogenic peptide, ghost penicillin and toxocarotoxin. The LD50 of gooseberry peptide is 0.4-0.8 mg/kg, and the toxicity is very strong, mainly damaging liver cells. It is a chronic toxin, and symptoms of poisoning appear at least 8 h after consumption, and its toxicity is 20 times stronger than that of ghost pen peptide. It is 20 times more toxic than ghost pen peptide. When it is absorbed into the body by the digestive tract, it will lead to necrosis of the liver and kidney, and the test animals will be killed after 2-8 days of oral intake of the substance. Its toxic mechanism of action is to inhibit the activity of RNA polymerase, a key enzyme in cellular mRNA synthesis, and terminate the synthesis of ribosomes and proteins, thus leading to severe liver damage. At the same time, muscarinic also destroys the renal tubules, so that the kidneys can not effectively filter the toxic substances in the blood. death within 9 to 12 days, the mortality rate is as high as 90%.
Ghost pens toxic peptide, also known as toxic peptide, the basic structure of the double cyclic heptapeptide (contraction of heptadecanoic acid) carbon framework, LD50 is 2 to 3 mg/kg, is a fast-acting toxin, intravenous or intraperitoneal injection of experimental animals generally die within 2 to 5 h. The LD50 is 2 to 3 mg/kg, is a fast-acting toxin. Human consumption of mushrooms containing ghost penitentiary toxic peptide 6 ~ 24 h after the symptoms, 2 ~ 3 days after the onset of disease, too difficult within the jaundice caused by liver damage is more common, the mortality rate is as high as 50%, death occurs mostly within 5 ~ 8 d after the onset of disease. Cooking the mushrooms does not destroy the toxins in them.
Toxic umbelliferin is a class of monocyclic heptapeptide, LD50 is 2.5 mg/kg. the incubation period of toxic effect caused by toxic umbelliferin is about 30 min, sometimes longer, and it is most likely to be poisoned by eating with wine. Symptoms of poisoning include palpitations, rapid heartbeat, nervousness, tinnitus, chills, numbness of limbs, pallor, etc. Fatalities are rare. Fatalities are rare. Generally, it can be recovered to normal after 2-4 h.
The above three types of mushroom toxins are soluble in water, chemical properties are relatively stable, resistant to heat, drying and acid and alkali, general cooking and processing can not destroy its toxicity. In our country, the poisoning of gooseberry accounted for 95% of the deaths caused by accidental eating of wild mushrooms.
Gooseberry flytrap is a class of poisonous mushrooms, which has been used as anesthetic and hallucinogen for centuries, but not as food. Its ability to produce abnormal and prolonged euphoric sensations and visual and auditory hallucinations when consumed by humans has made it a highly prized ritual object for many primitive tribes around the world. Symptoms after consuming poisonous fly mushrooms usually appear around l h after ingestion, producing symptoms similar to those of drunkenness, with blurred consciousness, delirium tremens, hand-wringing, and hallucinations of color variations of visual objects, accompanied by nausea and vomiting. In mild cases, recovery can take place in a few hours, while in severe cases it can lead to death. Amanita muscaria leads to anesthesia, hallucinogenic effects of the main components of serotonin compounds, such as muscarine (muscarine), the mother of the poisonous fly (muscim01) and goitrogenic acid (ibotenic acid). Ibotenic acid is a class of colorless, odorless alkaloids known by the scientific name oxoheterocyclic quaternary salts. The paralytic effect of muscarine is usually low, with its toxic symptoms appearing within 30 min of ingestion, with salivation, lacrimation, and sweating, followed by vomiting and diarrhea, a lowered, irregular pulse, asthma, and, rarely, death. The response to muscarinic intoxication in toxocara varies according to individual sensitivities, and environmental and genetic factors also play a role.
The toxicity of goitrogens and toxocarpine is similar to that of toxocarpine. Human ingestion of 15 mg of pure toxocara has been reported to cause confusion, visual disturbances, color vision disorders, fatigue, and drowsiness. Toxaphene induces lethargy and drowsiness, followed by migraines and smaller localized pains that can last for several weeks.
Light cephalotoxins are indole analogs, amines. The scientific name for photogallocatechin is 4-phospho-N,N-dimethyltryptamine, and the scientific name for photogallocatecin is 4hydroxy-N-dimethyltryptamine. Pure light umbelliferin, light umbelliferin are colorless, crystalline, can be dissolved in methanol, dilute sulfuric acid, sodium bicarbonate, sensitive to temperature.
Light cover umbrella toxin mainly causes hallucinations and psychiatric symptoms, mainly distributed in the genus Psilocybe (Psilocybe), spotted folds umbrella genus PanlaeoIfus), cone cover umbrella genus (Conocybe) and naked umbrella genus (Gymnopilus).
Deer flower mycotoxin deer flower mycotoxin LD50 is 1.24 mg/kg, it will be converted to methyl hydrazine in the human body, has a strong hemolytic effect, so that a large number of erythrocytes destroyed; the liver, stomach, intestines, bladder of mice have a damaging effect. Mushroom species containing Deerflower Mycotoxin mainly include Brown Deerflower Fungus, Ochre Deerflower Fungus, Large Deerflower Fungus and so on. After ingestion of mycobacteria containing deer flower mycotoxin, the incubation period is generally 6~12 h. After the onset of nausea, vomiting, headache, fatigue, cramps and other symptoms, hemolytic toxicity symptoms soon appeared in 1~2 d, resulting in anemia, jaundice, hemoglobinuria, liver, spleen enlargement, heart, kidney involvement, and death of the severe cases, and the mortality rate is generally 2%~4%. Deerflower mycotoxin is water-soluble substance, can be decomposed above 60℃. Therefore, as long as the fungus is washed before consumption and then cooked, the toxin can be destroyed. If the soup is discarded after cooking, it is more favorable to remove most of the toxins.
In conclusion, although some types of mushroom toxins can be decomposed at high temperatures, most of the common poisonous mushrooms in our country can not be removed from their toxins through general cooking, including deep-frying, and as a non-professional can not easily distinguish the various types of poisonous mushrooms belonging to a specific class of toxins, so do not take the risk.