Tomato tree planting technology
1 The construction of facilities
Requirements for large-scale continuous greenhouses, preferably with external shading and exhaust fan facilities in summer, and supplemental light, heat preservation and heating facilities in winter.
1.1 Nutrient solution tank (storage tank)
Mainly to prepare and store nutrient solution. Can choose to use plastic tanks or brick masonry, the requirements of good sealing, no water leakage. The volume depends on the number of plants planted, every 10 tomatoes need 2~4 m2.
1.2 The design of cultivation box
Cultivation box is located in the center of the greenhouse or greenhouse, with red bricks at equal intervals into a 1.5 m square, depth of 40 cm, the box lined with black film, in the bottom of the middle of the box film on the flat and the box length of the body of the semicircular 7.5 cm diameter PVC pipe, as a drain pipe. The box is lined with black film. And in the drainage irrigation pipe every 3 cm to play two rows of 3 mm holes, for ventilation and drainage, and then lay a layer of 10 cm of ceramic particles, the surface leveling and then lay a layer of insect nets, and then fill the cultivation substrate.
1.3 Liquid Supply Facilities
The liquid supply pipe can be 3.2 cm diameter PVC pipe or 3.2 cm PE pipe, which connects the pump, timer, solenoid valve, filter, liquid supply pipe, branch pipe and drip head, and 16-20 drip heads are placed uniformly in each cultivation box.
1.4 Design of cultivation net frame
The net frame is 1.8~2.5 m high, and it is made of 5 cm diameter round steel pipe or square steel, and then it is tightened with 12 mm diameter fine steel wire rope at the top, and the size of the net frame is 25 cm~25 cm.
2 Cultivation substrate
Cultivation substrate is made of grass charcoal: perlite: vermiculite 2:3:3, which is a mixture of grass charcoal: perlite: vermiculite 2:3:3. ∶The substrate is made of charcoal:perlite:vermiculite 2:3:3, and every 1 m3 is added 100 g of seedling fungus enemy and 2 kg of lime powder. due to the long growth cycle of the tomato tree, in order to prevent the permeability of the substrate from decreasing, try to keep the substrate from stagnating, and add a portion of ceramic grains with a diameter of 5-10 mm to the substrate, and don't trample on the cultivation box when you are installing the substrate to avoid affecting the permeability.
3 Tomato seedlings
3.1 Variety selection
To choose high and low temperatures and low light, disease resistance, branching exuberance, developed root system, sustained results of good infinite-growth varieties, generally thick skin, storage resistance, good taste and flavor of the cherry tomato is the main, such as the Jingdan 6, the black pearl, golden pearl, emerald, pink lady and so on.
3.2 Sowing seedlings
Protected land plus shade net, insect net nursery based on the lower reaches of the Yangtze River in winter and summer and autumn nursery, winter in early November, fall in late June and early July is the best, planting in early to mid-August. The ratio of seedling substrate is charcoal: perlite: vermiculite 3:1:1, 1.5 kg of potassium sulfate fertilizer per 1 m3, 100 g of seedling fungus enemy, pH value of 6.5 or so, mixed well with a water content of 65%, loaded into 50-hole hole trays, sowing 1 seed in each hole, sowing and covering 0.5 cm of vermiculite, and watering thoroughly. The beds were covered with white mulch in winter and shade netting in fall. During the germination period, the daytime temperature is controlled at 25~30℃, and when 60% of the seeds come out of the soil, the shade net is removed in time.
3.3 Seedling management
Choose a sunny morning watering, try to keep dry and wet, when the seedlings have 6 leaves and 1 heart moved into 20 cm diameter plastic pots, after a period of growth between the leaves will shade each other, can be appropriate to move dilute pots, as much as possible to make the seedling has enough room to grow, if the conditions allow, as much as possible to move the pots a few times, the seedling height of 30 cm can be planted.
4 Planting and management
4.1 Nutrient solution formula
Every 1 m3 of water plus calcium nitrate 950 g, potassium nitrate 810 g, potassium dihydrogen phosphate 155 g, magnesium sulfate 500 g, EDTA - iron sodium salt 15 g, boric acid 3 g, manganese sulfate 2 g, zinc sulfate 0.22 g, copper sulfate 0.08 g, ammonium molybdate 0.02 g, trace elements, and other preparations. When preparing nutrient solution, in order to prevent precipitation, put the weighed calcium nitrate into a bucket and dissolve it first, then put the large amount of elements weighed in turn into another bucket and dissolve it, then pour the calcium nitrate solution into the pool and stir it thoroughly for 10 min, then pour the nutrient solution from the other bucket into the pool and stir it well, and finally add the trace elements, with the EC value of 2.8~3.0 mS/cm, and then adjust the pH value to about 6.5. 6.5 or so.
4.2 Nutrient solution supply and management
Pump the prepared nutrient solution to the cultivation tank for circulation. Adjust the timer to supply the nutrient solution every 50 minutes during the day, 10 minutes each time, but there should be nutrient solution flowing out of the return pipe. The pH value and EC value of the return liquid should be tested frequently, and the pH value should be adjusted to about 6.5 and the EC value should be 2.8~3.0 mS/cm. In summer, due to the high temperature and evaporation, the concentration of the nutrient liquid will be changing constantly, which will make the EC value of the water increase, and therefore it is necessary to test and replenish the nutrients in the substrate. Regularly wash the cultivation substrate with water to bring the EC value back to normal.
4.3 Plant regulation
When the seedlings are 30 cm high, they can be planted, and one plant is planted in the center of each cultivation box, and then the main vines are hung on the net frame with nylon ropes, so that the vines become an inverted triangle, and the vines should be hung in the morning of a sunny day to avoid breaking the plants, and the plants begin to reserve branches when their height reaches about 1 m. The branching method of 3 branches, 6 branches, and 12 branches may be adopted, and 20~25 branches or more will be left on the net frame when the plants reach 1 m in height. When it grows to the net frame, keep more than 20~25 branches, and 200 branches above the net frame, and then adopt the method of successive spiking and multi-culm pruning to promote the growth of the whole cultivation frame, pull the long branches to the surrounding area evenly, and then pull the short branches to the middle part, so that the whole surface of the net is uniformly filled with branches, and cut off the redundant lateral branches above and below the frame and the old, yellow and sickly leaves, in order to improve the ventilation and transmission of light and reasonably utilize the light energy effectively. In order to prevent wound infection, apply 70% metribuzin 15~20 times liquid paste after pruning.
4.4 Keep flowers and fruits
Do not keep fruits within 2 m of the long branches, to ensure that there are enough nutrients for the growth of branches, when the flower spikes are formed should be pulled to the net in a timely manner, in order to avoid breaking the flower spikes, you should choose the morning of a sunny day. When a small number of flowers are open or half open, spray the flowers with 25~30 mg/L Fruiting Spirit in the morning of the same day, and spray the flowers once every 2 days when most of the flowers are open. According to the environmental conditions of greenhouses, greenhouses, seasons, ornamental goals and plant growth to determine the number of fruit retention, March to June and September to November each year can be more fruit, summer and winter can not leave too much fruit, otherwise it is easy to cause early plant failure.
5 Environmental control
5.1 Temperature management
The flowering and fruiting period daytime temperature should be controlled at 22 ~ 28 ℃, the night temperature control at 15 ~ 18 ℃, the temperature difference between day and night control in the range of 10 ℃, the summer high temperature season focuses on shading, exhaust ventilation, cooling, to ensure the safety of the summer. Winter and spring season daytime temperature is maintained at 22 ~ 28 ℃, the evening temperature control at 12 ~ 18 ℃, the minimum temperature should be above 12 ℃, when the daytime temperature is lower than 20 ℃, the evening is lower than 12 ℃ when the beginning of heating.
5.2 Inter-root temperature management
A 200 W electric hot wire is laid in the cultivation box, preferably in the middle of the substrate, and the temperature is controlled at about 21℃ with a thermostat to keep the temperature of the roots stable.
5.3 Management of light
In the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, in the middle and late October of each fall, the weather gradually turns cooler, and the light gradually decreases, so the tomato trees in the fruiting period can't bear fruit normally, and at this time, we should take the measures of replenishment, replenish the light level of the plant canopy to 3500-5000 lx, and extend the light time to 12-14 h. The light level should be replenished in daytime during cloudy days, and in the morning and evening on sunny days. In summer, it is necessary to open the door at around 8:00 a.m.. In summer, the outer shade should be opened around 8:00, and then closed after 16:00.
6 Picking
When each variety is ripe, the colorful fruits hang under the net frame, and tourists like to pick and taste them by themselves, but tourists should be told not to damage the fruit branches and pick the immature fruits, and it's better to pick them in bunches.
7 pest control
Tree tomato diseases to prevent the main, to ensure that the root base of the dry, can not pour water and fertilizer directly to the base of the trunk, and the root base of the substrate around the cover can not be more than the cotyledonary nodes above. In the trunk root thickening, peel off the substrate bare rhizome dry, with a sponge or non-woven cloth covered in the rhizome, if you find that the rhizome epidermis has a discoloration, glue, shriveling and other phenomena, we must promptly use a razor blade to cut off the diseased part to the healthy tissues, the wound with 1,000 times the solution of potassium permanganate disinfection; and then 30 ~ 50 times the solution of the killing alum paste coated. In addition, pay attention to the prevention and control of virus disease, gray mold, blight, early blight, whiteflies, aphids, spotted fly and other pests and diseases. Virus disease mainly occurs in the fall of the seedling period, try to use the insect net nursery, with 20% virus A 500 times liquid, every 7 ~ 10 days to prevent and control 1 time; gray mold disease with 50% speed of Kling 600 times liquid prevention and control; green blight 72% agro-streptomycin 4,000 times liquid prevention and control; early blight with 72% Klu (霜脲?锰锌)600 times liquid prevention and control. Manganese zinc) 600 times liquid control. Whiteflies, aphids, spotted fly can be hung in the shed indoor yellow boards or 36% acetamiprid 3,000 times liquid control.
Tomato planting methods
Early spring cultivation: choose limited growth varieties, these tomato plants are small, flowering and fruiting early and concentrated, so it is suitable for early cultivation. Cultivation time should be based on the natural environment of each place, in the case of no frost damage, the earlier the better. Most areas in Hebei Province in April, mid-planting is appropriate. To the middle and late May can be harvested on the market.
Spring medium-late maturity cultivation: can choose unlimited growth type varieties, these varieties of long fruiting period, large yield, high economic benefits. The more suitable planting period for the middle and late April. Supply the market in June?August.
Cross-summer cultivation: suitable varieties and spring mid-late maturity cultivation mode selected varieties are the same. It can be planted at the beginning of May, and can be supplied to the market from the beginning of July to October.
Autumn delayed cultivation: because of the shorter growing period, you can choose early-maturing varieties. In mid- and late-August to early September planting, supply the market after October.
Tomatoes easy to disease for many years of continuous cropping, so choose the last 2?3 years have not planted tomatoes and 1?2 years have not been planted in eggplant pepper and other crops of the stubble land, to reduce the incidence of disease has a better preventive effect.
After selecting a good plot of land, deep turning the land, for a period of time in the sun, the use of sunlight sterilization. Before planting the bed, the northern spring drought, can be made flat bed. When making beds, more organic fertilizer, while adding some appropriate amount of phosphate and potash, the growth of tomatoes and fruit has a greater role, which phosphorus fertilizer also promotes the effect of fruit ripening.
Seedling selection: the standard for strong seedlings is: stout stems, short internodes, with 7?8 true leaves, about 15 centimeters high, the leaves are green, the edge and the back of the leaf is slightly lavender, the whole seedling body has no broken places.
Planting density: Due to the different varieties and cultivation methods of tomato, there is a big difference in planting density. Early-maturing varieties of short plants, planting density can be larger, 2500?3500 plants per mu. Late-maturing varieties of tall plants, strong growth potential, planting density can be appropriately smaller, to 2000?2500 plants per mu is appropriate. In general, the plant spacing is 30 centimeters, row spacing is 70 centimeters. Such a density, both to reduce the impact of inter-planting, but also to maximize the use of land.
Planting method: open a ditch in the border according to the row spacing, the selected seedlings are implanted in the ditch according to the spacing of the plants, and then the soil next to the ditch is filled into the ditch, and then gently compacted, watering. This allows the tomato root system and soil close contact, conducive to survival. After planting, and then watering small water 1?2 times, the seedlings will be able to survive.
Preparation of tomato trees before planting
(1) Preparation of nutrient solution
1 Nutrient solution formula: the use of Beijing Vegetable Research Center tomato formula. This formula is suitable for northern hard water quality. Fertilizer dosage is calcium nitrate 707 grams / ton, potassium nitrate 404.2 grams / ton, potassium sulfate 260.7 grams / ton, ammonium nitrate 40.0 grams / ton, magnesium sulfate 152.1 grams / ton, phosphoric acid 200-250 ml / ton. The formula of micronutrient fertilizer is EDTAFe16 g/t, boric acid 3 g/t, manganese sulfate 2 g/t, zinc sulfate 0.22 g/t, copper sulfate 0.08 g/t, ammonium molybdate 0.02 g/t.
2 Nutrient solution system: first of all, the preparation of the original liquid. For example, ready to prepare 1 ton of nutrient solution, weigh 707 grams of calcium nitrate into the No. 1 bucket, add 10 liters of water, stir well to dissolve, made of 10 liters of No. 1 original liquid. Then weigh 404.2 grams of potassium nitrate, potassium sulfate 260.7 grams, 40.0 grams of ammonium nitrate, 152.1 grams of magnesium sulfate, poured into the No. 2 bucket, add 10 liters of water, stir well to dissolve, and make 10 liters of No. 2 stock solution. Add 0.2 tons of water to the nutrient solution tank, add the dissolved No. 1 stock solution, continue to add water and stir. When the amount of water in the nutrient solution tank reaches 0.8 tons then add the No. 2 stock solution, continue to add water and stir, until the water is added to 1 ton to stop adding water. Add 22 grams of dissolved mixed micronutrient fertilizer and 200-250 ml of phosphoric acid, stir well, at this time the liquid preparation is complete. Liquid distribution should be in accordance with the above operation process, do not add the No. 1 original liquid and No. 2 original liquid time interval is too short, in order to prevent the occurrence of precipitation.
(2) the prepared nutrient solution from the nutrient solution tank with a pump to the tomato tree cultivation bed, and form a cycle. Test the EC value and pH value of the nutrient solution to see if they meet the target values.