Menstruation is mainly composed of blood (3/4 arterial blood and 1/4 venous blood), endometrial tissue fragments and various active enzymes and biological factors. Among them, fibrinolytic enzyme makes menstrual blood liquid and does not coagulate, and prostaglandin plays a role in contracting uterus. It is medically considered that only the reproductive cycle experienced by primates (including humans) is called menstruation, and the reproductive cycle of other mammals is called * * * cycle. Menstruation is regulated by reproductive hormone system, which is the need of biological reproduction. A woman's first menstruation is called menarche, and the appearance of menarche indicates that women have entered puberty. The average age of women at menarche is 12. Many factors, such as heredity, diet and health, can make menarche come earlier or later. The cessation of menstruation marks that women have entered menopause, also known as menopause. The average age of menopausal women is 51 years old. Of course, just like menarche, many factors, such as heredity, disease, surgery and medical treatment, will advance or postpone menopause. It is normal to enter menopause at the age of 4 to 58. The onset of menopause at or before the age of 35 is defined as premature aging.

To explain this problem, we must first understand the structure of female reproductive organs and their physiological functions.

Female internal reproductive organs are composed of ovary, uterus and fallopian tube. The main function of the ovary is to produce eggs and synthesize ovarian hormones, while the uterus and fallopian tubes are reproductive organs. There are hundreds of thousands of follicles in the ovary, and each follicle contains one egg.

Follicles have basically no function before puberty. In adolescence, under the action of gonadotropin in the anterior pituitary gland, immature follicles gradually develop and synthesize estrogen at the same time. When the follicle matures and ovulates, the oocyte wall collapses, and the cells become larger and yellow, which is called corpus luteum. It synthesizes estrogen and produces progesterone at the same time.

With the change of ovary, the endometrium changes periodically. Estrogen makes endometrium thicken, endometrial cells increase and enlarge, and interstitial arterioles become more tortuous and spiral, which is called proliferative endometrium. After ovulation, due to the interaction of estrogen and progesterone, endometrial edema occurs, glands produce a lot of mucus and glycogen, and the thickness of endometrium increases from 1 mm to 6 mm, which is called secretory endometrium.

If the ovum discharged at this time is fertilized, the fertilized egg is transported to the uterus through the fallopian tube for development, which is called pregnancy. The pregnant tissue synthesizes a chorionic gonadotropin, which supports the continuous development of the corpus luteum of the ovary. If the egg is not fertilized, about 14 days after ovulation, the corpus luteum shrinks and stops secreting estrogen and progesterone. At this time, the blood vessels in the endometrium contract, and the endometrium is necrotic and falls off, causing bleeding and forming menstruation.

Therefore, the length of menstrual cycle depends on the length of ovarian cycle, generally [1] it is 28-3 days, but it varies from person to person, and there are also 23-45 days, even 3 months or half a year as a cycle. As long as it is regular, it generally belongs to normal menstruation.

The bleeding time is generally 2-7 days, and the total amount of menstrual bleeding is 3-5ml. Some people think that a menstrual flow of more than 8ml is a pathological state.

The first day of bleeding is the beginning of menstrual cycle, and the interval between two menstrual periods on the first day is called menstrual cycle, so the calculation of menstrual cycle should include the time of menstrual cramps. Some women only calculate the time when menstruation is clean, so they may think that the menstrual cycle is shortened. Some women in clinic often complain that menstruation is abnormal and menses twice a month. In fact, after careful calculation, it is also normal to have a spasm at the beginning of the month and at the end of the month. The normal menstrual cycle is 28~35 days, and the length of the cycle can vary from person to person. 7~1 days before or after the mistake can be regarded as a normal range, and as long as it can maintain a certain regularity, it can not be regarded as irregular menstruation.

The last menstrual period refers to the last menstrual period from the date of seeing a doctor, which should be counted from the first day of bleeding. However, it should be noted that the last menstruation refers to the same duration and amount of menstruation as usual, so don't mistake abnormal bleeding for menstruation. This kind of bleeding is generally less than menstruation, and the time is shorter or longer, or the regularity of menstrual cramps is lost.

Generally, the duration of menstrual cramps is 3-7 days, and the amount of bleeding is within 1ml, especially on the 2nd-3rd day. Menstrual blood is generally dark red and does not coagulate. Besides blood, it also contains endometrial debris, cervical mucus and epithelial cells. Generally, women have no symptoms during menstrual period, and a few people may feel lower abdomen or lumbosacral region falling, pain, constipation or diarrhea, headache and other discomfort, which generally does not affect their daily work, study and life.

2. What to pay attention to during menstruation

1. Try not to wash your hair during the physiological period. If you have to wash it, try to wash it at noon, and be sure to blow dry immediately after washing your hair.

2. Keep warm during the physiological period, that is, blow less air conditioning, and wear more clothes in the air-conditioned room.

3. Avoid drinking cold drinks: This is a very basic common sense. Don't go against it. Don't make fun of your beauty. Drinking ice water will prevent dirty blood from being discharged smoothly, which is absolutely harmful to your body. Try the following drinks to make the physiological period more comfortable: longan jujube tea, health tea, Zhen Wei Danshen, brown sugar Jiang Shui, Huangqi gouqi tea, rose tea (especially if you have menstrual pain, you can drink rose tea).

4. Eat sweets: Eat chocolate and cakes during physiological period, because eating sweets during physiological period is less likely to make you fat! It can also help dirty blood metabolism.

5. Reject fatigue: It is very important to have a full rest. Too much fatigue will lead to prolonged menstrual period or excessive blood loss.

6. Don't be too emotional: It is said that girls will naturally be in a bad mood during their physiological period, but don't indulge yourself in losing your temper, because losing your temper will disturb your menstrual period and hurt your liver.

7. Avoid bath: Because the uterine opening is relatively open during physiological period, it is also easy to be polluted, so it is best to take a shower when taking a bath.

8. Eat properly during the physiological period: you can eat more sesame oil pork liver just a few days after the physiological period to help the waste blood be discharged. You can eat sesame oil kidney flower in the next few days. In addition, scrambled eggs with sesame oil and nine-story tower are also good physiological foods. Red bean soup and longan > ; Soup and eight-treasure porridge are good snacks, and boiled eggs with wine are also good. At the end of the physiological period, you can consider drinking a little biochemical soup (the biochemical soup that you drink during menstruation, not during confinement, just ask the Chinese pharmacy), which can completely drain the dirty blood from your body. If the dirty blood in the body is not discharged cleanly, long-term accumulation can easily cause diseases such as endometritis, liver disease and lupus erythematosus.

Why are girls less likely to get liver disease than boys? It is said that it is because the monthly menstrual blood drains the toxins from the body, so it is less likely to get liver disease.

9. aftercare after the physiological period: eat siwutang! It is wrong to drink siwutang when the menstrual period comes. It is only effective to drink siwutang to replenish blood until the dirty blood is eliminated, otherwise it will be replenished in vain. You can put some ribs or chicken when cooking siwu soup, and it is best to add some rice wine.

1. Face cleaning should be done well: during physiological period, acne is easy to grow because pores are relatively open. Face cleaning should be done well. Shampooing during physiological period is also easy to grow acne and acne because of poor blood circulation.

11. Some people will suffer from low back pain during physiology. You can consider soaking your feet with hot water to increase blood circulation, and at the same time, you can divert your attention, so the waist seems to be less painful. Source: Internet.

3. Women's physiological common sense < P > Q: What physiological common sense should men know about women? Especially an object!

Netizen: Men should know about women's menstrual cycle, ovulation period, safety period, and allergic food or drugs. These are the most basic situations when you know your girlfriend.

follow-up: can you be more specific?

Netizen: Menstrual cycle refers to the normal physiological cycle of women. In junior high school, teachers should teach them. Ovulation period and menstrual cycle are the same. Just read books yourself. As for the safe period, you should know it when you are in love. At other times, it doesn't matter whether you know it or not. Then allergic food or medicine is something that a boyfriend should know, and it is even more important to know what kind of allergic food or medicine your girlfriend can't use.

q: what should girls pay attention to during menstruation?

User: Try not to wash your hair during the physiological period: you must blow dry your hair immediately after washing it. During physiological period, you can wash your hair at noon.

keep warm during the physiological period: that is to say, blow less air conditioning. If the air conditioning is on, you should wear more clothes in the air-conditioned room.

avoid drinking cold drinks: this is a very basic common sense. Don't violate it. Don't make fun of your beauty. Drinking ice water will make dirty blood unable to be discharged smoothly, which is absolutely harmful to your body.

Try the following drinks, which can make the physiological period more comfortable: longan jujube tea, health tea, Zhen Wei Danshen, brown sugar Jiang Shui, Huangqi Gouqi tea, and rose tea (especially for menstrual pain, you can drink rose tea).

Eat sweets: Eat chocolate and cakes during physiological period, because eating sweets during physiological period can help blood metabolism.

refuse fatigue: it is very important to have a full rest. Being too tired will lead to prolonged menstrual period or excessive blood loss.

Don't be too emotional: It is said that girls will naturally be in a bad mood during their physiological period, but don't indulge yourself in losing your temper, because losing your temper will disturb your menstrual period and hurt your liver.

Avoid bath: Because the uterine opening is relatively open during physiological period, it is also easy to be polluted, so it is best to take a shower when taking a bath.

Eat properly during the physiological period: you can eat more sesame oil pork liver just a few days after the physiological period to help the waste blood be discharged. You can eat sesame oil kidney flower in the next few days. In addition, scrambled eggs with sesame oil and nine-story tower are also good physiological foods. Red bean soup, longan soup and eight-treasure porridge are all good snacks, and boiled eggs with wine are also good. At the end of the physiological period, you can consider drinking a little biochemical soup (the biochemical soup that you drink during menstruation, not during confinement, just ask the Chinese pharmacy), which can completely drain the dirty blood from your body.

If the dirty blood in the body is not discharged cleanly, long-term accumulation can easily lead to diseases such as endometritis, liver disease and lupus erythematosus. Why are girls less likely to get liver disease than boys? It is said that it is because the monthly menstrual blood drains the toxins from the body, so it is less likely to get liver disease.

q: some common sense about women's physical health? thank you

Netizen: Sleeping naked in a clean bed; Ensure that you have more than 2 hours a day to free your feet from high heels. Do not eat chocolate during the physiological period, because it will aggravate dysmenorrhea, and only wear rimless underwear during menstruation; Develop the habit of recording the physiological cycle; Shape curves through exercise rather than adjustable underwear; Do not cross your legs; In order not to oppress the nerves, go to the bathroom after ML, especially after * * *, so it is recommended to use Durex intimate clothes to make you love health more in * * *. Close-fitting clothes should be dry-cleaned; Stylish thongs are not suitable for everyday wear.

4. What are the most basic medical knowledge?

Use 999 cold granule Shuanghuanglian capsule to drink more water and pay attention to your diet when you have a cold.

Take antipyretic drugs and apply cold compress when you have a severe fever.

If you have a stomachache, for example, it will hurt because you are nervous in the examination room, you should adjust your mind and relax.

Norfloxacin can be used for diarrhea. Antibiotics (preferably not used)

Treatment of irregular menstruation:

Precautions

1. The course of treatment for irregular menstruation is three months. In the fourth month, stop taking drugs and observe the menstrual cycle. Generally, it will return to normal after a course of treatment after taking medicine regularly.

2. during the treatment of irregular menstruation, if you have a cold, please stop taking menstruation-regulating drugs and wait until you have a cold before taking them.

3. Please inform your doctor if you take other drugs (Baifeng Pill, Siwu Decoction, etc.) during the treatment of irregular menstruation.

4. After menstruation returns to normal, please especially control cold fruits and cold drinks to avoid recurrence.

5. It takes a long time to adjust menstruation, so please take the medicine patiently.

There is also the popularity of taking Chinese medicine, which has a slow effect, but it is safe

How to deal with gas poisoning in an emergency

1. Open the doors and windows immediately to let fresh air enter the room.

2. Quickly move the poisoned person from a room with gas to a place with fresh air or ventilation.

3, quickly untie the clothes, bras, belts, etc. of the poisoned person to keep the poisoned person breathing smoothly.

4. If the poisoned person is unconscious, put it flat, wipe the mouth and give artificial respiration.

5. The poisoned person should be immediately sent to a nearby hospital with a hyperbaric oxygen chamber or to a medical emergency center for help.

First aid for burns and scalds in emergency treatment

1. Give immediate first aid to critically ill patients, especially those whose breathing and heartbeat are not good or stop, and then send them to the hospital after the situation improves.

2. First aid for burns is to use various effective measures to put out the fire, so that the wounded can be separated from the heat source as soon as possible and the burn time can be shortened as much as possible.

3. Remove the clothes, shoes and socks of the wounded after cutting them with scissors. All wounds are covered with clean cloth to prevent pollution. When the limbs are burned, wash them with clean cold water first, then cover them with clean cloth and sterile gauze and send them to the hospital.

4. Pay attention to whether there are brain and skull injuries, abdominal injuries and respiratory injuries for the wounded burned by explosion shock wave.

5. On the way to the hospital, the wounded can be given a small amount of refined salt water several times.

5. What kind of role does the TCM Menstrual Knowledge Center play in menstruation?

It hides the spirit and governs the blood, and the president is in the blood.

Heart-blood and heart-qi flow downward, participate in the transformation of menstrual blood and excretion of menstruation. Heart and uterus are both affiliated and dominant in the meridians, and blood is full, so the uterus is full of qi and blood, but menstrual tide sometimes occurs. Moreover, Chongren and other strange meridians and eight veins belong to the heart of the king.

Taiping Shenghui Prescription "The husband's heart is dominated by blood, which is combined with the small intestine, and the small intestine is connected with the viscera of the cell, so the hand is deficient in yin, and the meridian of the sun is regarded as exterior and interior, with milk on the menstrual blood and moon water on the bottom." In addition, the mind monarch is the monarch fire, and the liver and kidney send fire, and the monarch fire moves with fire, which affects the coordination of Yin and Yang, qi and blood, and the intercourse between heart and kidney is of great significance in regulating menstrual cycle.

Generally speaking, the reason why menstruation can occur is that the kidney is full of qi, and the day is full. Then, the kidney essence is mature, and the pulse is smooth, and the heart, liver, spleen and stomach function is normal. * * * acts on the uterus, which makes the uterus perform its normal storage and diarrhea, thus promoting menstruation to occur smoothly on a monthly basis, often unchanged.