We all know that rice is planted in water, but in the case of conditions do not allow, many people will also plant rice on dry land, so what do you need to pay attention to planting on dry land? The following is my carefully organized rice planting technology for you, take a look.
Rice planting techniques
First, dry nursery sparse seeding cultivate strong seedlings
Due to the effect of dry nursery bed fertilization and water control, resulting in a reduction in the capacity and water content of the bed soil, the increase in the degree of voids, the oxygen content is increased, the growth of seedlings is very favorable to the growth and development of the seedlings, sparse seeding in order to breed strong seedlings, strong seedlings fast greening, tillers early, laying the foundation for a high yield of rice.
(a), the standard of strong seedling
Seedling age 35 ~ 45 days, leaf age 4.5 ~ 5.0 leaves, seedling height 13 ~ 17 cm, the number of roots 13 ~ 15, a hundred plants on the ground more than 4 grams of kilograms, 20% of the seedling with 1 ~ 2 tillers, leaf color green with yellow, the root system is well disjointed and fast rejuvenation.
(B) the preparatory work before the nursery
1, the choice of seedbed land: selected pollution-free, leeward, sunny, easy access to water and power, high terrain, dry, well-drained, non-saline, no weeds, fertile soil, flat terrain, surrounded by the environmental conditions of the wind facilities.
2, nursery area and materials: nursery area: generally 1:80 to 100, that is, 80 to 100 square meters of nursery area, can insert a hectare of paddy area. Materials are plastic tarpaulin, scaffolding wooden poles, bamboo skins, seedling plates (potting plate) 400 to 500 per hectare, soak the seed spirit, salt and so on.
3, the preparation of seedbed soil: the principle requirements: bed soil loose, fertile (nutrients), there are clusters, good permeability, water retention and fertilizer retention capacity, acidic, no grass seeds and stones and so on.
Specific methods of preparation of nutrient bed soil:
Soil is the main carrier of the preparation of bed soil, mountainous areas, semi-mountainous areas with mountain humus is best; plains with dry soil (without herbicides), paddy soil; saline and alkaline areas with a total of the bottom of the trunk canal soil. The amount of soil per hectare is 2500 kilograms, preferably the first year back to standby. If it is the year the best early back to dry, broken, sifted, generally with a 5-hole mesh sieve will be the original soil weeds, gravel sieve off. In order to improve the content of organic matter in the bed soil, generally add charcoal or rotted farm fertilizer.
Mountain humus: the general content of organic matter are more than 5%, and at the same time, acidic, good penetration, so do not have to add organic matter.
Dryland, paddy soil: generally more fertile soil organic matter is below 3%, so it is necessary to add about 10% of well rotted pig manure or horse manure, such as the addition of rotted chicken, manure can only be added about 5%.
Saline soil: poor soil structure, low organic matter content, and alkali, appropriate increase in the proportion of organic matter is most favorable. Generally add horse manure 15% to 20%.
Organic fertilizer with the same 5-hole mesh sieve sieve once, and then mixed with the original soil after sieving ready to use. Bed soil with organic matter also need to adjust the acid, add chemical fertilizers and disinfection can be called nutrient bed soil. Currently there are two ways: one is their own preparation, the second is to buy the market conditioner.
(1) Self-formulated nutrient soil: the first step in the formulation of acid conditioning agent, mountain humus soil does not have to adjust the acid. Plains, saline and alkaline areas of the bed soil must be adjusted to acid, acid so that the soil bed adjusted to pH 4.5 ~ 5.5 as a standard. General production practices are first sieved horse manure or charcoal acidification, acidification with dilute sulfuric acid, generally 42.5 kg of water plus 7.5 ml of concentrated sulfuric acid, the preparation of water weighed into the tank, after pouring concentrated sulfuric acid, pouring and stirring, that is, about 15% of dilute sulfuric acid, with a plastic spray bottle to horse manure poured on about 15 kg of dilute sulfuric acid. Mixed evenly and smothered for half a day into the acidifier. Experience is that saline areas are prepared 25 kilograms of concentrated sulfuric acid per hectare, non-saline areas are prepared 5 to 7 kilograms of concentrated sulfuric acid per hectare.
The second step is to use acidified horse manure or grass carbon for bed soil acidification and add chemical fertilizers. First make a small sample test, the first 4 kg of raw soil plus 0.5 kg of acidified horse manure, then weigh 4 kg plus 1 kg of acidified horse manure, this 4 kg of raw soil plus 1.5 kg has been acidified horse manure? Make 5 samples, respectively, mixed evenly, with test paper to measure its pH value, find the bed soil per 4 kg plus how much acidified horse manure can reach pH 4.5 ~ 5.5 range. According to this ratio and then adjust a large number of bed soil. At the same time, 1000 kilograms of bed soil plus ammonium sulfate 2.5 kilograms, plus 1.1 kilograms of diammonium, 1 kilogram of potassium sulfate, zinc sulfate 0.1 kilograms of nutrient bed soil is made.
(2) with the preparation of nutrient bed soil conditioner
Conditioning agent generally contains nitrogen fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer, potassium and trace elements needed for seedlings, while there are acid and disinfection, farmers use more convenient. At present, there are many varieties of production, this article introduces several uses and dosage.
Three-function conditioning agent: 2 kg per bag of this product, dry seedling soil mixing can educate 15 square meters. Plate seedling can educate 90 trays.
Nutritional acidification medicine soil: better in saline areas, the product 2 kg per bag, tray seedling each bag can be 90 trays (15 square meters), potting tray seedling, each bag can be 150 trays (20-25 square meters), each bag can be mixed with 210 to 270 kg of soil on. After mixing the soil, the plate or flat bed can be sown after watering.
Seedling treasure: general non-saline areas with a large amount of this product can be used for rice dry nursery, tray nursery, potting tray nursery, some vegetables can also be used, such as eggplant, chili, tomato, melons and so on. Each bag of this product is 1.25 kilograms, and can be prepared with 350 kilograms of bed soil. Dry nursery 15-20 square meters, tray nursery 90-110 trays, potting tray nursery 140-150 trays. Saline and alkaline areas combined with watering acidification water is more effective.
The conditioning agent sold on the market changes its dosage form every year, and must be operated according to the instructions.
4, seed treatment
(1) the amount of seed per hectare: general potting tray seedling seed amount of 25 kg (germination rate of more than 95%), the general dry seedling 30 to 40 kg. Saline land appropriate more, non-saline areas appropriate less, dry nursery sparse planting should also be less.
(2) sun seed: choose a sunny day, in the dry flat ground flat mat or cement field spread, thickness of one inch, sun 2 to 3 days, sun during the day and evening loaded up, in the sun often turn, the purpose is to improve the seed activity.
(3) Selection of seeds: the best with salt water. Salt water will be prepared 1:13 specific gravity (about 501 kilograms of water plus 12 kilograms of salt), with a fresh egg test, the egg in the brine liquid exposed to the surface of the water 5 cents coin size can be. Remove the chaff, fish out the paddy and wash 2 to 3 times.
(4) seed disinfection: the purpose is to make the seeds fully absorb water favorable germination, while disinfection to prevent and control malignant seedling disease. At present, there are many disinfectant agents in production. Bad seedling net (multi-effective spirit) with the more common. Each bag of 100 grams of this product, add 50 kilograms of water, mixing 40 kilograms of seed soak, room temperature soak seeds 5 to 7 days, soak without washing can be directly germinated and sown.
(5) germination: germination at 28 ~ 32 ℃ temperature conditions, buds neat and consistent, there are germinators with the best germinator, no germinator can be indoors on the ground, on the kang or in the nursery greenhouse germination. Specific operation, the first soaked seeds out, into the 40 ~ 50 ℃ of warm water preheating, to be the seeds to reach warm (28 ℃ or so), immediately fishing mountain, loaded into the seed bag, placed on the ground indoors well-padded (the ground pads 30 cm straw, paved with mats); or on the kang, but also to be well-padded, the seed bag on the cover of a plastic sheet or sack, the bag inserted thermometer, at any time to look at the temperature, so that the temperature is not lower than 28 ℃, or not higher than 32 ℃. 28 ℃, nor higher than 32 ℃, while maintaining seed humidity, every few hours up and down to turn over once, so that the seed temperature as far as possible up and down, left and right temperatures, humidity to maintain the same. Special attention is paid to the seeds in the process of germination of their own production of large amounts of carbon dioxide, so that the temperature naturally rises, a little inattention will be due to the high temperature of the roasted seeds, generally 2 days time to germinate, when the broken chest dew white more than 80% will begin to reduce the temperature, the appropriate cool a cool. Bud length of one millimeter.
(6) set up shed for seedbed
Jilin Province, more than a large shed, medium shed-based, small shed nursery is rare. The general specifications of the shed is 5 to 6 meters wide, 20 meters long, each shed can be a hundred square meters of seedlings. Shed to the north-south better, east-west can also be, in the shed for two large seedbed, the middle of the walkway 30 cm wide, surrounded by drainage ditches, per square meter of rotting fertilizer 10 to 15 kg, shallow turning 8 to 10 cm, and then cradled, watering through the bottom of the water.
5, sowing
(1) the determination of the sowing period, according to the local temperature of the year and varieties of maturity to determine the appropriate date of sowing. Rice germination minimum temperature of 10 ~ 12 ℃, so when the temperature stabilized through 5 ~ 6 ℃ can be sown, Jilin Province, the temperature of the plains stabilized through 5 ~ 6 ℃ in early April, mountainous areas, semi-mountainous areas relatively late 5 ~ 7 days. Therefore, late-maturing varieties or late varieties in the plains in early April sowing, mountainous, semi-mountainous areas in mid-April sowing. Early-maturing varieties can be sown in late April.
(2) the amount of seed sown
The amount of seed sown directly affects the quality of seedlings, only sparse sowing can produce strong seedlings. The results of many years of research show that dry seedling per square meter sowing amount of dry seeds 150 grams (3 two), 200 grams of sprouted seeds (4 two), 100 grams of sprouted seeds per plate of mechanical seedling tray seedling (2 two). The potting tray cultivation of 50 grams (1 tael) bud seed per tray. Super sparse cultivation of 35 to 40 grams per plate (0.7 to 0.8 two) sprouted seeds. In short, the amount of seed sowing must be strictly controlled, can not be too large, and is extremely beneficial to the development of strong seedlings and prevention of standstill disease.
(3) sowing method
Isolated layer drought seedling sowing: in the watering of the bed set perforated (hole spacing 4?4 cm, hole diameter 4 mm) plastic film, followed by laying 2.5 to 3 cm thick nutrient soil, per square meter watering 1,500 times the dixon solution, 5 to 6 kilograms, saline and alkaline areas can be watered with a small amount of acidic water (water pH 4), and then sown by hand, the sowing should be uniform, and the seed should be evenly distributed, the seed should be sown. After sowing, gently press a little, so that the seeds and the bed soil close together, and then evenly cover the soil 1 cm, and then closed with seedbed herbicide. After sowing on the top side and then flat mulch to maintain moisture and temperature, in order to facilitate the neat emergence of seedlings.
Tray seedling sowing: seedling tray (60 cm long, 30 cm wide) seedling tray 3 kg of nutrient soil, watering 0.75 ~ 1 kg after sowing 1 kg of mulch per tray, set the bed to be flat, set up the tray to disk disk next to each other, and then closed with the seedbed herbicide. Above the flat mulch.
Potting tray seedling sowing: potting tray specifications currently in Jilin Province, there are two specifications, one is 561 holes per plate, the other is 434 holes per plate, the latter can educate seedlings, so advocate the use of 434 holes of the potting tray. The method of sowing is the first nutrient bed soil into the potting tray, watering through the bottom of the water, with a small seeder sowing seeds, each hole sowing 2 to 3 seeds. (Also available quantitative precision seeder), after sowing mulch scraping.
6, seedling management
Seedling management requires careful management, generally divided into four stages.
(1) sowing a seedling
This time is mainly sealed insulation, to ensure that the moisture and temperature required for the emergence of seedlings. The temperature in the shed is controlled at about 30 ℃, more than 35 ℃ should be ventilated to cool down. Lack of water should be timely replenishment of water, general bottom water is not poured, or set the bed seepage, the phenomenon of dry buds before the emergence of seedlings often appear, this period of moisture is the focus, the seedling out of the Qi immediately after the withdrawal of the film, so as not to burn the seedling.
(2) Seedling a 1.5-leaf period
This period of resistance to low temperatures, pay attention to the bed soil can not be too wet, otherwise affect the growth of the root, as little as possible, watering, temperature control in the 20 ~ 25 ℃, high temperature sunny days to ventilate the cooling. Prevent seedling withering or burning seedlings.
When the seedlings grow to one leaf and one heart, use the Riku one time net or special effect anti-blight agent to prevent and control the Riku disease, the use of each bag of 40 grams of water 100 to 120 kilograms, pouring 40 square meters of seedling area.
If the sowing is not carried out after the pharmaceutical closed weed, a leaf and a heart period is the best time to use the enemy barnyard grass, with 20% of the enemy barnyard emulsifiable concentrate on water 40 times in the sunny day without dew when spraying, the dosage of every 667 square meters of 1 kilograms, the application of drugs in the shed after the control of the temperature of 25 ℃ or so, half a day do not water to improve the effectiveness of the drug.
(3) 1.5 leaves a 3-leaf period.
1.5 to 2.5 leaves (before and after the late lactation period) is the susceptibility of standing blight and green blight, but also a critical period to cultivate strong seedlings. This period is the least sensitive to moisture and resistant to low temperature. Bed soil moisture should be controlled in the general dry field state, keep the bed dry only when the bed soil is dry and cracked can be watered, as a way to promote the development of the root system, the growth of robust. The temperature in the shed is controlled at 20 ~ 25 ℃, high temperature and sunny days timely ventilation refining, to prevent seedlings from growing.
Seedlings in saline and alkaline areas should be watered 1 to 2 times in this period to reduce the pH of the bed soil by adding 50 ml of concentrated sulfuric acid per 50 kg of water (about 1,000 times).
In two leaves and a heart period to chase a latex fertilizer, per square meter of seedbed chasing ammonium sulfate 30 grams of water 100 times spray, after the application of water rinse once, so as not to fertilizer burn leaves.
(4) 3 leaves a plug rice seedlings
This period not only seedlings need a lot of water, and with the rising temperature, evaporation is also large, the bed soil is prone to dry, so watering should be timely, adequate, otherwise the seedlings will dry up. At this time, the external temperature is already very high, the temperature inside the shed should be controlled within 25 ℃ to ventilation, shed skirt can be put down during the day, the night outside at 10 ℃ or more can not cover the shed skirt.
3 to 4 days before the transplantation of seedlings after a? The grafting fertilizer? , 50 to 60 grams of ammonium sulfate per square meter of seedbed, 100 times to water, and then wash with water once.
In order to prevent leaf miner flies before transplanting seedlings with 40% Rogaine emulsion to water 800 times in the absence of dew for spraying. Before insertion, pull the big grass by hand once.
Second, paddy field basic construction
The basic construction of farmland is related to the most basic conditions of high-yield rice production, whether it is the old rice areas or new rice areas, must be carried out according to the unified planning of the water conservancy department, the drainage and irrigation system, forest and field, water, roads, comprehensive planning on the basis of the development of rice production, which focuses on the construction of the square, the strip of land.
(a) strip field
Generally in the sub-drainage and bucket length and spacing determined, the fragmented land into a long strip, irrigation and drainage, channel a waterway, every 25 to 35 meters and then set up a drainage road, that is, a single irrigation and single row.
(B) the application of agricultural fertilizers
The application of organic fertilizers, you can improve the soil, fertilization, because the main component of organic fertilizers is organic matter, straw containing organic matter up to 50% or more, pigs, horses, cows, goats, poultry manure and other organic matter content of 30% to 70%. Organic matter is the main resource of crop nutrients, and improve the physical and chemical properties of the soil function. Therefore, paddy fields must apply organic fertilizer.
Application of farmyard manure: before turning over the land per hectare of farmyard manure (to be fully rotted) 10 to 20 cubic meters, applied evenly.
(C) plowing and tilling
Principle requirements: land leveling, harrowing, harrowing fine, the difference between the height of each grid field is not inches.
Autumn overthrow than spring overthrow good, early overthrow than late overthrow good, because autumn overthrow winter frozen spring, freeze-thaw effect, soil fine, weed seeds, germs and pests freeze, reduce the harm. Turning depth requirements 15 ~ 18 cm, cold slurry deeper, sandy soil can be shallow, the requirements of the buckle district strict, no leakage plow, the implementation of dry rake water leveling.
In the black soil actively promote no-till light harrowing technology, is conducive to saving water.
Third, different regional high-yield varieties with
Jilin Province has not been divided into the first, second and third cumulative temperature zone as in Heilongjiang Province. In the paddy field production can be roughly divided into mountainous, semi-mountainous areas, plains, saline and alkaline areas of the three major ecological zones. Variety application on the ripening is the first, the second is resistance, the third is the level of technology, the fourth should be the market demand, in general terms of yield and market and the local, the year to adapt. At present, the varieties in Jilin Province should be divided by region according to the following varieties as the local main varieties.
Mountainous semi-mountainous areas (including Yanbian area, Jilin, Jiaohe, Shulan and other counties, Tonghua, Liuhe, Huinan, part of Hailong, the other Shuangyang, Yitong, Dongfeng, Liaoyuan, and Changbai and other cities and counties) This area is characterized by a short frost-free period, often low-temperature cold, this area should be in the middle of the maturity, early maturity varieties, such as 88 ~ 7, Yan Japonica 16, Tong 95 ~ 74, on the breeding of 397, the conditions of place can be combined with some of the more late maturing varieties. Some late-maturing varieties such as Ji-Japonica 81, Zhenfu 10, etc. can be used in this area.
Plains area, including Changchun, Siping, Songyuan and most of the other productive plains rice areas, such as Meihe, Yongji, Waldian, Huinan and Hailong, etc., the latitudinal span of this area, the paddy area is concentrated in a continuous piece. Various types of ripening varieties are more, from 145 days of varieties to 130 days of varieties are planted, but planting late-maturing high-quality and high-yield varieties have a greater advantage, and at the same time is the main production area of high-quality rice in Jilin Province, can be planted super-yield 1, Qiu Tian Xiaomachi, Nongda No. 7, Ji-Japonica 66, Ji-Japonica 81, from high-quality rice and the market needs should be based on the Ji-Japonica 83 (Fengyou 307) with the medium-ripening varieties, such as Fuyuan 4, Daoguang Ji-Japonica 83 (Fengyou 307), with medium-maturing varieties such as Fuyuan 4, Daoguang, and Jifeng 10. Saline areas, the region, including Songyuan, Baicheng two areas, which is characterized by a short frost-free period, soil salinity content is high, so varieties require saline, relatively early maturity of some, such as Changbai 9 (JI 89 ~ 45), Song Japonica 3, Songyuan area, the level of seedling is high, the implementation of early sowing technology, can be planted some of the late maturity. Varieties such as autumn light, Ji-Japonica 66 (JI 2605), with some Jifeng 10, Tong 611, Tong 95 ~ 74 medium-maturity high-quality rice varieties.
Fourth, timely and early sowing reasonable sparse planting
Rice-planting quality requirements, the ridge is straight, shallow sowing, no lack of holes.
(a) rice planting period to determine
1, according to the safety of the spike period, rice safety spike during the temperature of 25 ~ 30 ℃ is more appropriate to ensure that the spike has a suitable effective cumulative temperature to ensure safe maturity. Jilin Province in early August each year to spike is appropriate.
2, the temperature at the time of transplanting rice, in general, the lowest temperature of rice growth 14 ℃, mud temperature 13.7 ℃, leaf growth temperature is 13 ℃.
3, to ensure that there is enough nutrient growth period, the mid-term reproductive period and the late stage has a certain grouting and fruiting period. Arrange the transplanting period according to the fertility period of the main varieties and the amount of cumulative temperature required.
The plains of Jilin Province are generally inserted in early May, rice seedlings (around May 10), the western saline areas, the eastern mountainous areas, semi-mountainous areas in May in the middle and late May, but to the end of May all the plugged rice seedlings, not inserted in June rice seedlings.
(ii) insertion of seedlings
Reasonable spacing between plants can not only make the individual (single plant) robust growth, but also promote the maximum development of the group. Eventually get high yield. The density of transplantation is closely related to the variety of tiller strength, ground strength, seedling quality, and water sources. Strong tillering varieties transplanting period early, fertile soil, strong seedlings, river or reservoir water should be appropriate early insertion, transplanting way to 30 cm?20 ~ 30 cm (9?6 ~ 9 inch), 4 ~ 5 seedlings per hole. And for tillering varieties, soil texture is poor, seedling quality is weak, transplanting period late well water irrigation should be appropriately dense planting, generally 30 cm?10 cm to 15 cm (9?3 to 4.5 inches), 4 to 5 seedlings per hole.
Rice cultivation technology points1, rice strong seedling agent and its role in dry seedling
Strong seedling agent is based on the physiological and ecological characteristics of rice seedlings and the physical and chemical properties of the soil research out of the fusion of disinfectants, chemical control agents, nutrients in one of the new rice seedling bed soil conditioning agent. Disinfectant is based on the characteristics of the pathogen of rice blight and its pathogenesis, applying disinfectant and bactericidal agents to control and eliminate the soil blight pathogen and play a role in preventing the disease. Chemical control agents are mainly plant growth regulators, which are applied into the soil and inhaled through the roots to improve the cold resistance of seedlings and promote the growth of roots, control the growth of the ground and play a dwarfing role. Nutrient is based on the fertilizer demand law of the seedling period, the nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and Ga, Mg, S, Fe, Zn, Si and other trace elements for a reasonable proportion to meet the nutrient needs of the rice seedling period. Acidifier is aimed at the acidity of rice seedling and the acid-hating characteristics of the root wilt pathogen, which is applied to the soil to reduce the pH value of the bed soil and maintain it for a period of time, so as to play the dual role of bacterial inhibition and activation of soil nutrients.
The application of rice seedling strengthening agent can make the rice dry seedling bed acid disinfection, fertilization, chemical control and other complex operational procedures simplified, can effectively overcome the technical? The way to go? Caused by drug damage, fertilizer damage, disease and concentrated sulfuric acid improper use of accidental injury, and the strong seedling effect is outstanding, yield increase effect is obvious.
2, rice strong seedling agent use
The current production of the application of strong seedling agent has a common type (2.5Kg bag) and concentrated (1.5Kg bag) two kinds, can be applied to dry seedling, wet seedling, plastic soft tray seedling and other forms of seedling, the application of the province in the past two years to see the situation, the effect is good.
(1) dry and wet nursery seedlings on the application method:
In the seedbed winter fertilization and ploughing to make the bed on the basis of ordinary type of strong seedling agent per bag (2.5Kg) plus sieve of the dry soil 12.5Kg, or concentrated type of strong seedling agent per bag (1.5Kg) plus sieve of the dry soil 18.5Kg, mix well and evenly spread in 20 square meters of the bed soil Surface, with a rake turned into the topsoil layer of 2-3cm, repeatedly scratched well, and then watering sowing. Cover the seeds with fertilized soil without adding seedling-strengthening agents. Later management is the same as drought seedling.
(2) the application of soft tray seedling throwing:
ordinary type of seedling agent per bag (2.5Kg) plus sieved tray soil 210Kg, or concentrated type of seedling agent per bag (1.5Kg) plus tray soil 270Kg, mix well and formulated into a nutrient soil, loaded into 150 trays, sown in the fertilizer has been cultivated, sub-compartment and watered with sufficient bottom water in the placement of beds with the fertilizer without adding the agent. After sowing the seeds, place them in the beds which have been fertilized, divided into compartments and watered with sufficient water, cover the seeds with fertilized soil without adding rice-planting agent, compact and water sufficiently. Or first set up and compacted, and then pour enough water on the soft disk, and then sowing, cover the seeds.
3, strong seedling agent should pay attention to the use of the problem
(1) with the strong seedling agent seedling, no matter what seedling method, never use the strong seedling agent with a good nutrient soil as a cover seed soil, so as not to affect the germination of seedlings.
(2) Mixing must be uniform to avoid drug damage.
(3) It is suitable for PH<7.2 soil.
(4) This seedling strengthening agent does not contain herbicide, weeding should be treated separately.
(5) Under the condition of cultivating large seedlings, if there is de-fertilization at the late stage, we should see the seedlings to replenish the fertilizer appropriately to ensure the normal growth of seedlings.
(6) When standing blight or green blight occurs in the seedbed, applying 50g of seedling strengthening agent per square meter can play a role in prevention and control.
(7) When applying the seedling strengthening agent on late rice seedlings, the amount should be reduced appropriately.