From Tang Materia Medica: Turmeric, the leaves and roots are like turmeric, the flowers are born in the roots and come out with the seedlings, and the flowers are rotten and childless in summer. The roots are yellow, blue and white, and the method of making them is the same as that of Yujin. Xirong people call it an elixir. Its taste is bitter and bitter, which is the same as that of turmeric, but different from peanut.
1. "Compendium of Materia Medica": Ginger is a ginger that has been planted for more than three years. Flowers can grow in the rhizosphere, just like the lotus. The roots are hard and spicy, and it is rare to grow ginger. There are also newcomers to Xifan, which are similar to Yujin and Yaoyao. As Su Jing attached, Yaoyao is not turmeric, and Su can't distinguish between two things. It also tastes bitter and warm, and the main evil spirit is suffocating.
Pinyin name Jiānɡ Huanɡ
English name Turmeric
Alias Baodingxiang and Dioscorea zingiberensis
source
Medicinal material source: the rhizome of curcuma longa, a ginger plant.
Latin plant and animal mineral name: Curcuma Longa L.
Harvesting and storage:/kloc-dig out the underground part in the second half of February, remove the mud and stems, and plant the seeds first; Take off the root tuber as yellow silk turmeric. Washing the rhizome with water, blanching in boiling water, oven drying, and removing rough skin to obtain dried ginger; You can also cut the rhizome into 0.7cm thick slices and dry them in the sun.
Curcuma longa in its original form, a perennial herb, is 1- 1.5m high. The rhizome is developed, clustered, and the branches are oval or cylindrical, orange-yellow and extremely fragrant; The roots are stout and the ends swell into tuberous roots. Basal leaves, 5-7 pieces, 2 rows; The petiole is 20-45 cm long; Leaf blade oblong or narrowly elliptic, 20-50cm long, 5- 15cm wide, tapering at the apex, cuneate at the base, extending down to the petiole, with yellow-green upper surface and light green lower surface, without hair. Scapes are extracted from leaf sheaths, the total pedicel length is 12-20cm, the spike is cylindrical, and the length is12-18 cm; The upper flowerless bracts are pink or reddish purple, oblong, 4-6cm long and 1- 1.5cm wide, while the middle and lower flowered bracts are light green or greenish white, oval to nearly round and 3-4 cm long; Calyx is green and white, with 3 teeth; Corolla tube funnel-shaped, about 1.5cm long, pale yellow, densely pilose throat, lobes 3; Fertile stamens 1, filaments short and flat, anthers oblong and spurred at the base; The ovary is inferior, externally pilose, the style is slender, there are two rod-shaped glands at the base, and the stigma is slightly enlarged and slightly lipped. Flowering in August.
Habitat distribution
Ecological environment: mostly cultivated. It is planted in sunny and loose fields, and occasionally it is wild.
Distribution of resources: distributed in Jiangxi, Fujian, Taiwan Province, Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan and other places.
cultivate
1. Climatic soil: it is suitable for warm and humid climate. It is better to use sandy loam with deep soil layer, good drainage and loose fertility.
2. Soil preparation: generally, it is not necessary to plough deeply. Before planting, the land should be raked for 2-3 times and leveled to make the border. Apply sufficient base fertilizer.
3. Planting: Propagation with rhizome. The planting period is in Sichuan, Shaanxi and other places, more than before and after the summer solstice, and in Zhejiang before and after Qingming. According to the row spacing of 33-40cm and the plant spacing of 25-33cm, holes are opened, and 3-5 ginger seeds are placed in each hole, and the fine soil is covered for 2-3cm. Seedling can emerge in about 20 days after planting.
4. Field management: topdressing with dilute human manure once when the seedling height is 10- 13cm; The second topdressing was before and after the summer; The third time, 3-4 days before the Millennium, cake fertilizer and plant ash should be used; Before each topdressing, you must mow and loosen the soil first. When there is little rain, it is necessary to water it in the morning or at night to make the seedlings grow normally.
5. Pest control: The pests are mainly soil silkworms and grubs, which can be controlled by spraying 6% BHC powder during soil preparation, or by trapping or stacking grass.
character
Character identification shows that the rhizome of Curcuma longa is irregular oval, cylindrical or spindle-shaped, often curved, with dark yellow and rough surface, wrinkled texture and obvious links, and circular branch marks and fibrous root marks. Solid, not easy to break, brown to golden yellow cross section, horny, waxy luster. The ring pattern of the endodermis is obvious, and the vascular bundles are scattered in dots. The smell is bitter and pungent.
It is better to have solid quality, golden section and strong aroma.
Microscopic identification, rhizome cross section: 4- 10 rows of corked cells outside, often occurring in the cortex, and sometimes epidermis and cortical cells can be seen outside. The cortex is broad and has vascular bundles with leaves; The endodermis is obvious. The stele sheath is 1-2 cells; The vascular bundles are limited in external toughness, more near the pericycle sheath and less inward. The parenchyma cells of this product contain starch granules and brown pigment; Oil cells are scattered in parenchyma.
Chemical constituents The rhizome contains curcumin compounds: curcumin, p, p-dihydroxycinnamoyl methane (P
P-dihydrodicinnamoyl methane), namely bisdemethoxycurcumin, p-hydroxy cinnamoyl feruloyl methane (p-hydroxy cinnamoyl feruloyl methane), namely demethoxycurcumin and dihydrocurcumin; Sesquiterpene compounds: curlone, turmeronol)A and B, germacrone-13 aldehyde (germacrone- 13-al), 4- hydroxymyrrh -2,13. 10-diene-9-one), 4- methoxy -5- hydroxybisabola -2, 10- diene -9- one (4-methoxy-5-hydroxybisabola-2
10-diene-9-one), 2,5-dihydroxy-sweet myrrh -3, 10- diene (2
5-dihydroxybisabola-3
10-diene), procurcumadiol, curcumenone, drhydrocurdione, (4S, 5S)- germacrone-4,5-epoxide [(4S.
5S)-germacron-4
5-epoxide], α-turmerone, bisacurone, curcumenol, isoprocurcumenol, zedoaronediol, procurenol, Eiprocurcumenol, 4,5-dihydroxy-sweet myrrh -2, 10- diene (4,5-dihydrobisabola-2
10-diene)； Acid polysaccharide: curcuma longa polysaccharide (utonan)A, b, c, d. The volatile oil (4.2%) is mainly composed of gingerol, aromatic-gingerol, curcumene, germacrone, aromatic-curcumene, cineole, terpinene and terpinene. I say curzerenone, curdione, α-pinene, β-pinene, limonene, linalool, caryophyllene. It also contains campesterol, stigmasterol, β-sitosterol, cholesterol, fatty acids and metal elements such as potassium, sodium, magnesium, calcium, manganese, iron, copper and zinc, and the ratio of zinc to copper is 3.7.
pharmacological action
1.Hypolipidemic effect: intragastric administration of curcumol or ether extract, curcumin and volatile oil has obvious effects on lowering plasma total cholesterol and B- lipoprotein in experimental hyperlipidemia rats and rabbits, lowering liver cholesterol and correcting the imbalance between a- and B- lipoprotein, but has no effect on endogenous cholesterol; It has a more significant effect on lowering plasma triglyceride, which can reduce plasma triglyceride to below normal level. High sucrose diet can cause hyperlipidemia in rats, and curcumin can resist this hyperlipidemia. Oral administration of curcumin can reduce the liver weight, the contents of triglyceride, free fatty acid and phospholipid in the liver, the contents of serum total triglyceride, VLDL+LDL triglyceride, HDL triglyceride, VLDL+LDL cholesterol and free fatty acid in blood, and also increase the contents of serum total cholesterol and HDL cholesterol. The liver homogenate was incubated in vitro with 14C- acetic acid as the substrate. The preliminary results showed that curcumin could inhibit the synthesis of fatty acids.
2. Anti-tumor effect: The tissue culture and in vivo experiment of Dalton's lymphoascites tumor cells showed that the ethanol extract of Curcuma longa could inhibit the growth of cancer cells. At 0.4mg/ml, it can inhibit the growth of chinese hamster ovary, has cytotoxic effect on lymphocytes and Dalton's lymphocytes, and can reduce the growth of animal tumors. Its active ingredient is mainly curcumin. Under the promotion of croton oil, 7,7 12- dimethylphenylanthrene can induce * * cancer in mice, and curcumin can obviously reduce the chance of * * cancer in this case, and also inhibit the tumor formation induced by 2O- methylchloroanthracene. Curcumin can also reduce the possibility of carcinogenesis caused by mutants. Curcumin can also inhibit the cancer-inducing effect of TPA (12-o-tetra decacanoylphorbol-13-acetate). When curcumin 10μmol/L was applied locally, the inhibition rate of guanylate decarboxylase activity induced by 5nmol/L TPA reached 91%; Curcumin 10μmol/L and TPA- 2nmol/L were used locally, and the inhibition rate of 3H- thymine embedded in epidermal DNA stimulated by TPA was 49%, which was related to the concentration. Therefore, curcumin may be used as an anticancer agent.
3. Anti-inflammatory effect: Curcumin can resist the swelling of rat toes induced by carrageenan in a dose-dependent manner in the range of 30mg/kg, but it inhibits this anti-inflammatory effect when the dose is 60mg/kg. Sodium curcumin reversibly inhibits the contraction of isolated guinea pig ileum induced by nicotine, acetylcholine, 5- hydroxytryptamine, barium chloride and histamine, which is similar to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
4. Antimicrobial effect: In vitro test, curcumin has inhibitory effect on Micrococuspyogenesvar. Aureus at 1% concentration. Volatile oil has a strong antifungal effect. Curcuma longa can prolong the survival time of mice inoculated with virus.
5. Effect on cardiovascular system: Intravenous injection of curcumin has no obvious effect on blood pressure, nor on blood pressure caused by adrenaline, histamine and acetylcholine. Gastric perfusion with curcumin can antagonize the changes of S-T and T-wave in ECG of rats caused by intravenous injection of pituitrin, and it can also increase the nutritional blood flow of myocardium in mice. Curcumin has obvious effects on platelet aggregation and blood viscosity. In vitro experiments of normal people, the concentration of curcumin is 1× 10(-4)mol/L, which significantly inhibits platelet aggregation with an inhibition rate of 35.4% (P < 0.01). Compared with the control group, the platelet aggregation was weakened, and the plasma viscosity and whole blood viscosity were decreased after 5 days (the doses were 20, 40, 60 and 80mg/(kg. day). Among them, 40mg/(kg. day) group had the strongest inhibitory effect on platelet aggregation, and the inhibitory rate was 34.6% (P < 0.05). Continue to increase the dosage, and the inhibitory effect has not been enhanced progressively. Under the condition of low shear rate (37.5 seconds-1), the viscosity of whole blood and plasma was significantly reduced, but there was no significant difference at high shear rate (150 seconds-1).
6. Choledocholism: Turmeric extract, curcumin, volatile oil, gingerol, gingerol, borneol and sesquiterpene alcohol all have choledocholism, which can increase the production and secretion of bile and promote gallbladder contraction, and curcumin has the strongest effect.
7. Effect on termination of pregnancy: Turmeric is made into 100% (crude drug 1g/ml) and 200% decoction. Mice were injected intraperitoneally or subcutaneously with ginger decoction 10g/kg/day in the early (6-7 days), middle (1 0-0/4 days) and late (16- 18 days) pregnancy respectively. In the early and middle pregnancy mice, bleeding can be seen the next morning after administration of 1 time, and there are necrotic and degenerated embryos in the uterus. In the late pregnancy mice, most of them are delivered within 24 hours after administration of 1 time. The results showed that intraperitoneal injection or subcutaneous injection had obvious effects on all stages of pregnancy in mice (oral administration of 50g/kg was ineffective), and the pregnancy termination rate was 90- 100%, while the embryo development in the control group was normal. Rabbits were intraperitoneally or subcutaneously injected with 8g/kg of Zingiber officinale decoction in the early (8- 10 day), middle (13- 15 day) and late (23-25 day) pregnancy, once a day, for 2-3 days, 8. All the 6 rabbits in the control group were pregnant normally. The estrogenic and antiestrogenic activities of Curcuma longa were determined by the method of uterus weight gain in immature mice. The results showed that turmeric decoction 10g/kg had no estrogenic and antiestrogenic activities by intraperitoneal injection or subcutaneous injection. Curcuma longa 10g/kg can be antagonized by progesterone (1mg/ mouse), and Curcuma longa 10g/kg can also significantly inhibit the growth of traumatic uterine decidua in pseudopregnant mice, so it is speculated that the mechanism of Curcuma longa causing early abortion in animals may be due to its ability.