First of all, the first step is to remove the stems, that is, to remove the grapes from the comb-shaped branches. Because the branches contain a lot of tannic acid, they have an unpleasant taste in wine.
Second, squeeze the fruit. When brewing red wine, grape skin and grape meat are squeezed at the same time, and the red pigment contained in red wine is released when grape skin is squeezed. Because of this, all red wines are red.
Third, juice fermentation. Grape juice, the raw material for brewing wine, can be obtained after squeezing juice. With wine juice, you can make good wine. Wine is the product of fermentation. After fermentation, the sugar contained in grapes will gradually be converted into alcohol and carbon dioxide. Therefore, in the process of fermentation, sugar is getting less and less, while alcohol content is getting higher and higher. Through the slow fermentation process, red wine with delicate fragrance can be brewed.
Fourth, add sulfur dioxide. In order to keep the fruity taste and freshness of wine, sulfur dioxide must be added immediately after fermentation. Sulfur dioxide can prevent oxygen in the air from causing wine oxidation. After fermentation for about 3 weeks, the new wine must be precipitated for the first time and changed into barrels. The second precipitation takes 4 to 6 weeks. The number of times of precipitation and the order of time are exactly the taste to be achieved.
The wine will be bottled after being stored in the barrel for 3 to 9 months. In the past, wine bottles were sealed with corks. Now (after 200 1), many innovative bottling plants adopt new vacuum sealed rotary bottles.
Second set
A. Stem removal: The so-called stem removal refers to removing the stem from the fruit in order to avoid unnecessary bitterness in the wine.
B. crushing: gently crushing the peel is called crushing.
C, fermentation: adding yeast into the broken grapes (together with the skins and seeds). Because the color of red wine comes from the peel, and astringency is the taste released by seeds.
D, juicing: juicing the fermented wine with a juicer.
E, fermentation: separating the squeezed wine from skins and seeds, and then only fermenting the wine. This stage is the key to determine the taste of wine, and fully fermented wine is a wine with different tastes.
F. Slag removal: After fermentation, the dissolved residual substances will automatically precipitate and can be removed smoothly. This process is called deslagging.
G. ripening: then put it in a barrel to make it fully mature, and the ripening period is about two years (but some people are not mature for two years).
H. bottling: you can bottle it when it is cooked. [Edit this paragraph] Grape varieties for brewing red wine In terms of grape varieties, grape varieties for brewing red wine include Shiraz, Cabernet Sauvignon, Sauvignon, Merlot and so on. These names often appear on the labels of red wine, referring to the grape varieties used. Some red wines are made from one kind of grapes, while others are made from two or three kinds of grapes, so the taste of red wines is different. Red wine brewed by single or mixed grape varieties is equally good, but it is suitable for different consumers' tastes.
The Origin of Red Wine-"Old World Red Wine" and "New World Red Wine" Many countries in the world produce red wine. One of the ways to divide the producing areas of red wine is divided into "old world red wine" and "new world red wine".
Old world red wine generally refers to the red wine produced in Europe (especially in France and Italy), which is slightly more expensive in the international market. "New World Red Wine" refers to red wine produced in Australia, Chile and other countries. French red wine was once dyed with pigment extracted from bovine blood, which once affected the sales of French red wine under the concern of mad cow disease. Australia and Chile enjoy a good reputation in the international market because of their superior geographical location and almost no environmental pollution in their grape producing areas. Australian red wine uses pure plant pigments extracted from grape skins for color matching, which is a pioneering work in the red wine industry using natural substances. [Edit this paragraph] The concept and difference between red wine and dry red wine. The so-called dry wine (dry white and dry red) only refers to the sugar content in wine, without other meaning. According to the standard, the sugar content of dry wine is below 4.0g/L. Because this kind of wine has low sugar content and no sweetness, it shows more fruit aroma of grapes, bouquet produced by fermentation and mellow aroma left by aging. In the traditional sense, all wines are sweet wines, and the sugar content is above 50.0 g/L.
Dry red wine is a word borrowed from champagne brewing, that is, wine brewed directly from pure grape juice without adding any additives such as water, spices and alcohol. After red grapes are pressed, the skins and cores of grapes are not filtered, and the grape juice is filtered after brewing into wine. In the process of brewing, the color of grape skin is dissolved into the wine, which is dry red wine. There are two kinds of dry red wine, one is simple filtration; The other is continuous pressing filter residue. Squeezed dry red wine contains more tannins and has a stronger taste.
In other words, dry red is not sweet to drink. In China, some people like to mix sprite when drinking dry red wine, which shows that the drinker is not suitable for drinking dry red wine, but orthodox red wine. [Edit this paragraph] The shelf life of red wine is not that the older the wine, the better. The year on red wine refers to the grapes of that year. Most (99%) wines have no aging ability, and the best drinking period varies from wine to wine, generally between 2- 10 years. Only a few particularly good wines have the ability to age. Some top French and Italian wines have the ability to age for decades or even hundreds of years. Many wines from Bordeaux's top wineries are still suitable for drinking even if they have been preserved for more than 1 century.
Precautions for storage [2]
Appropriate temperature is needed, and the theoretical temperature is about 12℃ or 7- 18℃.
Avoid light, because ultraviolet rays will make wine precocious-avoid vibration.
Put it horizontally, keep the cork moist, prevent air from entering and prevent wine from oxidation.
Avoid excessive humidity to prevent bacteria from growing.
Suggestions on storage location:
Under the bed, garage, wardrobe, cellar, etc.
How to preserve red wine after opening it?
Go back to the fortress where the wine has been opened, and put the bottle upright in the refrigerator.
Normally, liquor can be stored in the refrigerator for 1 week after opening.
Red wine can be kept in the refrigerator for 2-3 weeks after opening. [Edit this paragraph] The first set of steps to taste red wine
Step 1: Control the temperature of red wine. Traditionally, the temperature of drinking red wine is cool room temperature, ranging from 18 ~ 2 1℃ (white wine is between 9 ~ 12℃). At this temperature, the red wine of each year is at its best. A bottle of chilled red wine has more obvious tannin characteristics than red wine at room temperature, so it tastes astringent. The situation of liquor is just the opposite, in order to highlight freshness and acidity, so it is suitable for drinking after being chilled. The correct way to drink is to hold the column of the goblet with your fingers instead of holding the cup with your hands, otherwise the temperature difference of the wine will affect the coordination of the wine.
Step 2: sober up. A bottle of good wine that has been dusty for many years will taste just when it is opened. At this time, it is necessary to "wake up" this wine. Pour the wine into a beautiful decanter and wait for ten minutes, and the smell will dissipate. Sipping generally requires that the contact area between wine and air be maximized. After full oxidation, the rich aroma of red wine is revealed. The treatment time can be extended, preferably one hour, to create an atmosphere full of wine fragrance.
Step 3: Watch the wine. Red wine is red enough to stir people's hearts. When pouring red wine, the basic requirement is that the glass is placed horizontally and the wine does not overflow. In the case of sufficient light, put a glass of red wine on a white paper and observe the edge of the red wine. Most of the well-defined wines are new wines, and the color is even and slightly old-fashioned. If it is slightly brown, you may encounter an old bottle of wine.
Step four: drink. Before you enter the wine, you should smell it deeply in the glass. At this time, you can experience the fragrance of red wine. The new wine is very fruity, while the old wine has deeply restrained this flamboyant personality. Swallow a mouthful of red wine, let the red wine stay in your mouth for one minute, roll it on your tongue twice, take a deep breath to let your senses fully experience the red wine, and finally swallow it all, and a delicate fragrance suddenly lingers among them.
Step 5: wine sequence. When drinking, we should follow the principle of new before old, light before strong.
Second set
1. Observe its color-pour the wine into the goblet, hold the foot of the goblet and observe its color.
2. Smell its fragrance-gently shake the glass to release the fragrance and smell its fragrance.
3. Taste-take a sip, let the wine dissolve on the tip of the tongue, and feel its taste and sweetness. [Edit this paragraph] Classification and grading of French red wine French red wine is world-famous. France is not only the country that brews the most kinds of wine in the world, but also produces countless world-famous high-grade wines with extremely diverse taste categories. French red wine has six major producing areas, including Bordeaux, Burgundy, Champagne, Alsace, Loire Valley and Phone Mountain, among which Bordeaux with mild climate and iron-rich soil is the most representative.
Bordeaux is subdivided into several producing areas, all located in the valley of Estuaire de la Gironde. It not only produces a lot of high-quality red wine, but also is known as "the world's wine treasure house", among which there are five most famous producing areas, and there are about 9,000 wineries in these producing areas, among which the five most famous wineries are world-famous.
French wine can be divided into four grades. If the price is represented by a pyramid, the order from the bottom to the top is: daily table wine (Vin de Table), regional table wine (Vin de Pays), excellent regional table wine (V.D.Q.S) and legal regional wine (A.O.C). The closer to the top of the pyramid, the higher the price.
table wine
Blended with wines from a single producing area or several producing areas. French brewing has a long history and superb blending technology, so the quality of daily table wine is stable and it is the most common wine on the French public table. The minimum alcohol content of this kind of wine shall not be lower than 8.5% or 9%, and the maximum alcohol content shall not exceed 15%.
Vin de Table daily table wine is divided into three grades.
1, French table wine (advanced, only mixed grapes produced in France)
2. Intermediate mixed wine produced by EU countries.
3. Vinotenuen France a partir de raisins reolten (low-grade, not limited to grape varieties, brewed in France) is delicious or not, regardless of grade.
Regional table wine (wine)
Upgrade from the best daily table wine. Its origin must be consistent with the specific origin marked on the label, and recognized grape varieties should be used. Finally, it must be approved by a special French tasting Committee.
Excellent regional table wine
The grade is between regional table wine and legal regional wine. The production of this wine is strictly controlled by the National Association of Origin.
Wine in legal producing areas (A.O.C for short)
The grape varieties, minimum alcohol content, maximum yield, cultivation methods, pruning and brewing methods of the top-grade French wines are all under the strictest monitoring. Only wines from legal producing areas that have passed the official analysis and test can obtain the A.O.C certificate. It is this very strict regulation that ensures the consistent noble quality of A.O.C wines. In France, every big producing area is divided into many small producing areas. Generally speaking, the smaller the producing area, the higher the quality of wine. [Edit this paragraph] French wine culture history "A bunch of grapes is beautiful, static and pure, but it is just fruit; Once squeezed, it becomes an animal, because after it becomes wine, it has animal life. "
William young
Charming colors, mysterious feelings, soft and mellow red wine are full of fresh life juice and profound historical connotation.
Once upon a time, red wine created a new drinking culture in China, and traces of red wine can be seen everywhere in the market. Ordinary people don't know much about red wine, and drinking red wine is often "almost dry", which makes people who are interested in learning wine tasting very confused.
Before drinking red wine, you might as well learn about the temperament of red wine culture and red wine history, and subtly understand the nobility of red wine.
In fact, grapes are grown all over the world, so all countries in the world also produce wine. The temperate climate with annual average temperature 10-20℃ is the most suitable for growing grapes, while the places with abundant rainfall and high humidity hinder the growth of grapevines, so good soil drainage is also one of the conditions for planting. France is unique among many red wines because it is not only the country that brews the most kinds of wine in the world, but also produces countless world-famous high-grade wines.
"Burgundy region"
There are about 1800 wineries in this area. From south to north, the area can be further divided into six producing areas:
Chablis, Nuit, Bona, Marconai, Jean Makuen and beaujolais-the most important of the six districts in Burgundy consists of night slopes and inner slopes. La Romane Conti produced by Domaine de La Romanee Conti (DRC), a wine village in Vosne-Romanee, ranks first among red wines.
Bordeaux region
There are more than 9,000 wineries (castles) in Bordeaux alone. The five major wine producing areas in this region are: Medoc, Pomero, Saint Emilion, Graf and Sauterne.
Medoc is arguably the most important region, producing only red wine. Medoc can be subdivided into four small wine producing areas, namely, Saint Stephane, pauillac, Saint Julian and Margaux from north to south. Among them, pauillac's three famous wines, Mouton Rothschild (Mouton Rogge Castle), Lafite Rothschild (Lafite Castle) and latour (latour Castle), are like three diamonds, which makes pauillac a representative of Bordeaux.
Pomerol is only about 3% of Bordeaux's in this area, which is really "rare things are precious". If the "red wine giant diamond" is Romani Conti, as for the glory of the second throne, it should belong to' (Chateau Petrus, the masterpiece of Pomeroy in Bordeaux, France.
Saint Emilion is also a famous garden producing area. Before the middle of last century, the quality of wine in this area was generally poor, and there was even the irony of "coachman wine"! There are only two A-level companies: Chateau Ausone and Chateau Cheval-Blanc.
Graves: Bourion Winery and Latour Winery, Lafite-Rothschild Winery, Margaux Winery, Mouton Rothschild Winery (Logitech, Mouton) and Bourion Winery (Aubrion) * * * enjoy the first-class top-class wines officially evaluated by Bordeaux, and are also the top five wineries in Bordeaux.
"Rhone Valley or Rhone Region"
Together with Burgundy and Bordeaux, it is called the three major wine producing areas in France. The most precious red wine in the whole Longhe region is La Turque in the slope area of Tirotti. [Edit this paragraph] The technical term "sober up" related to red wine
Because red wine is considered as a living liquid and contains tannic acid, the changes of tannic acid after contact with air are very rich. The best way to tell the change of a bottle of wine is to pour two glasses for the first time after opening the bottle, drink one glass first, and then drink another glass until it is finished, so that you can clearly feel it. The wine changing time of each bottle is different, maybe 10 minute, maybe half an hour, maybe two hours later. How to discover the vitality of wine depends on your own feelings and experiences.
"downgrade"
The way to drink is to pour the wine into an eccentric shape, which is called drinking, but what is the purpose of drinking?
In fact, there are two ways, one is to remove the sediment that has been left for many years. Although these sediments are harmless to drink, they are harmful to the flavor of wine and must be removed.
The other is to awaken the original flavor of wine with less years from deep sleep. Because the cocktail party has the opportunity to contact with the air because of the drinking action, the sleeping wine will be mellow immediately.
"wine label"
How to choose a good bottle of red wine, the first requirement is smooth taste, what kind of taste is smoother, depending on personal preferences, tasting red wine is a very profound knowledge, learning wine tasting takes a long time of research and tempering, and learning to recognize wine is a relatively simple matter.
How to identify wine? Learn to read the label on the bottle first. The label of wine is also called "etiquette" (French, meaning license), just like a resume. Just as there is a saying among people who know wine, "Just look at the label to know its taste", the label does reveal information about the taste (characteristics) of wine.
Generally, the label will indicate: grape harvest year, wine name (named after the place of origin or winery), place of origin or place of origin, place name of manor, name of producer (winemaker), capacity, alcohol concentration, etc. According to the designer's design, there are various styles of labels, so the data is written in different locations.
The weather in the harvest year will affect the quality of grape harvest.
The quality of a bottle of wine in the producing area depends on the geological conditions in the producing area.
A.o.c. Designated Excellent Producing Area A.o.c. Legal Name
There is the least wine in the castle.
The signature of the winemaker further guarantees the quality of the wine.
The French say that it affects the special geographical characteristics of wine products [edit this paragraph] The most taboo in the storage and preservation of red wine is the strong change of temperature. If you bought it in a store, just keep it at home at room temperature. If you want to drink chilled wine, just freeze it before drinking it. If the wine is stored in the refrigerator, it is only suitable to be stored in a vegetable room with small temperature change. The most ideal and long-term storage environment is that the temperature is about 12~ 14 degrees Celsius, the humidity is about 65%~80%, and the bartender is in the basement. Keep it clean to prevent other smells from penetrating into the wine.
cork
Cork has the characteristics of low density, good elasticity, strong flexibility, air tightness, corrosion resistance, decomposition resistance and difficult deterioration, which can keep the quality of wine unchanged over the years. Usually, the length of cork used in general grade wine is about 3.5 cm to 5 cm, and the length of cork used in better quality wine is more than 5 cm. High-quality wine usually uses long cork, but long cork wine can not guarantee high-quality wine.
room temperature
We often hear that a certain wine is most suitable for "drinking at room temperature". What does room temperature mean? In fact, room temperature usually refers to the temperature in the country of origin, not the room temperature in China. For French wine, room temperature usually refers to 16 to 18℃. For China, which has a vast territory, except for the cold winter, most of this temperature needs to be achieved by refrigeration. Never put the shower at room temperature and take it for granted that it is "room temperature".
Selection of tasting cup
Only by choosing the right tasting cup can we taste the wine completely. Tulip-shaped or neck-necked transparent wine glasses are the best ones used in wine tasting, which can concentrate the aroma of wine near the mouth of the glass and make it easy to judge the smell. Don't have carvings or other colors, so as not to misjudge the color of the wine.
Wine doesn't get better with age.
The older the wine, the better it smells. After the peak of wine aging, it will only go from bad to worse, just like a beautiful woman has her twilight years, and then she will gradually get old and enter a degenerate period. Therefore, wine also needs to be drunk at the right time to taste its peak flavor.
Store your favorite wine.
Find a cool and quiet corner as a place to store wine to avoid strong or abnormal smells (such as paint smell and durian smell) and excessive temperature affecting wine; Don't be too addicted, always take it out and enjoy wiping. The last thing wine needs is shaking and light stimulation.
Long-term storage, lying down is better
If you want to store wine for a period of time, it is best to keep the bottle flat so that the cork can contact with the wine liquid and keep it moist. If the bottle is placed upright, the cork will be excessively dry, which will let air in and destroy the quality of the wine.
How to deal with endless wine?
Drinking red wine is good for health, which makes many families buy red wine and drink it slowly at home. But at present, most of the red wine on the market is 750 ml, and a person can hardly drink a bottle of red wine a day. As soon as the cork of red wine is opened, it begins to oxidize when it comes into contact with air. Endless red wine is like chicken ribs. It is tasteless to eat and a pity to throw it away. What should I do with the endless red wine?
In fact, endless red wine can be stored in small bottles, because the more wine in the bottle, the less air, the slower oxidation and the longer storage time. In addition, the air extractor or nitrogen bottle sold in the market can be used, and the storage period of red wine can be extended by 3~5 days or even a week. If no utensils are available, you can also replace the original cork and put it back in the refrigerator (the lower the temperature, the slower the aging). The wine bottle should be upright to reduce the contact area between the red wine and the air in the bottle. Despite these treatments, I suggest you finish them as soon as possible.
The remaining red wine can also be used for cooking or adding other drinks to make cocktails; Taking a red wine bath is also a good way to keep fit.