In winter, there is much frost, fog, rain and snow, and low temperature, which increases many difficulties for drivers and brings many unfavorable factors to driving safety. In order to ensure the safety of driving in winter, we should focus on the following four tasks: anti-freezing, anti-skid, anti-fog and fire prevention:

First, it is necessary to prevent freezing. Because of the cold and low temperature in winter, most vehicles are parked in the open air or in the general garage for the night, which is prone to freezing and damaging vehicles. Therefore, vehicles parked overnight should choose a dry and sheltered place, and the front of the vehicle should face the downwind direction. Attention should be paid to thoroughly discharging the water in the radiator and engine, and the gas and residual water in the air reservoir should also be discharged to avoid freezing. When you start the engine the next day, you should do a good job of preheating first. Generally, hot water or steam can be used to preheat the engine. When starting the engine, remember not to slam the throttle to prevent tile burning and cylinder pulling. Before starting, use idle speed to heat up to about 50 degrees Celsius, and then you can start. After starting, you should use low speed gear to slow down for a while, and then you can speed up after the chassis runs normally. (Nanchang Automobile Maintenance School)

Second, it is necessary to prevent skidding in winter. When driving on icy and slippery roads, the vehicle is extremely prone to skidding, and the accuracy of steering is often abnormal. If there is a ramp, a dangerous bridge and a narrow road, you should be especially cautious and slow down the speed limit. Maintain a uniform speed on the uphill, and use the engine to control the downhill. When turning, the adhesion of the vehicle is small and the centrifugal force is large, so slow down in advance. If the road is particularly slippery, use a non-slip chain. When crossing the intersection, you should reduce the speed in advance to avoid emergency braking and cause side slip, and the distance between the two cars should be increased to more than twice the normal driving distance. When passing the train, you should choose a wide place to stop at a distance of 100 meters to 150 meters. (Automobile Machine Repair)

Third, it is necessary to prevent fog. When you can't move forward due to dense fog (the line of sight is less than three meters), you should stop to avoid it, and then go until the fog subsides. The line of sight is within 30 meters and the speed should not exceed 20 kilometers per hour. When traveling, you should turn on fog lights, low beam lights and taillights. When you meet the other car, you should whistle first, slow down and give way. You are not allowed to drive in the opposite direction, grab the line, or overtake the car that is driving in the same direction.

Fourth, fire prevention is the external condition and direct cause of all fire accidents. As far as drivers are concerned, man-made fire sources must be controlled. It is forbidden to bake the engine, fuel tank and fuel conduit with blowtorch or charcoal fire; It is forbidden to use lighters, matches and oil lamps to illuminate vehicles; Smoking is not allowed when filling fuel, and it is forbidden to install electric furnace wires or cigarette lighters in the cab without permission; When the vehicle is stopped and maintained, the fire and welding work should not be set around the vehicle. At the same time, it is impossible to put the high-voltage wire head into the threaded hole of the spark plug to "burn the cylinder", and it is even more impossible to use the "hanging fire" method to jump the fire.

In short, it is difficult for drivers to drive in winter, and there are many unfavorable factors, but as long as they tighten the string of "safety first", they will certainly be able to spend the winter safely.

Winter safety knowledge

Just now, I heard a very tragic thing.

A family near the parallel road had a fire at 2 o'clock last night. Mother and son were killed in the accident.

The child is less than one year old!

It is said that there was no burn, but the death was caused by inhalation of toxic gas (TV caught fire).

Many people who don't know how to escape and save themselves are killed in many fires!

Here, I found a few articles about the "three defenses" in winter and recommended them to everyone.

Seven taboos for family fire prevention in winter

In winter, when families use a lot of fire, electricity and oil to keep warm, it also increases the fire risk. In addition, winter is a season when family fires occur frequently. How to prevent family fires in this period is very important.

One bogey-avoid using fire in production and life.

In winter, families often use fire for cooking, lighting and heating, mainly for heating in winter, and air conditioners, stoves and other heating facilities are used frequently. A little carelessness can easily lead to a fire; Family fires caused by production are more common in agricultural production. When some rural residents are engaged in agricultural production operations such as burning wasteland, retting manure and flue-cured tobacco, once the combustion is out of control, it is easy to cause fires, and even cause fires.

Two taboos-improper installation and use of electrical equipment and fire caused by household appliances.

Electrical line fire refers to improper use and installation of power transmission and distribution lines, including safety devices, switches, sockets, mobile wiring boards and other facilities and equipment. Mainly refers to the fire caused by short circuit, overload, poor contact and other faults in the electrical circuit, which ignite the surrounding combustible materials. The first category of household appliances fire is that when using electric heaters such as electric stoves, electric mattresses, electric heaters, electric irons, electric kettles, etc., due to improper use methods or quality problems of the appliances themselves, the electric heaters have been in contact with combustible materials for a long time, or the temperature control device has failed, causing fires. The fires caused by improper use of electric blankets occur every year. The other is the fire caused by the malfunction and heating of TV sets, refrigerators, washing machines and other household appliances due to improper use or aging of internal components and circuits of electrical equipment. Therefore, the police reminded everyone that if household appliances break down, they must be repaired in time. Never let the appliances work "sick" to avoid a fire. In addition, it is equally important to choose a good socket to avoid fire.

Three taboos-smoking

Some residents do not pay attention to fire safety when smoking, such as smoking outdoors in windy days, littering cigarette butts, smoking in some fire-forbidden places or smoking in bed, which can easily lead to fire accidents.

Four taboos-children playing with fire

Parents often pay insufficient attention to their children's fire prevention education, lack warnings, and are interested in children's kindling. Making some children play games with open fire in places with more combustible materials, setting off fireworks and firecrackers near combustible materials, and playing with fire in houses with matches or lighters may all lead to fire accidents.

Five taboos-improper storage and use of inflammable and explosive dangerous goods

Flammable and explosive dangerous goods that are often used and stored at home are mainly liquefied petroleum gas cylinders, gas lighters and hairspray mousse. At the same time, with the improvement of living standards, some urban and rural families have bought cars, and many rural residents have also bought vehicles such as agricultural vehicles and trucks to engage in agricultural production or transportation. As a result, the use and storage of dangerous goods such as liquefied petroleum gas, gasoline and diesel oil have also brought fire hazards to some families.

Six taboos-baking clothes

In order to increase the indoor temperature, some families often use electric heaters, electric stoves and other heating equipment, which consumes a lot of electricity and has a high temperature. Some people are used to baking clothes with them. In fact, this practice is extremely dangerous, not only easy to bake clothes, but also easy to cause fire accidents.

Seven taboos-gas leakage

In order to ensure the temperature in the city in winter, many citizens sealed the balconies and windows, which directly caused the air in the city to be unable to exchange with the outdoor air. Once gas and liquefied gas leak, it will often cause serious consequences. Residents should make sure that the gas valve is in the closed position when using gas. If gas leakage is found, close the valve quickly and open the doors and windows; Don't panic, don't use open flames. For the safety of you and others, please always pay attention to the hidden dangers of fire!

Seven taboos for family fire prevention in winter

The monsoon is high and dry, which is the high incidence period of fire hazards. Fire prevention experts suggest that the following "seven taboos" should be paid attention to in winter family fire prevention:

Avoid fire caused by household appliances failure. When using electric stoves, electric blankets, electric irons, etc., it is necessary to avoid fire caused by wire damage due to aging and frequent handling.

Second, avoid throwing cigarette butts and causing fires. "A cigarette can destroy a building." Don't throw cigarette butts around, especially in places with a lot of flammable substances like the kitchen.

Third, avoid setting off fireworks and firecrackers to cause fire. When setting off fireworks and firecrackers, we should master the correct setting-off method, and check and clean up the scene after setting off, so as to eliminate fire hazards.

Four don't fire to keep warm. In winter, it is forbidden to use flammable materials such as gasoline, kerosene and alcohol to ignite the fire. Do not pile flammable materials around the stove, and heating equipment should not be used to bake clothes.

Five avoid burning garbage to cause fire. There may be combustible and explosive substances in the garbage, such as liquefied gas residue, glass bottles, firecrackers, waste liquid lighters, etc. Once burned, it may explode.

Avoid gas leakage and cause fire. Once a gas leak is found, you should immediately turn off the gas valve and stove switch and open the doors and windows. At this time, don't switch any electrical appliances or use the indoor telephone. If you find a gas leak in your neighbor's house, you should immediately knock on the door and inform you. Don't use the doorbell.

Seven bogeys are not equipped with fire fighting equipment. Every family should be equipped with a small fire extinguisher, etc., and every member should master the use method.

Baby winter cold-proof food

When winter comes, you put a thick cotton-padded jacket on your child, but why is the child still shivering with cold? In fact, you can't keep out the cold by wearing more clothes. Here's a trick for you.

There are many reasons for poor tolerance to cold, and the lack of the following two trace elements is also one of them.

Iodine iodine is an important raw material for the synthesis of thyroxine. Thyroxine can promote protein, carbohydrate and fat in the body to be converted into energy, thus generating body heat and resisting cold. If the body lacks iodine for a long time, the raw materials for synthesizing thyroxine are insufficient, and the body's ability to keep out the cold will also be reduced. Iodine is mainly supplied by iodized salt and food.

Therefore, if you want to enhance your child's ability to resist the cold, in addition to ensuring that his food has enough calories, you should also eat more foods rich in iodine, such as kelp, jellyfish, shrimp skin and marine fish.

Iron and iron are important raw materials for hematopoiesis, and red blood cells in the blood are responsible for the transport and metabolism of oxygen in the body. To turn protein, carbohydrates and fats into heat, we need enough oxygen to "burn" them. If the child's food is deficient in iron, it is easy to suffer from iron deficiency anemia; Without the "tools" to transport oxygen, the end result is that the heat production is not enough, and children will easily feel cold.

Therefore, letting children eat more iron-rich foods in winter, such as animal liver, beef, fish, eggs, black fungus, jujube, milk, bean products, etc., can improve children's resistance to cold.

Water heater antifreeze in winter

Experts from Shandong Academy of Sciences talk about anti-freezing;

Solar water heaters are increasingly favored by consumers because of their safety, energy saving, large water volume, wide use and convenient use. However, in use, due to its outdoor setting, under the influence of low temperature weather in winter, it is especially necessary to pay attention to the antifreeze problem of pipelines. Here are several commonly used anti-freezing methods.

Anti-freezing by dripping: When the temperature drops below -7℃, loosen the hot water valve a little at night to make it drip slowly to keep the water flowing in the pipeline.

Vent and prevent freezing: after using up water, don't add water that night, and keep the hot water valve always open.

Winter antifreeze knowledge

First, the most common frostbite parts: mostly occur in fingers, toes, back of hand, heel, auricle, nose tip, cheek and other places. These parts are all at the end or surface of the body, with slow blood flow and frequent exposure, and the local temperature is low, which makes them vulnerable to cold.

Second, the most prone to frostbite timing:

The temperature at night in winter is very low, often below-8℃, and frostbite is easy to occur if you walk at night.

Third, judge the degree of frostbite:

1? Once frostbitten, the skin was pale and numb, and then the skin was congested, edematous, itchy and painful.

2? In addition to the redness and swelling of the skin, blisters of different sizes appear in the second degree of frostbite. After the blisters burst, yellow water flows out, and the skin feels hot and the pain is heavier.

3? Third degree frostbite local skin or limb necrosis, bloody blisters, purple-brown skin, local sensation disappeared.

Four, frostbite field rescue measures:

Principle: Get out of the low temperature environment as soon as possible and keep warm.

(1) Once frostbitten, you can take the initiative to move and massage the frozen parts to promote blood circulation. Soak in hot water (not too hot) and then apply chilblain cream.

(2) Second-and third-degree frostbite should be removed from the low-temperature environment as soon as possible to keep warm and promote limb rewarming. Snow rubbing, fire roasting or warm water soaking are not allowed, otherwise frostbite will be aggravated.

(3) The blisters with second-degree frostbite can be punctured after disinfection, so that yellow water can flow out and then be bandaged. Those with broken wounds should be treated as infected wounds.

(4) Drink more hot drinks (ginger syrup, cold granules), and take 2 painkillers to treat pain.

(5) Remove the wet clothes and enter the down sleeping bag to keep warm.

(6) Clean the wound gently with warm water, because the thawed wound is very painful and the skin and muscles may lose consciousness, so be extra careful.

(7) Make sure that the wound is completely dry (including between the toes). Sterilized cotton should be used for those with wounds, and clean and soft cotton cushion should be used for those without wounds to protect the wounds and keep warm.

Five, frostbite first aid matters needing attention

In the first aid of frostbite, if warm water cannot be obtained for a while, the frostbite site or frostbite child can be placed in the rescuer's arms or rewarming under the armpit. Be careful not to bake directly with fire or heat the soaked hot water after frostbite. All frostbitten parts should be warmed as slowly as possible to return to normal body temperature. Do not directly massage the affected part with snow balls or forcibly massage with towels, otherwise the wound will be eroded and the affected part will not heal easily. The affected area that has been rewarming should not be soaked in warm water, otherwise it will aggravate tissue damage and necrosis.

Six, commonly used drugs:

External use: chilblain cream (1 piece), sterile cotton pad (1 bag), gauze (1 bag), bandage (1 piece).

Oral administration: Ganmao granule, ginger syrup, painkiller tablets and diazepam.

Cold protection and warmth retention of human body in winter

In winter, the north wind is howling and the chill is pressing. How do we keep the human body warm and cold?

First, wear warm and cold clothes with appropriate thickness. How to scientifically measure the thermal insulation ability of clothes? Scientifically, a clothing index is designed, and 1 klo is the heat passing through 1 kcal per square meter area with a temperature difference of 0. 18℃. This level of thermal insulation is equivalent to the thickness of clothes required by people who sit still when the indoor air temperature is 2℃, the wind speed is below 3m/s and the relative humidity is 50%. If 1 Clo needs to wear a fabric with a thickness of 0.64 cm, according to the different climatic characteristics in different parts of China, the thickness of winter warm clothes in South China can be less than 1.9 cm, 2.3 cm from the Yangtze River to Nanling, 2.9 cm to the north of the Yangtze River, 3.5 cm and 4.2 cm in the south and middle of Northeast China respectively, and the thickness of winter clothes in Heilongjiang and Inner Mongolia Humeng should be more than 4.5 cm. When the thickness is constant, we should pay attention to the density of the thermal insulation layer. The test shows that the best air thickness between clothes in each thermal insulation layer is 0.5-1.5 cm. There are some differences between clothes of different textures.

Second, do a good job in keeping warm the parts of the human body that are in direct contact with the air. According to the research, when the temperature is 15℃, the heat dissipated through the head of a person who is warm all over accounts for 34% of the whole body at rest; When the temperature is 4℃, it accounts for 50%; When the temperature drops to-15℃, it accounts for 75%. It is not difficult to see that wearing a hat in winter can reduce the heat dissipation of the head and also achieve the purpose of keeping the whole body warm. Wear masks and gloves when it is even colder. As the saying goes: "Cold starts from the foot." In severe winter, people must also put on cotton shoes and pay attention to keep their feet warm.

Third, dark clothes should be worn in winter. Research shows that black clothes absorb 88% of solar radiation, military green 57% and white 20%. Therefore, dark clothes can make the human body get more heat and have the function of keeping warm.

Fourth, be diligent in drying bedding. As we all know, air is a bad conductor of heat, and its heat dissipation coefficient is only 0.027. Therefore, increasing the amount of air in the bedding is equivalent to improving the ability to keep warm. Bedding becomes fluffy after sun exposure, which not only increases the air volume, but also increases the thickness. Therefore, it always feels warm to cover with a sun-dried quilt.

5. Maintain proper temperature and humidity in the living and working environment. For example, the indoor temperature should always be18℃-20c and the relative humidity should be 50-60%. People should not be in the environment below 10℃ for a long time. In addition, sports activities such as long-distance running in winter can not only enhance physical fitness, but also improve human tolerance to cold.