Parents should first know more about medical knowledge about children's cough, so that when dealing with children's diseases, they can know that children's cough brings endless troubles to parents. Drugs for treating cough are overwhelming, but it is difficult to stop children's cough, which affects the rest of children and parents. Some coughs spit out all the food they eat, and parents' hearts make their children's cough sound tightly. One is used for medication, diet therapy, physical therapy and atomization treatment. What parents are most concerned about and need to solve is how to stop coughing. ◎ Why do children cough? Cough in children is a symptom and a protective reflex action. The "garbage" in the respiratory tract is cleared by coughing. Cough is often accompanied by expectoration, and phlegm is "garbage". So, cough is a good thing, so don't treat it. No, when there is no "garbage" in the respiratory tract, there is only congestion and edema, or because of the long-term cough stimulation, the cough center is in a state of high excitement for a long time. At this time, cough is not a reflex action with protective effect, so you should actively stop coughing. Even if it is protective, if the cough is severe and affects sleep and eating, you should also treat it. Cough treatment also includes expectoration. Therefore, cough treatment is not simply taking cough medicine. First of all, we should analyze the primary factors of cough. Only by treating the cause can we get good results. ◎ Treating respiratory tract infection caused by various viruses, bacteria and other microbial infections according to the etiology. If the infection is confined above cricoid cartilage (above the pharynx), it is an upper respiratory tract infection; if the infection develops below cricoid cartilage (below the pharynx), it is a lower respiratory tract infection, that is, trachea, bronchi, alveoli and pulmonary interstitial infection. If you use the image metaphor of a big tree and turn it upside down, the upper respiratory tract and roots are above the roots. The trunk is trachea, the branches are bronchi, the leaf stalks are bronchi, the leaves are alveoli, and the interstices between leaves are interstitial lung. The whole respiratory tract can be attacked by various external factors, which can lead to pathological changes. These external factors are not just viruses and bacteria, but also various microorganisms, as well as various physical and chemical factors and environmental factors, or the pathological changes of respiratory mucosa caused by viruses, bacteria and various factors, which cannot be improved with the death of viruses, bacteria and various microorganisms, leading to the damage of respiratory mucosa's own function, thus forming a long-lasting cough. Therefore, this is the crux that it is difficult to treat cough even with very advanced antibiotics, and the function of respiratory mucosa itself must be improved. To cure the cough. ◎ The diseases that cause cough are frontal sinusitis, sinusitis, rhinitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis, tracheitis, bronchitis, bronchiolitis and pneumonia from top to bottom. According to the disease spectrum, there are whooping cough, whooping cough syndrome, cold, flu, upper respiratory tract infection, allergic cough's disease, bronchial asthma, and heart cough. According to the cough type, it can be divided into peripheral cough and central cough. According to the theory of traditional Chinese medicine, it can be divided into: damp-heat cough, cold asthma cough, fever cough, cold cough and so on. To treat these diseases, cough treatment is an adjuvant treatment, and the weight of cough treatment cannot be heavily added to cough medicine. Frontal sinusitis, sinusitis, rhinitis and pharyngitis are all refractory diseases, which belong to the category of otorhinology. However, most children see a doctor in the pediatric internal medicine clinic, which is easy to be misdiagnosed. Parents should think of seeing an otorhinologist to get rid of the cause of cough in time. Even cough caused by tracheitis and pneumonia may not have active infection. For chronic cough, it is not necessary to use antibiotics for a long time, and it is even unnecessary to use antiviral drugs for a long time. Without bacterial or viral infection, long-term use of antibiotics can only increase the side effects of drugs, such as leukopenia, dysbacteriosis, impaired gastric function and decreased appetite of children, which is not desirable. At this time, the treatment should focus on the protection, repair and functional recovery of respiratory mucosa, such as taking vitamin AD capsules, which is conducive to the repair of intima, drinking plenty of water, proper indoor air humidity, improving ciliary movement function, thinning sputum, facilitating discharge, fresh air, reducing indoor dust, reducing physical and chemical factors and helping to restore the function of respiratory intima. Allergic cough allergic cough, whose misdiagnosis rate is amazing, is a persistent inflammatory reaction caused by antigenic or non-antigenic stimuli, and children often have persistent or recurrent severe cough. If this cough is not diagnosed and actively treated in time, about 42.9% children will have asthma symptoms and even develop bronchial asthma. How to identify allergic cough in children? Allergic cough can occur in children of any age, with recurrent or persistent cough for more than one month. The onset is not limited to winter and spring, and it is more common at night and in the morning, and the cough is aggravated when exercising or crying. Most children's coughs are irritating coughs with sputum. There is often a family or personal allergy history. Most children have a history of infantile eczema and allergic rhinitis in infancy. Antibiotics and cough medicine are ineffective. How to treat allergic cough? Shuchuanling and ketotifen are relatively effective drugs. Generally, cough symptoms can disappear after taking them for 2-5 days, and some children need to cough for half a month to one month after taking them continuously. Ketotinol should be maintained for half a year, and Shuchuanling should be maintained for half a month after cough symptoms disappear. Allergic cough in children is a common disease, also known as "cough variant asthma", but it has not attracted enough attention from doctors and parents. The misdiagnosis rate is as high as 95%. Many children have been treated as upper respiratory tract infection or bronchitis because of chronic or repeated cough, and they have been treating cough for a long time. They all use a lot of antibiotics and cough medicine, which not only delays the illness, but also causes the abuse of antibiotics and the rise of drug resistance. Combined use of several antitussive drugs did not significantly improve cough. For such a long-term cough, if common antibiotics and antitussive drugs are used, the symptoms can't be relieved. Besides other organic diseases, parents should think that their children may have allergic cough's disease. If early detection and proper antiallergic treatment can be achieved, it will help to reduce the sensitivity of the respiratory mucosa of children, thus preventing them from developing into asthma. On the other hand, if the symptoms are treated blindly, the disease will develop and eventually may develop into asthma, which will seriously affect the physical and mental health of children. ◎ Selection of antitussive and expectorant drugs Children are generally not suitable to use central antitussive drugs, such as codeine, Kebiqing, Coumephene, etc. The respiratory system of infants and young children is immature, cough reflex is poor, airway lumen is narrow, blood vessels are rich, cilia movement is poor, and sputum is not easy to be discharged. If they cough, they will be given strong antitussive drugs. Although the cough is temporarily stopped, the sputum transport function of ciliated epithelial cells on tracheal mucosa and the contraction and peristalsis function of bronchial smooth muscle are affected. The federal cough syrup contains codeine, so we should pay attention to the dosage and time. Generally, this kind of cough medicine can be used for severe irritating dry cough. But it should be used on the basis of treating the primary disease. It is suitable for children to choose antitussive drugs with expectorant and expectorant effects. Syrup is superior to tablets. After taking it, syrup adheres to the pharyngeal mucosa, which weakens the stimulation to the mucosa and can achieve the purpose of relieving cough itself. Do not dilute it with water or take it with water. According to the theory of traditional Chinese medicine, cough can be divided into hot cough, cold cough, cold cough and internal injury cough. When choosing Chinese medicine cough syrup, it can be divided into cold, hot, warm and cool because of its different properties, so it should be taken according to the symptoms. Shedan Chuanbei Liquid has the effects of expelling wind, relieving cough, removing phlegm and resolving hard mass, and is mainly used for wind-heat cough, cough with excessive phlegm, etc. It should not be used for cough caused by wind-cold, white and thin phlegm, and heavy night and light day. Compound loquat cream has the effects of clearing away lung-heat, relieving cough and resolving phlegm, and is suitable for wind-heat cough, dry throat and uncomfortable cough. Fresh bamboo juice is cold in nature, and has the functions of clearing away heat, moistening lung, resolving phlegm and relieving cough. It is suitable for dry cough and yellow phlegm with blood, but it is not suitable for cold cough. Cough-relieving and asthma-relieving drugs are too hot to be used for children with fever, cough and bloody phlegm. In addition, pertussis syrup is mild, so it is suitable for cough caused by cold. If it is cough caused by wind-heat cold, it should not be taken. Cough due to deficiency syndrome is mostly chronic cough with weakness, sweating and cold limbs. At this time, Gui Long Kechuan Pill and Gushen Kechuan Pill should be used. There is also a kind of cough medicine commonly used in clinic-cold cough syrup, also known as finagle syrup, which mainly relieves cough, takes account of phlegm, and has a calming effect. It is suitable for coughing at night, affecting sleep and bronchitis caused by allergies. Children should master the dosage. When treating cough, don't take antibiotics for a long time, but find out the cause. On the basis of treating the primary disease, choose appropriate cough-relieving and expectorant drugs and pay attention to nursing. Children's bronchitis is mostly acute bronchitis, and most of them are caused by virus infection. Generally speaking, the condition is not serious. Although there are fever, cough, dry cough and even cough with phlegm, they often recover within 7 ~10 days. However, bronchitis can occur repeatedly and even turn into bronchopneumonia. Infants with left-to-right shunt type of congenital heart disease, such as ventricular septal defect, atrial septal defect and patent ductus arteriosus, are usually more prone to recurrent bronchitis. Bronchitis caused by pertussis bacteria is characterized by paroxysmal spasmodic cough and spitting. Usually, there is a cough first, and then there is a crow-like echo, and even cough and cyanosis. Due to the universal vaccination of DTP-DTP, whooping cough is rare now, and the illness is much lighter, and the course of disease is less than 100 days. Children's bronchitis rarely turns into chronic bronchitis, and even less develops into pulmonary heart disease or bronchiectasis. Generally speaking, the prognosis of children's bronchitis is relatively good, and it is easy to treat and recover. Nursing measures 1. Children who rest and keep warm should reduce their activities, increase their rest time, and raise their head and chest slightly when lying in bed to make their breathing smooth. Indoor air is fresh, keep proper temperature and humidity, and avoid convection wind. 2. Ensure adequate water and nutrition supply to encourage children to drink more water, and replenish it by vein if necessary. Give a digestible and nutritious diet, and it is appropriate to eat liquid or semi-liquid during fever. 3. Keep your mouth clean. Because children have fever, cough, excessive and sticky sputum, and severe cough can cause vomiting, it is necessary to maintain oral hygiene to increase comfort, stimulate appetite and promote the excretion of toxins. Infants and young children can feed an appropriate amount of boiled water after eating to clean their mouths. Older children should wash their mouths in the morning, after meals and before going to bed. 4. Fever care does not require special treatment if the fever is not high. When it is high, physical cooling or drug cooling measures should be taken (refer to the second section of this chapter for high fever care) to prevent convulsions. 5. Observe the nature of respiratory secretions and whether it can effectively cough up sputum to guide and encourage children to cough effectively; If the sputum is sticky, the humidity of the sick room can be appropriately increased, and the indoor temperature should be maintained at about 60%, so as to humidify the air and dilute the secretions, and ultrasonic atomization inhalation or steam inhalation can also be used; For children with cough weakness, it is advisable to change their positions frequently and pat their backs, so that respiratory secretions can be easily discharged and inflammation can be dissipated; If there are many secretions that affect breathing, use an aspirator to remove sputum in time and keep the respiratory tract unobstructed. People with cough and asthma can be given oxygen inhalation. 6. Health education should strengthen nutrition, properly carry out outdoor activities and do physical exercise to enhance the body's adaptability to temperature changes. Increase or decrease clothes according to the temperature change to avoid getting cold or overheating. During the epidemic of respiratory diseases, don't let children go to public places to avoid cross-infection. Actively prevent malnutrition, rickets, anemia and various infectious diseases, vaccinate on time, and enhance the body's immune ability. To treat cough, we must first judge whether the disease that causes cough itself is serious. When you catch a cold, you can cough occasionally, just make soup with white radish. If you cough and have thick phlegm, you can take drugs that dilute the secretion, such as ammonium chloride 1/3 ~1/2 tablets,13 times a day; Brown mixture 1ml/ year, three times a day; Fresh bamboo juice 5 ~ 1 0 ml,13 times a day; Qutanling: 5 ~ 1 0 ml,13 times a day. At the same time, it can be combined with anti-inflammatory drugs, such as amoxicillin granules 1 ~ 2 bags,1day for 3 times; Reforest 0.5 ~ 1 .5 bags,1day 3 times; Erythromycin ethylsuccinate granules or tablets 30 mg/kg daily, taken orally for 3 times. However, for children with poor constitution and thin stools, fresh bamboo juice and expectorant spirit should not be used. If cough is accompanied by high fever, you should pay attention to whether there is pneumonia and take your child to the hospital for treatment. If you cough for a long time with low fever and emaciation, you should go to the hospital to check whether there is tuberculosis. If the cough occurs when crying, laughing or eating, accompanied by shortness of breath, you should immediately pat the child's chest and back, and take a low head position to help cough up the choking foreign body. 1. Children cough with cold cough Most of the sputum is white and frothy, and the cough sound is heavy and turbid. Wind-induced cough is characterized by less phlegm, empty cough and itching. Your child is suffering from bronchitis after a cold and has not recovered. It is wind-cold and lung-blocking. Children's cough is extremely complicated, and the common cold is accompanied by heat, and the exterior and interior are the same diseases. If the sputum is heavy and turbid, and there is asthma, nabeliser should be used first to dilate the bronchi first, and then Chinese medicine should be used to regulate the sputum, but never take tonic. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) treats cough through TCM syndrome differentiation, and the effect is ideal. If you have asthma, you can treat it with combination of traditional Chinese and western medicine. At present, she should avoid taking raw and cold food. If she is allergic to high protein, she should not eat seafood or chicken. You can make Almond milk tea for her to drink (Almond milk). Peel American almonds, add water, stir and filter, and make tea. After heating, add honey and a little yam powder to drink. Cough is the most common disease in children's respiratory system, and almost all pulmonary diseases have cough symptoms. Traditional Chinese medicine believes that children cough, and the lesion is in the lungs. The main causes of cough in children are the delicate and often insufficient lungs, as well as the internal deficiencies such as unstable exterior and weak resistance to evil. Clinically, it is often seen that many children can't adapt to the sudden change of climate and have repeated colds and coughs. These children have poor adaptability to the external environment and weak resistance, and are particularly susceptible to infection by various pathogenic factors. Apart from the fact that children are in the immature stage of growth and development, they are also affected by the fact that most of these children are partial to sweets and greasy, and the room temperature is too warm, or they are too fond of clothes and ducks, which affects their self-cooling ability, thus forming a constitution of lung and stomach heat accumulation. Such children are prone to annoying crying, blushing cheeks and restless sleep. When the wind cools at night, it is characterized by fever, runny nose, cough, sore throat, and difficulty in coughing up phlegm. Some children, due to improper diet, eat cold drinks and ice food, and gradually form anorexia with cold and spleen injury. Due to long-term loss of appetite, spleen and stomach weakness, weakened digestion and absorption function, nutrition can not meet the needs of the body, and the resistance is reduced. At this time, if you are exposed to exogenous pathogenic factors, it is easy to cause a cold. Recurrent disease, often nasal congestion, runny nose, cough and phlegm. Anti-inflammatory drugs, cough-relieving and phlegm-resolving drugs are not effective, so the course of disease is prolonged. It can be seen that it is very important for parents to feed their children reasonably. For children with colds and coughs, parents should pay attention to the following points: First of all, in the flu season, children should have a long course of fever, colds and coughs. After the doctor makes a diagnosis and treatment, they should take medicine and care at home according to the doctor's instructions. Don't increase the chance of repeated infection because the child has a fever and goes to the hospital repeatedly. Second, in the early stage of a child's cold, when the condition is not serious, you can take some cold medicine for children first; When the fever reaches above 38.5℃, take antipyretics in time, try to rest quietly and drink plenty of boiled water. When the illness gets worse, you should go to the hospital for treatment in time. At this time, you should not handle it yourself, especially don't take adult drugs casually. In addition, parents' care for their children is very important. Children can sit and play without being forced to sleep. Children with vomiting and diarrhea should be given liquid food on the first day. For children with general fever and cough, we should eat some delicious, light and nutritious diets, and we must give them a hot diet in winter. Noodles and slices of soup are very good. Fever and sweating consume a lot of body fluids, so drink more water and juice and eat more fruits. Don't take a bath when the child is ill, because taking a bath will make the blood circulation strong, which is not good for peace and will catch cold again. Children with excessive phlegm will indeed increase secretions due to bathing, but only after a week of illness, if they have a slight cough in the morning and have a good appetite, they can take a bath before going to sleep when they have no fever. If you sleep well, you can wash it every other day in the future. There are several common ways to treat cough by decocting pears and rock sugar in water: first, decocting pears with almonds and rock sugar in water to treat wind-heat cough; First, pear with orange peel, white radish and brown sugar are decocted in water to cure cold cough; First, pear is decocted with Fritillaria cirrhosa and crystal sugar, which is used for sick children with dry cough, chronic cough and less phlegm. All have a certain curative effect. Children who cough for more than three weeks should see a doctor at any time. If children cough for more than three weeks, parents should pay attention to it and be sure to consult a doctor. Cough is common among children, but parents should not take it lightly. Wang Rongqiao, a famous Singaporean pediatrician, wrote in the latest issue of the Hospital News of Niashan Hospital in An Wei that cough itself is actually a physiological function, which can help children to remove excess secretions and foreign toxic substances from the respiratory tract. However, persistent cough does not bring this benefit to children. Dr. Wang stressed that parents should provide doctors with detailed medical records of their children's cough, which will best help doctors make a correct diagnosis and prescribe the right medicine. On the other hand, doctors believe that parents should also be provided with knowledge about children's cough. In some cases, it may be the only treatment, and no drugs are needed. Dr. Wang Rongqiao also listed all the possible causes of children's persistent cough, which are as follows: Recurrent upper respiratory tract infection: As the name implies, this is a cough caused by children's respiratory tract infection. Because they may be infected by different viruses, the symptoms are good and bad. This is also a common reason for children to cough continuously or occasionally. Most of the children who have cough problems for this reason also go to the child care center, where everyone is easy to infect each other. Dr. Wang said that sometimes children's siblings have cough problems first, and then they are transmitted to other children after going to the child care center. These children also have symptoms of colds and fever. One way to effectively cure this cough problem is to separate children from the nursery or school they attend for a period of time to prevent the cough from spreading. Doctors will also give antibiotics to children when necessary. Cough after virus infection: this phenomenon can be said to be a continuation of the above reasons, and it can not be cured after two or three weeks. Children who usually cough for this reason are not serious and have little impact on children. In addition, children can sleep at night without being affected, even if they cough during sleep, it is very mild. This cough will only become obvious when the child is exercising vigorously or crying. Dr. Wang Rongqiao said that children who cough for this reason do not need to take medicine, and doctors should explain it clearly to their parents. Bronchial asthma is a common disease in children. Dr. Wang Rongqiao said that bronchial asthma is a common disease in children, but it is often underdiagnosed or overdiagnosed. Almost every child who coughs for a long time has been told by the doctor that he may have asthma. These children usually have a so-called night cough, which is now called cough asthma. These children looked normal when they were examined, and they didn't show any abnormality when they were X-rayed. Older children can have lung function tests. When doing this test, it may show that he has slight signs of small airway hyperactivity or no signs. The most frequent night cough is the first two hours after sleep. The worst time for coughing is 7: 00 pm to 9: 00 pm and 6: 00 am to 8: 00 am. During the period of rapid temperature change, there is no obvious difference in the number of coughs, so children's cough is not caused by cold temperature and low humidity air. Children's cough asthma is treated by bronchodilators, and sometimes by inhaling corticosteroids. However, a recent study shows that persistent cough and severe cough should be treated by a doctor. The main symptoms of common cold and influenza are stuffy nose, runny nose and high fever. Infants sometimes have vomiting and diarrhea. The symptoms of influenza are more obvious than common colds. It will cause chills, headaches, sore throats, soreness of joints, bones and muscles, and high fever. At this time, attention should be paid to keeping quiet, eating digestible food and fully replenishing water. Usually, let the children develop the habit of washing their hands and gargling after returning home. Bronchitis, laryngitis (asthma) Bronchitis usually occurs after a cold. It will have symptoms such as cough, sputum and fever, but if there is no secondary infection of bacteria, you don't have to worry too much. Laryngitis can be characterized by hoarse voice, severe cough and wheezing in the throat. At this time, pay attention to the dryness in the house, keep quiet and talk at any time. Children's asthma Children's asthma has external causes (such as pollen and dust) and internal causes (inflammation). Allergens should be found out and treatment should be taken for exogenous asthma. Asthma is easy to occur in the middle of the night, and you should consult a doctor when you have difficulty breathing. Asthma should pay special attention to the cleanliness of the living environment. In addition, it is also important to rub your body with dry cloth or to enhance your physical strength by swimming. Infantile pneumonia has symptoms such as loss of appetite, high fever, cough, diarrhea, vomiting and cramps. This kind of situation must be treated by a doctor. In addition to keeping quiet at home, we should give digestible and nutritious food and supplement enough water. In addition, we should also pay attention to the cleanliness of the mouth and body, so that children can excrete phlegm. Children with tuberculosis usually have no symptoms at the initial stage. If they are positive for tuberculin test, they should be treated immediately. If the treatment is too slow, sometimes there will be complications such as miliary tuberculosis and tuberculous osteomyelitis, so special attention should be paid. If there is someone with tuberculosis in the family, the baby should be tested for tuberculin reaction within 2 ~ 3 months of birth. Whooping cough <; /P> First there are symptoms similar to a cold, then there is a spasmodic cough, and the number will gradually increase. Sometimes the face is swollen due to a severe cough. Infants and young children are at risk of pneumonia, so special attention should be paid. In addition to paying attention to the environment and nutrition, isolation treatment should be done for about one month before regular cough attacks stop. Handling when coughing If you cough badly, you should lean forward. When you feel very painful because of a severe cough, you can lean forward on the table and then support him with your hands behind your back. When sleeping, the head should be raised, which can prevent severe cough and attack. Carrot soup can cure whooping cough. Children with weak constitution often eat carrots, which will be very helpful to improve their physique. The dried fruit of jujube is used as a medicinal material, which has the effect of nourishing and strengthening. When a child suffers from whooping cough, you can add dates to the soup of carrots for him to drink. The soup of carrot is boiled with 120 g of carrot and ten dates in three cups of warm water (about 1500 g). You can drink it when the soup is left1/3. Steamed pears with honey can prevent asthma attacks. Before asthma attacks, there will usually be a whole sputum and a sudden cough. If phlegm can be stopped at this stage, its attack can be prevented. Pears have long been a panacea for relieving dry mouth and pain caused by colds and tonsils. However, boiling pears with honey or decocting them in a wok is very effective in preventing asthma attacks. In addition, the juice squeezed from pears is also helpful for relieving cough and stopping phlegm. Huali pickled sugar is a specific medicine for treating chronic cough. Huali has been a specific medicine for treating chronic cough since a long time ago. In addition, it is also effective in restoring fatigue. For some children who are easy to lose their physical strength on weekdays and easily cause asthma when they are tired, they can often be given to them as a precaution. The fruit of huali is astringent and sour, and it will be hard to eat raw, so you can give the pickled pear to your child, which is not only sweet but also easy to eat. Take one tablet a day for better results.

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