1, location territory

Heilongjiang Province is China's most northerly and easterly location, the highest latitude, longitude, the most easterly province, from 121 ° 11 ′ E in the west to 135 ° 05 ′ E in the east, 43 ° 26 ′ N in the south to 53 ° 33 ′ N in the north, east-west across 14 degrees of longitude, north-south across 10 degrees of latitude, 2 heat zones.

East and west span 14 degrees of longitude, 3 humid zones. It covers an area of 473,000 square kilometers (including Gaghdach District and Songling District). It is bordered by Russia in the north and east, with a border line of 3,045 kilometers.

It is an important corridor for Asia and the Pacific to the Russian Far East and the European continent by land, neighboring Inner Mongolia and Jilin Province in the west and south respectively, and near the Sea of Japan in the east.

2, topography and geomorphology

Heilongjiang Province is characterized by "five mountains, one water, one grass and three fields". The terrain is roughly high in the northwest, north and southeast, low in the northeast and southwest, mainly composed of mountains, plateaus, plains and water.

The northwestern part of the country is the northeast-southwest oriented Daxinganling mountainous area, the northern part is the northwest-southeast oriented Xiaoxinganling mountainous area, and the southeastern part is the northeast-southwest oriented Zhangguangcailing, Laoyaoling, and Wunda Mountains.

The mountain front of the Xing'an Mountains and the eastern mountains is a plateau, the Sanjiang Plain (including the Xingkai Lake Plain) in the northeast, and the Songnen Plain in the west. Most of the mountains in Heilongjiang Province are between 300-1000 meters above sea level, covering about 58% of the total area of the province.

The altitude of the tableland is between 200-350 meters, with an area of about 14% of the total area of the province; the altitude of the plain is between 50-200 meters, with an area of about 28% of the total area of the province.

3, climate characteristics

Heilongjiang Province belongs to the cold temperate and temperate continental monsoon climate. The province from south to north, according to temperature indicators can be divided into mesothermal and cold temperate zone. From east to west, the province can be divided into humid, semi-humid and semi-arid zones according to the dryness index.

The main features of the province's climate are low temperature and drought in the spring, warm and rainy summer, flooding and early frost in the fall, cold and long winter, short frost-free period, and large regional differences in climate.

The precipitation in Heilongjiang Province shows obvious monsoon characteristics. In summer, under the influence of the southeast monsoon, there is abundant precipitation, and in winter, under the control of the dry and cold northwest wind, there is dryness and little rain.

4, hydrological profile

Heilongjiang Province, numerous rivers and lakes within the territory of the Heilongjiang River, Heilongjiang, Ussuri River, Songhua River, Suifen River, the four major water systems, watershed area of 50 square kilometers and more than 2,881 rivers, with a total length of 92,100 kilometers.

In Heilongjiang Province, there are Xingkai Lake, Jingpo Lake, Wudalianchi and many other lakes. Perennial water surface area of 1 square kilometers and more than 253 lakes, including: 241 freshwater lakes, 12 saltwater lakes, with a total water surface area of 3037 square kilometers (excluding cross-border lakes outside the area).

Expanded Information:

I. Water Resources

Heilongjiang Province is located in the Heilongjiang River Basin consisting of four major water systems: the Heilongjiang, Songhua, Ussuri and Suifen Rivers, and the main rivers are the Songhua, Nenjiang, Ussuri, Mudan, Hulan, Ant, Haosai, Huma, Emuer, Nemuer,

Tangwang River, Lalin River, Ushun River, Wuyur River, etc.; the main lakes are Xingkai Lake, Jingpo Lake, Lianhuan Lake and Wudalianchi, four larger lakes and scattered bubbling marshes.

There are 1,918 rivers in Heilongjiang province with a watershed area of more than 50 square kilometers, with a multi-year average of 68.6 billion cubic meters of surface water resources and a multi-year average of 29.744 billion cubic meters of underground water resources.

Deducting the double-counting amount of 17.314 billion cubic meters between the two, the province's multi-year average water resources is 81.03 billion cubic meters, per capita water amount of 2,160 cubic meters, are lower than the national average.

Heilongjiang Province, the average annual runoff depth of 132.4 millimeters, equivalent to 60.224 billion cubic meters of water. The province's underground water resources in the plains area is 17.159 billion cubic meters, the amount of underground water resources in the hilly area is 11.951 billion cubic meters, the amount of double-counting between the hilly area and the plains area is 1.185 billion cubic meters, the province's underground water resources is 27.925 billion cubic meters.

The double-counting amount of underground water resources and surface water resources is 12.569 billion cubic meters, and the total water resources of the province is 72.793 billion cubic meters. The province's total water consumption was 28.623 billion cubic meters, of which 17.182 billion cubic meters were surface water and 11.441 billion cubic meters were groundwater.

Before the founding of New China, Heilongjiang Province, there is only a mirror lake hydropower station. By 1999, there were nearly 200 large and small power stations and plants with a total installed capacity of nearly 10 million megawatts. Hydropower generation amounted to 1.4 billion megawatt hours.?

Two, land resources

The total land area of Heilongjiang Province is 473,000 square kilometers (including Gaghdach and Songling districts), accounting for 4.9% of the country's total land area. The area of agricultural land is 39.502 million hectares, accounting for 83.5% of the province's total land area.

Construction land is 1.484 million hectares, accounting for 3.1 percent of the province's total land area. Unutilized land is 6.155 million hectares, accounting for 13.01% of the province's total land area. Cultivated land for agricultural use is 11.871 million hectares, accounting for 30% of the agricultural land.

Garden land is 60,000 hectares, accounting for 0.2%; forest land is 24.403 million hectares, accounting for 61.8%; pasture land is 2.224 million hectares, accounting for 5.6%; and other agricultural land is 945,000 hectares, accounting for 2.4%.

In the construction land, 1.158 million hectares, or 78%, were used for settlements and industrial and mining land; 118,000 hectares, or 7.9%, were used for transportation; and 208,000 hectares, or 14.1%, were used for water conservancy facilities. Unutilized land was 4.584 million hectares, accounting for 72.7%.

Other unutilized land was 1,725,400 hectares, accounting for 27.3%. The province's arable land, settlements and industrial and mining land, and transportation land increased in area, while forest land, garden land, pasture land, other agricultural land, unutilized land, and other land decreased in area.

There are 19,000 hectares of arable land with steep slopes greater than 25 degrees, accounting for 0.2% of the total arable land in the province, which is lower than the national average. The province's per capita arable land area is 0.416 hectares (6.24 mu/person), higher than the national per capita arable land level.

References:

Baidu Encyclopedia - Heilongjiang