Vitamin E is a fat-soluble vitamin, also known as tocopherol, is one of the most important antioxidants. The daily reference dosage of vitamin supplements for adults: 1.5mg for vitamin A; 30mg for vitamin E. Many supplements purchased nowadays are also in mg, which raises the issue of converting IU (International Units) to mg (milligrams) in order to allow people to measure and compare dosages, and I'm afraid that high dosages can do more harm than good. Kiwi, nuts (including almonds, hazelnuts, and pecans), lean meats, dairy, eggs, and also vegetable oils pressed from sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, corn, olives, peanuts, and camellia. Includes safflower, soybeans, cottonseed and wheat germ (the richest kind), spinach and kale, sweet potatoes and yams. Green leafy vegetables such as romaine lettuce, yellow cauliflower, cabbage, and cauliflower plugs are among those that contain more vitamin E. Cod liver oil also contains some vitamin E . [edit]Chemical structure Vitamin E structural formula There are four main derivatives of tocopherol, which are categorized into α, β, γ, and δ according to methyl position. Tocotrienols, compounds related to tocopherols, have a certain activity when the substituent groups are different, but the activity of tocopherols is significantly reduced. The following table lists the activity ratio of tocotrienols and tocopherols after substitution with the following functional groups: Derivative R R R R Activity Ratio α CH3 CH3 CH3 100 β CH3 H CH3 40 γ H CH3 CH3 10 δ H H CH3 1 [Edit Paragraph] Medical Applications Vitamin E has the most extensive role in the human body, more than any one nutrient, so it has the name of "escort", "ambassador". Ambassador". It has good antioxidant properties in the body, i.e. reducing cellular aging. Maintain the integrity of red blood cells, promote cell synthesis, anti-pollution, anti-infertility effect. Lack of vitamin E, will lead to atherosclerosis, anemia, cancer, cataracts and other leg degenerative diseases in old age; the formation of scars; will make the teeth yellow; triggered by nearsightedness; caused by disability, mentally retarded children; caused by the male hypogonadism; prostate hypertrophy and so on. [edit]Foods rich in vitamin E Kiwi, nuts (including almonds, hazelnuts and pecans), lean meat, dairy, eggs, and sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, corn, olives, peanuts, camellia and other pressed vegetable oils. Includes safflower, soybeans, cottonseed and wheat germ (the richest kind), spinach and kale, sweet potatoes and yams. Green leafy vegetables such as romaine lettuce, yellow cauliflower, cabbage, and cauliflower plugs are among those that contain more vitamin E. Cod liver oil also contains some vitamin E . [Edit this paragraph]Re-recognize Vitamin E When it comes to Vitamin E, I believe we must not be unfamiliar. In the life of the elderly often take vitamin E to slow down the aging, women like to choose to add the vitamin E cosmetics beauty rejuvenation. However, for the role of vitamin E in disease prevention and treatment, and how to correctly select and take vitamin E, we know little. Recently in the "Vitamin E and human health" seminar, the experts on the latest discoveries and research on vitamin E more comprehensive introduction. Discovery of vitamin E According to the Chinese Academy of Preventive Medical Sciences, Institute of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Yang Xiaoguang researcher introduced: 1922, foreign experts found a fat-soluble dietary factors essential to the normal reproduction of rats. 1924 this factor was named vitamin E. In the animal experiments, scientists have found that mice, if the lack of vitamin E will be heart, liver and muscle degeneration and infertility; rats, if the lack of vitamin E will be heart, liver and muscle degeneration and infertility. In the 1980s, medical experts found that human beings who lacked vitamin E would suffer from hereditary and metabolic diseases. With the deepening of the research, medical experts also recognize that vitamin E has a wide range of roles in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, tumors, diabetes mellitus and other complications, central nervous system disorders, locomotor disorders, skin diseases and other aspects. Natural vitamin E gradually replace synthetic vitamin E According to professionals engaged in vitamin research, in order to health care and prevention and treatment of disease, many people are buying vitamin E to take, but generally are synthetic vitamin E products. With the recent development of medicine and nutrition, scientists have found that, compared with synthetic products, natural vitamin E is actually more in line with the needs of the human body. These natural vitamin E is widely found in the green parts of plants as well as in the germ of grass seeds, and is especially abundant in vegetable oils. It is understood that there is now the use of high-tech from the soybean oil separation and purification of natural vitamin E. This natural vitamin E due to the production process does not produce a chemical reaction, to maintain the original physiological activity of vitamin E and natural attributes, more easily absorbed and utilized by the human body, but also higher than the safety of synthetic vitamin E, more suitable for long-term use. Experiments have also proved that the natural vitamin E antioxidant and anti-aging performance indicators are dozens of times more than the synthetic vitamin E. In addition, in the pharmaceutical products, health food, cosmetics and other aspects of the natural vitamin E is gradually replacing the synthetic vitamin E. In our country, the natural vitamin E is expected to enter the market in the near future at a moderate price to meet the needs of the public health. [edit this paragraph] Take vitamin E to vary from person to person According to Peking University Third Hospital Sports Medicine Research Office Li Keji researcher: Vitamin E deficiency is very rare, especially the Chinese residents of the dietary structure is mainly based on plant foods, vitamin E intake is generally high. If there is no fat absorption disorder, the dietary provision of vitamin E has been basically able to meet the normal human needs. However, a large number of clinical experiments have proved that vitamin E does have the function of preventing and curing diseases, but its specific application of the dose and method is still inconclusive. Shanghai Second Military Medical University, associate researcher Wang Fu introduced the clinical application of vitamin E treatment of a variety of diseases at home and abroad. 1, the treatment of atherosclerosis Foreign reports, daily intake of vitamins more than 100 mg, able to slow down the progress of light, medium or severe coronary atherosclerosis. Daily supplementation with vitamin C or multivitamins cannot slow down the progression of coronary atherosclerosis. It is also reported that patients with atherosclerosis are given vitamin E 200 milligrams and vitamin A 90,000 units for 6 to 10 weeks after headache, insomnia, vertigo, tinnitus and other symptoms will be reduced, blood pressure decreased, lipid cholesterol decreased. 2, the treatment of blood stasis cardiac insufficiency and angina pectoris to such patients given daily vitamin E 200 mg to 400 mg, can increase the exercise load, angina pectoris disappeared, and has a diuretic effect. 3, the role of tumor prevention and treatment in vitro and ex vivo experiments show that vitamin E has the effect of controlling the growth of tumor cells, reducing or delaying the onset of tumors in vivo. Epidemiological data also show that human vitamin E intake and tumor is negatively correlated. For example, foreign research found that high-dose vitamin E can prevent hair loss caused by chemotherapy drugs adriamycin, the general dosage of 1600 mg per day, taking time should be 5 to 7 days before the start of chemotherapy. 4, vitamin E and gynecological diseases take vitamin E pills can cure some women placed birth control ring after bleeding or menorrhagia. The method is: every other day oral vitamin E 100 mg, 7 days for a course of treatment, general treatment 1 to 3 courses can be. Vitamin E has also been reported in the literature as a treatment for immune infertility, anovulatory infertility and habitual abortion. However, studies in Finnish male smokers have shown that vitamin E reduces the risk of ischemic heart disease and ischemic myocardial infarction on the one hand, and increases the risk of hemorrhage, such as cerebral hemorrhage, on the other. Therefore, vitamin E should not be consumed in excess. Fellow Li Keji concluded by reminding readers that vitamin E deficiency is a relatively rare condition, and that it should be used for prevention and treatment of disease, always under the guidance of a physician, and never as a calcium supplement. Precautions Vitamin E is usually non-toxic. When taken in high doses (more than 1,200 International Units per day), it can cause adverse reactions such as regurgitation, gastrointestinal gas, diarrhea and rapid heartbeat. Consult your health advisor before taking vitamin E if you have: If you have high blood pressure. If you are using an anticoagulant such as sodium acetone coumarin or acetone benzylhydroxycoumarin [edit]Drug interactions If vitamin E is taken at the same time as acetone benzylhydroxycoumarin, a blood-clotting agent, it can increase the likelihood of paradoxical bleeding. A type of cholesterol-lowering medication called a bile acid chelator (such as colestipol and achromonil) reduces the absorption of vitamin E. Vitamin E interacts with cyclosporine (a drug used to treat cancer), reducing the effectiveness of both. [edit]Anti-aging effects Vitamin E, also known as tocopherol or haematopoietin, is found in cooking oils, fruits, vegetables, and grains, and was successfully synthesized in 1988, and is now available in tablets, injections, suppositories, and other dosage forms. As the name suggests, vitamin E, also known as tocopherol or haematopoietin, can maintain the normal function of the reproductive organs, has a good effect on the body's metabolism, can make the ovary weight stingy, promote its function, promote the maturation of the follicle, so that the corpus luteum is enlarged, and can inhibit the oxidation of progesterone in the whole, which can increase progesterone's role. In addition, vitamin E has auxiliary therapeutic effects on excessive menstruation, vulvar itching, nocturnal calf cramps, hemorrhoidal disorders. In recent years, vitamin E is also widely used in anti-aging, it is believed that it can eliminate the deposition of lipofuscin in the cells, improve the normal function of the cells, slow down the aging process of tissue cells. In view of vitamin E has so many functions, some media will be big "fried" the product, and even one-sided exaggerated large doses of vitamin E in the body may play a favorable role in, resulting in the emergence of vitamin E on the market, the phenomenon of indiscriminate use of vitamin E occurs from time to time. Fat-soluble: stored in the liver, fatty tissues, heart, muscles, testes, uterus, blood, kidney, pituitary gland, etc. In the past, it was measured by weight, but nowadays, taking into account the biological function, its measurement is measured by IU (International Unit). An IU of vitamin E is equal to lmg of vitamin E. It consists of 8 compounds called tocopherols, which are: alpha, beta, gamma, delta, epsilon, zeta, eta, theta, of which alpha-tocopherol has the strongest effect; Vitamin E's Enemies High temperatures, oxygen, sub-zero temperatures, food processing, iron, chlorine, mineral oil. [edit]Role of vitamin E General role Vitamin E has a strong antioxidant effect, preventing oxidation of fatty compounds, vitamin A, selenium (Se), two sulfur amino acids, and vitamin C. It is also known as an antioxidant. Enhances the action of vitamin A. Vitamin E is an important vasodilator and anticoagulant. Vitamin E supplements made by adding 25 mcg of selenium to 200 IU of vitamin E can enhance the potency of vitamin E. Effects Delaying cellular aging due to oxidation, maintaining youthful appearance; supplying oxygen to the body, making you more durable; acting together with vitamin A, protecting the lungs against air pollution; preventing blood clotting; reducing fatigue; being a topical medicine for localized trauma (absorbed through the skin) and an internal medicine, both of which can prevent scarring; speeding up the recovery of burns; lowering blood pressure by acting as a diuretic; preventing miscarriages; Helps reduce leg cramps and stiffness in the hands and feet; reduces the risk of ischemic heart disease. NORMAL REQUIREMENTS [NORMAL BODY REQUIREMENTS] The recommended daily intake for adults is 8 to 10 IU; 60 to 70% of the day's intake is excreted. Vitamin E, unlike other fat-soluble vitamins, is stored in the body for a relatively short period of time, as is the case with vitamins B and C. According to medical experts, the usual oral dosage of vitamin E should be 10 to less than 100 milligrams (mg) per dose, one to three times daily. Large doses mean more than 400 milligrams per day, and long-term use means more than six months of continuous use. Vitamin E contained in the general diet can fully meet the needs of the human body. Therefore, long-term use of vitamin E by the elderly is not only unneeded, but also unsafe and can produce side effects. Overdose Is it really beneficial to take vitamin E in large doses? American medical expert Robert advice: long-term use of large doses of vitamin E can cause a variety of diseases. Among the more serious are: thrombophlebitis or pulmonary embolism, or both at the same time, this is due to large doses of vitamin E can cause platelet aggregation and formation; elevated blood pressure, blood pressure can be lowered or return to normal after stopping the drug; both sexes can be breast enlargement; headache, dizziness, vertigo, blurred vision, muscle weakness; skin cracking, labyrinthitis, xerostomia, urticaria; symptoms of diabetes mellitus or angina significantly Aggravation; hormone metabolism disorders, reduced thromboplastin; blood cholesterol and triglyceride levels increased; platelet increase and increased vitality and immune function is reduced. Vitamin E toxicity Adults taking relatively large doses of vitamin E (dextro-alpha-tocopherol 400-800mg/d) for years without any significant damage. Occasional muscle weakness, fatigue, vomiting, and diarrhea may occur with doses of 800 to 3200 mg/d. The most pronounced toxic effect of vitamin E at >1000 mg/d is antagonism of vitamin K and potentiation of the effects of oral coumarin anticoagulants, which can lead to significant bleeding. Deficiency Vitamin E deficiency Destruction of red blood cells, muscle degeneration, anemia, reproductive dysfunction. Food Sources Vitamin E-rich foods Malt, soybeans, vegetable oils, nuts, Brussels sprouts, leafy greens, spinach, flours with added nutrients, whole grains, unrefined cereal products, eggs. Nutritional Supplements Fat-soluble capsules and water-soluble tablets are available. Generally, 100 to 1,500 IU of vitamin E is sold. Water-soluble vitamin E is suitable for people who do not eat oily foods or for those whose consumption of oily foods causes skin lesions, and is more appropriate for middle-aged people over 40 years of age. The typical daily intake is 200 to 1,200 IU. Combining medications Inorganic iron (ferrous sulfate) destroys vitamin E, so it should not be taken at the same time. If you take a supplement containing a small amount of ferrous sulfate and vitamin E at the same time, there must be a gap of 8 hours between the two; Special Uses People who eat a diet rich in polyunsaturated fats (vegetable oils, fish oils) must take more vitamin E; Organic iron, such as ferrous gluconate, pepsin salts, citrate, and butenedioate, does not destroy vitamin E; People who drink chlorine-reduced tap water must take more vitamin E; People who take birth control pills, hormones, or other contraceptives, hormones, or other drugs should take more vitamin E. People who drink chlorinated tap water must consume more vitamin E; women who take birth control pills, hormones, or who are pregnant or breastfeeding must consume more vitamin E; women who are facing menopause should increase their intake of vitamin E. It is recommended that they take complex tocopherols, 400 to 1,200 IU per day. Vitamin E does not reduce the incidence of heart disease. A recent study in Canada found that taking vitamin E does not reduce the incidence of heart disease. If you take vitamin E every day for 4 to 6 years, the risk of myocardial infarction, stroke or death from heart disease is not lower than those who take a placebo daily. Vitamin E is an antioxidant capable of undercutting oxidation. Oxidation is a natural response associated with aging and disease, including atherosclerosis. In the recent research trial, researchers randomized test subjects over the age of 55 into two groups, one taking a vitamin E supplement containing 400 international units and the other taking a placebo. Each test subject either had heart disease, diabetes, or at least one risk factor for myocardial infarction or stroke. It was found through the study that after 46 years, there was no difference in the results of the trial. The number of people who had myocardial infarctions or strokes was not very different in the two groups, and the number of people who died from cardiovascular disease was roughly equal. This proves that taking vitamin E will not counteract the negative effects of smoking, eating high-fat foods, and other unhealthy lifestyles, even though no side effects were found. [edit]People in need 1, people who drink chlorinated tap water must consume more vitamin E; 2, people taking birth control pills, aspirin, alcohol, hormones to supplement vitamin E; 3, cardiovascular disease, patients with Parkinson's disease, pregnant women, and middle-aged and elderly people to supplement vitamin E. 4, children's developing nervous system is very sensitive to vitamin E deficiency, vitamin E deficiency, such as the use of vitamin E supplementation therapy, can occur rapidly if it is not used in a timely manner. Vitamin E supplementation therapy, can quickly occur in the nerve symptoms. Vitamin E anti-aging and anti-fatigue effect of the Fourth Military Medical University, Director of the Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene Wang Feng Vitamin E is a generic term for tocopherols. Natural VE is a derivative of benzodihydropyran. According to its side chain structure, it can be divided into tocopherols and tocotrienols, and each type can be divided into α,β,γ,δ according to the position of methyl group on the chromone ring, among which α-tocopherol has the strongest activity. Alpha-tocopherol is the most active type. 90% of VE in the human body is alpha-tocopherol, so VE is also known as alpha-tocopherol. Tocopherol is fat-soluble and cannot be synthesized by the human body, but can only be obtained through the intake of food, beverages and health products. VE is mainly found in adrenal glands, blood lipoproteins, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria and cell membranes. Normal human plasma VE content is 10-20 μg/m1. The recommended daily intake (RDA) in the United States is 30 IU, or 20 mg of α-tocopherol, and some people recommend a mixture of tocopherol and tocotrienols to be taken at a rate of 500 mg per day. In 1954, Dr. Tapple, a famous biochemist, conducted a groundbreaking experiment at the University of California at Davis, proving that VE can effectively inhibit lipid peroxidation, which can prevent the oxidative rancidity of fats in food as well as preventing the fat in the body's bloodstream from rancidity due to the presence of oxygen. The hydroxyl group in the sixth position of the carbon atom of VE has a reactive hydrogen atom, and is dehydrogenated during metabolism in the body, making VE toxic to the body. The hydroxyl group on the sixth carbon atom of VE has active hydrogen atoms, which can be dehydrogenated during metabolism in vivo and reduce organic radicals. 1 mole of VE can reduce 2 moles of free radicals when oxidized to quinone. Due to its lipophilic and hydrophobic structure, VE can be inserted into biological membranes where unsaturated fatty acids are present, and play an antioxidant role. Captures free radicals directly in lipid phase media to form tocopherol semiquinone radicals. It interrupts the propagation and diffusion of unsaturated fatty acid peroxidation within the membrane lipid bilayer structure, maintains the stability of polyunsaturated fatty acid composition on the membrane, prevents molecular oxygen and free radicals from oxidizing unsaturated fatty acids through non-enzymatic reactions, effectively terminates the chain reaction of lipid peroxidation caused by free radicals, which is one of the important mechanisms to protect cells from damage, and it is the most important scavenger of free radicals and one of the antioxidant agents in vivo. It constitutes an effective redox chain or antioxidant network with ascorbic acid (vitamin C), GSH and NADPH in the body, showing a cyclic redox process in the antioxidant process. VE can enhance the immune function, maintain health, prolong life. Tufts University USDA Human Nutrition Center research proved that VE not only in vitro and experimental animals have a role, but also for the elderly patients, can also stimulate their immune function. Eighty-eight 65-year-olds were given 60, 200 or 800 I.U. of VE orally daily for four months. The results of the study showed that: (1) T and B cell activity was significantly increased in oral VE users compared to oral placebo users; (2) oral VE users showed a stronger immune response to delayed anaphylactic skin reactions, hepatitis B, and tetanus vaccine; (3) the incidence of autoinfectious diseases was reduced by 30% in oral VE users. (Effects) (1) Anti-free radicals: Free radicals are lively groups widely present in all kinds of chemical reactions, and have important functions for normal physiological metabolism of the human body. If free radicals are in excess, thus causing free radical chain reaction, it will lead to lipid peroxidation of unsaturated fatty acids in the cell membrane, and the newly generated large amount of lipid peroxides will damage the cell membrane and large molecules of proteins and nucleic acids in the cell, causing damage to the organism. The anti-free radical function of vitamin E is due to the structure of the base itself is a benzopyran derivative, there is a lively hydroxyl group on its benzene ring, which is reductive, and secondly, there is a saturated side chain on the five-carbon ring, which determines that vitamin E is reductive and lipophilic. When free radicals into the lipid phase, the chain should occur, vitamin E play a role in capturing free radicals. Vitamin E is highly efficient in combating free radical lipid peroxidation. (2) Vitamin E and anti-aging: has been studied for decades, the current claims vary, in general, vitamin E has little effect on the maximum life expectancy of the group aging, but the average life expectancy has an extension of the role of vitamin E, so the anti-aging effect of vitamin E is only a kind of health care. (3) Vitamin E and immunity: Vitamin E deficiency has an effect on the immune function of humans or animals, not only the physical immunity is reduced, but also on cellular immunity has a great impact. (4) Vitamin E and cardiovascular disease: a large intake of vitamin E can reduce the incidence of atherosclerosis, which may be related to vitamin E can impede the arterial endothelial cell "foam" and balance the endothelial cell cholesterol metabolism. (5) Vitamin E and liver research: research in the 1980s clarified that vitamin E is one of the important protective factors for liver cell growth. American scholars found that one of the last ways of hepatocyte death is the depletion of vitamin E in hepatocytes, and its mechanism is different from that of calcium ions, but the use of the period of its own presence on the cell in the form of its role in the cellular protective factors. Vitamin E has a protective effect on a variety of acute liver injury and has a delaying effect on chronic liver fibrosis. (6) Vitamin E and the skin: vitamin E itself is a good antioxidant, it can enter the skin cells have anti-free radical chain reaction. Theoretically superior to oxide dismutase (SOD), applied in the skin to prevent keratinization. The manifestations of vitamin E deficiency are multifaceted, but the various effects on the reproductive, muscular, cardiovascular and hematopoietic systems are the most important. Reproductive system: male rats develop epithelial degeneration due to chronic vitamin E deficiency, causing irreversible sterility. In vitamin E deficient female rats, pregnancy is terminated within about 10 days, at which time the fetus dies. Muscular system: Many animals consume vitamin E deficient feeds resulting in myotonic dystrophy. However, there is no evidence of vitamin E deficiency in human muscular dystrophy. Cardiovascular system: Skeletal muscle damage due to vitamin E deficiency is apparently also seen in the myocardium of certain species of animals. Although the heart is usually less severely and less commonly involved, myocardial damage is sometimes combined with electrocardiographic changes, pathologic changes, and even heart failure. Hematopoietic system: vitamin E deficiency is associated with anemia. In some patients whose anemia is not treated with conventional medications, high doses of vitamin E can be effective. (Indications) Vitamin E can be used as a therapeutic agent to treat a variety of disorders due to free radical damage. It is commonly used in the treatment of habitual abortion, preeclampsia, infertility and menopausal disorders, and progressive muscular dystrophy. Vitamin E has the effect of delaying aging and avoiding sexual decline. At the same time, vitamin E is an antioxidant that can prevent free radicals from damaging the walls of blood vessels, thus preventing atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease. Grain germ, egg yolk, nuts, vegetable oil, chicken, peanuts, sesame seeds contain vitamin E. Middle-aged people should not be afraid to eat egg yolks, an egg a day has more benefits and fewer disadvantages.