(2) Metonymy. Don't say what you want to say directly, but borrow a name closely related to this person or thing instead, such as replacing the whole with a part; Replace abstraction with concreteness; Replace ontology with features; Replace generic names with proper names, etc. For example:
(1) Do not follow the mass line. All the property of the masses has been replaced by a needle and a thread.
(2) Don't cook rice. ("Big pot rice" replaces abstract "egalitarianism")
White beard is sitting in the corner smoking a cigarette. A grizzled beard is characterized by features rather than noumenon.
Tens of millions of Lei Feng are active in the motherland. (Lei Feng replaces abstract ideology with concrete images)
(3) comparison. A rhetorical method of writing people as things or things as adults, the former is called imitation and the latter is called personification. For example:
1. Don't be proud and don't walk with your tail between your legs. (imitation)
(2) every night, the candle will cry dry wick. (personification)
(4) exaggeration. A rhetorical method of describing the image, characteristics, function and degree of things by enlarging or narrowing. For example:?
White hair three thousands of feet, sorrow like a beard. ("3,000 feet" is a bit exaggerated)
2 sesame seeds are big, don't worry. ("Sesame points" is an exaggeration. )
The ground was already on fire as soon as the sun came out. (Exaggerate the former thing "coming out" and the latter thing "going into the fire" to almost appear at the same time. Some people call this exaggeration "exaggeration in advance")
(5) comparison. It is a method to compare two things or two aspects of the same thing at the same time. For example:
(1) Worry about the world first, then enjoy it.
② The wine in Zhumen stinks, and the road has frozen bones.
(6) duality. Use a pair of phrases or sentences with the same structure or similar number of words to express relative or similar meanings. For example:
1 Total loss, moderate benefit.
(2) Look down at a thousand fingers and bow your head as a willing ox.
But as long as you go up a flight of stairs, you can broaden your horizons by 300 miles. (flowing water pair)
(4) Looking inside and outside the Great Wall, I am the only one, and the river is up and down, and I am lost. (Fan face)
(7) parallelism. A method of combining several (usually three or more) phrases or sentences with related content, the same or similar structure and the same tone. For example:
But this time, quite a few things happened to me. One is that the authorities are so cruel, the other is that gossip is so inferior, and the other is that women in China are so calm when things happen.
(8) Repeatedly. A method of making the same word or sentence appear repeatedly according to the need of expression. Repetition can be continuous or intermittent. For example:
(1) braved the enemy's gunfire and marched forward! Forward! Forward!
(2) Where the enemy attacks, we will destroy it, and where the enemy attacks, we will destroy it.
(9) irony. It is also known as "irony"-the actual meaning is opposite to the literal meaning. For example, "friendly people" can no longer be "surprised and inexplicable", so please rest assured.
(10) rhetorical question. It is to express the definite meaning in the form of questions, so there is no need to answer. Are middle school teachers and young ladies decent to ride bicycles? (The man in the condom)
(1 1) Ask questions. In order to highlight what is said, express it in the form of questions. Who are these seven people carrying? It was none other than Chao Gai, Wu Yong, Gongsun Sheng, Liu Tang and San Ruan. Asking questions is asking yourself and answering them.
In addition, there are many rhetorical methods in the textbook, such as quotation, pun, thimble (or "Julian"), call, overlap, warning, synaesthesia, graceful melody, taboo decoration and so on.
Discrimination of several confusing figures of speech
1. The difference between metonymy and metonymy.
Analysis: metonymy and metonymy rhetoric, if you don't pay attention, it is easy to make mistakes. There are similarities and differences between them:
Similarity: one thing replaces another, and the thing itself does not appear.
Differences: ① Metonymy is a metaphor. The two things that are compared and used for comparison have similarities, but there is no correlation. The function of metonymy is metaphor. Although it also has substitution function, it always has generations in metaphor. Therefore, even if there is no metaphor "image" between ontology and vehicle, the word "image" can be added and replaced by simile. (2) Metonymy is to use related things instead of things to be expressed. The function of metonymy is to "summon generation", that is, to directly summon the borrowing body as the ontology. It goes without saying that there is no similarity between the ontology and the borrowing body, but only correlation, which is the basis of metonymy, that is, there is a certain similarity between the borrowing body and the ontology. So the word "like" can't be replaced by simile. For example, the "perfect fly" in "A warrior with shortcomings is a soldier after all, and a perfect fly is just a fly after all" is a metaphor for those reactionary guys. In simile, it can be written in the form of "reactionary guy is like a fly". In One Hundred Years of Weakness and the Eight Years' Anti-Japanese War in Yan 'an, "Fighting" and "Yan 'an" are metonymic, and "Fighting" represents War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression and "Yan 'an" represents China's * * * production party. This is to replace abstract things with concrete things, which cannot be replaced by similes. It would be a joke to use the expression "War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression is like a war" and "China's * * * production party is like Yan 'an". They can be replaced because ontology and borrowing are closely related: fighting is a weapon and is related to war; Yan' an is a revolutionary holy land, which is related to China's * * * production party.
2. The difference between metaphor and analogy.
2. Comparatively speaking, ontology and "quasi-body" blend with each other, and ontology is bound to appear, while "quasi-body" generally does not appear; The ontology and vehicle of metaphor are subject to each other, and the vehicle will inevitably appear if the ontology exists or does not exist. )
Metaphor and analogy are both rhetorical devices to strengthen language image, but they are two different rhetorical methods. The junior high school textbook says: "Metaphor focuses on' metaphor', that is, taking A things later than taking B things, and both A and B things have their own masters and followers; The metaphor focuses on' imitation', that is, the things of A are regarded as things of B, and the things of A and B are integrated with each other. " This is just a general principle of distinction, and I think it is necessary to make a further overall explanation.
(1) Metaphor and analogy are different in nature and function. Metaphor is to compare with another thing that is similar to ontology, that is, to make an analogy; There must be similarity, through which ontology and carrier are linked to arouse people's association and confuse things more specifically. Analogy is simulation, that is, writing thing A with the characteristics of thing B (including weighing, action, behavior, etc.). ), or impose the characteristics of things B on things A.B. Things-generally have vitality, activity and emotion; It is more concrete than a thing, so what was originally abstract and unreal becomes concrete, which of course increases the vividness of the language. It can be seen that metaphor emphasizes the similarity between A and B, and metaphor uses metaphor to describe ontology, with the emphasis on "metaphor". But analogy is to imitate the characteristics of "quasi-body" (simulated things) to write ontology, with emphasis on quasi-body; It is the most important sign to distinguish metaphor and comparison by making use of their different characteristics to integrate them. Please look at the following example:
(1) Old friends have become turtles in a jar, so it's not good for Mei to surround him temporarily. (Foundation laying ceremony of Xu Haidong)
(2) He is a bit like an oak tree, strong, silent and energetic. (Lao She's Camel Xiangzi)
(3) When the moon appears, the stars are scattered all over the sky. (Yang Shuo's jathyapple of the Pyramid)
(4) Truth does not bend. (Cang Kejia's "Crazy Victory")
Example (1) The fact that turtles in a jar are waiting to be caught illustrates the situation of the enemy at that time, and there are similarities between them.
It can give people a concrete image feeling, which is a metaphor. Example (2) There are similarities from the appearance characteristics of trees to the appearance temperament characteristics, which is also a metaphor. Example (3) "Moon" and "Star" are originally inanimate and have no such characteristics as "appearance" and "shock". Now they are described by biological characteristics, just to make their modality vivid on paper, which is a comparison. Example (4) Personifying and visualizing the intangible abstract "truth" is also an analogy.
(2) The sentence structures of metaphor and analogy are different. Metaphorical sentences consist of noumenon, vehicle and metaphor. Although metonymy does not appear in the form of metaphor and ontology, it can be transformed into simile and metaphor of metaphor and ontology. No matter what kind of metaphor, there are always metaphors; Analogical sentences mainly use imagination to simulate ontology as a certain behavior, action or modality of people or things. Whether it is anthropomorphic or quasi-physical, there is always no quasi-physical. For example, "East and West Chang 'an Avenue became a lecture hall" (Yuan Ying's Chang 'an Avenue in October). This is a metaphor, which consists of noumenon (Chang 'an Street), metaphor (sea) and metaphor (Cheng). Another example is "What we heard is separated by a thick barrier of sadness" (Lu Xun (hometown)). This is a metaphor for the gap between "I" and the leap soil with a "thick barrier". It hides ontology and metaphor, and only uses metaphor instead of ontology. Another example is "the waves rushed into the sky to meet the thunder while singing" (Gorky's Haiyan). This is an anthropomorphic sentence, which describes "wave" as a person and gives it some people's actions and thoughts and feelings.
Although metaphor and analogy are two easily confused figures of speech, it will be clear at a glance as long as we grasp the main points of distinction.
3. The difference between metaphor and symbol.
Analysis: Conceptually speaking, metaphor is a linguistic means to visualize language and modify words, which belongs to the category of linguistics, while symbol is a kind of abstract concepts, thoughts and feelings associated with it through some concrete images, and expresses the theme of works, which belongs to the category of literature and art.
From the application point of view, some use symbols to conceive the full text, some use symbols to depict the main characters, and some use symbols to hint, create an atmosphere or express feelings. In short, symbolic meaning is global, while metaphor is often limited to local.
From the characteristics, the symbol expresses its meaning with things, the abstraction expresses its meaning with things, and it is implicit, the metaphor expresses its meaning with things, and the concrete analogy is vivid.
For example, in Ba Jin's Lamp, light is regarded as a symbol of light, as a symbol of human ideals, hopes, strength and victory; Gorky's Haiyan symbolizes the fearless revolutionary spirit of revolutionary pioneers and prophets with Haiyan; The "red and white garland" in medicine symbolizes the hope and prospect of revolution. The "big house" in Takeism is only a metaphor of Chinese and foreign cultures and has no symbolic significance. Of course, in some articles, symbol also contains the nature of metaphor, which is a symbol in terms of expressing abstract spirit and a metaphor in terms of expressing specific people. Even so, symbol and metaphor are separate.
4. The difference between parallelism and duality: (see textbook)
1, symmetry and parallelism. Duality is two linguistic units, while parallelism is more than three linguistic units. Duality must be symmetrical. The structure of parallelism requirements is generally similar, and the number of words is not strict.
2. Parallelism often uses the same word as the revealing language of each other, which makes parallelism interrelated and gives people a sense of compactness and density. The upper and lower conjunctions in typical antithetical sentences are not reduplicated words.
3. Duality requires horizontal and parallel confrontation to be better, but parallel does not.
5. The difference between rhetorical question and rhetorical question.
Analysis: Asking questions does not mean affirming or denying anything, but clearly asking questions means affirming or denying content; Setting questions is mainly to ask questions, attract attention and inspire thinking. Setting questions is mainly to strengthen the tone and show the author's own ideas in a certain tone. For example, "Now we should learn from foreign countries. In the future, we will change from backward to advanced. Should we learn? " ? At that time, there were still many good things worth learning abroad, and we still had to learn from others. What's wrong with that? "In these sentences, there are rhetorical questions (the former question) and rhetorical questions (the latter question).
Four, the comprehensive use of figures of speech, there are three situations:
1. Double use-a sentence, from this perspective, uses a certain figure of speech, from another perspective, uses another figure of speech. For example, some of our comrades like to write long articles, but they have no content. It's really "lazy woman's foot binding, long and smelly" ((Opposing stereotyped Party writing))
Both metaphor and quotation are used.
2. Two or more different figures of speech are used continuously in a sentence. For example, "the river is red at sunrise, and the river is green as blue when spring comes." This is the spring of revolution, the spring of people and the spring of science! Let's open our arms and embrace this spring warmly! (Spring of Science) First quote, then compare, then personify.
3. Reporting-Generally speaking, a sentence uses a certain figure of speech, but when it is decomposed, it contains other figures of speech. For example, wasn't it the Yellow River that gave off a faint light that day? The natural winding at the foot of the mountain is the Wenhe River; The countless steamed buns arched under Mount Tai's knees are famous mountains such as Julai Mountain. (The Top of Mount Tai) In parallelism, rhetorical questions, metaphors, personification and exaggeration are used.
5. Analysis of typical test questions.
1. The following sentence without metaphor is:
A. The chimney purrs as if suffocating in the dark.
B. the flowers and plants bent by the storm stretched out as if they had just woken up from sleep.
C. The forest shed in the distance shines like a girl's eyes, which makes people feel excited.
D. The water drops on petals and green leaves sparkle like pearls.
2. The following sentence is different from the other three sentences in rhetoric application:
A.these days are as lively as festivals. Vegetables there are as expensive as fruits.
C.his face is as white as paper. The mice here are as big as cats.
Analysis:
This example examines the ability to distinguish between right and wrong rhetorical methods. Analogy is also called personification. Example 1 also examined the ability to distinguish personification from metaphor. The chimney "choked" in sentence A, the flowers "stretched" in sentence B and the water droplets "snuggled" in sentence D all used anthropomorphic techniques. C sentence is figurative, comparing the shining "distant forest cabin" to "the eyes sent by the girl", so the answer is C. Example 2 examines the ability to distinguish figurative sentences from comparative sentences. Ontology and the carrier that constitutes metaphor should be different things with different properties and similarities. Sentences a, c and d can form this metaphor. The "vegetables" and "fruits" in sentence B are things of the same nature, and the "same" in the sentence is only their price, which is a comparison. So, the answer is B.
Examples ① and ② represent two testing methods. Example 1 is the object comparison of the stem. To solve this kind of problem, we can directly find out the sentences that are not used in this way from the analyzed objects. Example 2 is the object of analysis which is not given in the stem. To solve this kind of problem, we should first sum up the object of analysis (rhetorical method) from the "three sentences", and then find a sentence different from the object of analysis. If the analysis object is summarized incorrectly, the answer cannot be answered accurately. So generally speaking, the latter test method is more difficult.
3. In the following sentences, the inappropriate metaphor is ().
A. He walked panting with two bags on his back, like stepping on cotton.
B. The little soldier, with a submachine gun slung sideways, dashed across the rugged mountain road, his steps as light as stepping on cotton.
Let's go
C. A group of fairies stepped on the cotton-like clouds and floated away with the faint Yue Xian and Ran Ran.
D. she suddenly caught a glimpse of a big snake in the middle of the road, with its head held high and its mouth open, and she suddenly felt two.
Feet like stepping on cotton.
[Analysis] The answer is B. The Step“on cotton "in sentence B should be a feeling of combining rigidity with softness, and cannot be compared with" light "
Quick "comparison.
4. The following rhetorical methods are appropriate and really enhance the expression effect: ()
A. Overseas children are homesick, homesick and homesick, and this feeling is long-lasting.
What he said has no substance, just like a war drum.
C there is a small pholiota adiposa on the soft stem of dandelion, guarding the roads on both sides.
D. individual self-study, individual efforts, and independent research; But proper begging
Theory, mutual discussion and collective discussion are also necessary.
[analysis] the answer is a, and item a uses repetitive rhetoric to show a strong homesickness. Item b
It is inappropriate to compare empty words to "war drums". Item C adopts anthropomorphic technique, but it is more dandelion.
Being the guardian of "male integrity" is improper, but it will affect the expression effect. Item d uses parallelism, but
"Self-study", "hard work" and "autonomous learning" cannot be juxtaposed. Self-study has included personal efforts.
Personal efforts include independent study. "Appropriate", "mutual" and "collective" have different angles, and "appropriate"
"Dang" is about degree, "mutual" and "collective" are about the form of discussion, and the three cannot be juxtaposed.
5. Which of the following sentences is an inappropriate metaphor ()?
A. He was carrying two bags, one foot deep and one foot shallow, like stepping on cotton, panting. ?
B. The little soldier slung his submachine gun sideways and ran forward on the rugged path, with a brisk pace like stepping on cotton. ?
C. A group of fairies stepped on the cotton-like clouds and floated away with the faint Yue Xian and Ran Ran. ?
D. She suddenly caught a glimpse of a big snake in the center, with its head held high and its mouth open. She suddenly felt as if her feet were stepping on cotton.
Analysis: the answer is that "as light as treading cotton" in item B is not appropriate. It's hard to walk on cotton and you don't feel light. Obviously, ontology and metaphor are contradictory. ?
The use of metaphor should pay attention to the similarity between ontology and vehicle, otherwise it will not constitute metaphor. ?
6 .. Correct understanding of the rhetorical methods and expressive functions of the following sentences is (). ?
Moonlight, like running water, falls quietly on this leaf and flower. ?
A. Using figurative rhetoric, it vividly depicts the natural beauty of moonlight pouring down. ?
B. Expressed the clarity and purity of the moonlight in the lotus pond in an exaggerated way. ?
C. Describe the purity and softness of the moonlight in the lotus pond in a metaphorical way. ?
Use anthropomorphic techniques to describe the tranquility of the moonlit night. ?
Analysis: The answer is C. In the original text, exaggeration and personification are not used, but metaphors are used. The understanding of item A fails to grasp the "flowing water" characteristics of the vehicle, while item C does, so item C is the best answer. ?
To use rhetorical methods correctly, we must first understand the functions of various rhetorical methods. ?
7. Correct understanding of the following rhetorical methods and their expressive functions is (). ?
A. To talk about China people, we must not be deceived by superficial self-deception powder, but look at their bones and muscles. Metaphor is sloppy. )?
B. "Catch sparrows with eyes closed" and "blind fish" are careless, boastful and content with a little knowledge. This extremely bad style of work violates the basic spirit of Marxism-Leninism and still exists among many comrades in our party. Metaphor is sloppy. )?
C. My heart often floats on a dark island. Without bright guidance, it will sink to the bottom of the sea forever. The author expressed my anguish and hesitation in the dark days with vivid rhetoric. If there is no bright guidance, I will be depressed. )?
D. But it is the pine tree that "sucks green and glows and dies", which brings people's hearts to a lofty realm. They are not afraid of the heights of mountains, stick their roots in the cracks of cliffs, twist their bodies like panlong pillars, spread their branches and leaves in mid-air, as if competing with dark clouds for the sun and playing with cool breeze and white clouds. Some pine trees look through the autumn water, but they don't see you coming. They climbed alone and looked askance. Some pine trees are like a dark green umbrella, waiting for you. Some pine trees enjoy themselves and look natural and unrestrained. Anyway, it makes you feel that they are the owners of Mount Tai, as if no one should be without them. (The author uses metaphor, personification and other rhetorical devices to show the natural beauty of various forms and tastes of pine trees. )?
Analysis: the answer is that item C uses metaphor, not personification. The analysis error of item B should be "subjective style". Item d uses figurative rhetoric, such as; "Some pine trees are like a dark green umbrella"; Anthropomorphic application, such as: "Some pine trees look through the autumn water, but they don't see you coming, so they go up to the heights alone and look sideways." In addition, this passage mainly shows the kind of "pride and vigorous vitality of struggling in adversity" of pine trees, so C is chosen by combining these two aspects.
We should pay attention to the analysis according to the function of rhetoric.