1 1 month14th is the14th United Nations Diabetes Day. This year's theme is "Nurses and Diabetes". It aims to strengthen the important role of nursing workers in diabetes health management, effectively intervene the risk factors of diabetes, promote the early detection and intervention of high-risk groups and patients, and improve the self-management ability of diabetic patients.

For diabetic patients, effective prevention and nursing are very important, and diet, as a key step of nursing, is the "steed horse" to control blood sugar, which runs through the whole process of diabetes treatment. "Diabetic patients should have good diet management at every meal all year round, so as to control their blood sugar." Liujing, director and chief physician of Endocrinology Department of Gansu Provincial People's Hospital, said that at present, the number of diabetic patients in China exceeds 1 100 million. Diabetes has become the third chronic disease in the world that seriously endangers human health after tumor, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, and the occurrence of diabetes tends to be younger and younger. The prevention and treatment should implement the principle of "early detection, early treatment, early attainment and early benefit". If someone in the family suffers from diabetes, we must do a good job in diet management to control and delay the occurrence and development of diabetes. From the eating habits in spring, summer, autumn and winter, we have made a meal menu for the dining table of diabetic patients.

Overweight and obesity is a high-risk group of diabetes.

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease characterized by elevated blood sugar caused by insulin secretion and/or action defects. The typical symptoms of diabetes are "three more and one less" (polydipsia, polyphagia, polyuria and weight loss). People who have typical symptoms of diabetes and meet any of the following conditions can be diagnosed as diabetes: blood sugar11.1mmol/L (200mg/dl) at any time of the day; The fasting blood glucose level was 7.0 mmol/L (126 mg/dl); Oral glucose tolerance test 2 hours blood glucose level11.1mmol/l (200 mg/dl).

Who are at high risk for diabetes? Liujing introduced that one of the following factors must be met: age 40, overweight and obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, sedentary lifestyle, family history of diabetes, gestational diabetes, birth history of macrosomia (birth weight 4Kg) and so on.

The blood glucose was 6.1mmol/L. Fasting blood glucose (FBG).

Liujing introduced that diabetic patients are often accompanied by abnormal metabolism of fat and protein. Long-term hyperglycemia can cause a variety of organs, especially eye, heart, blood vessels, kidney, nerve damage or organ dysfunction or failure, leading to disability or premature death. Common complications of diabetes include stroke, myocardial infarction, retinopathy and diabetic nephropathy. Poor control will cause serious harm, for example, the risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases in diabetic patients is 2-4 times higher than that in non-diabetic people of the same age and gender, and the onset age of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases is advanced and the condition is more serious; Diabetic retinopathy is the main cause of blindness in adults ...

"Maintaining a healthy lifestyle with a reasonable diet and regular exercise can prevent diabetes," liujing suggested that healthy people should test their fasting blood glucose 1 time every year from the age of 40, and people with pre-diabetes should test their fasting blood glucose 1 time every six months or 2 hours after meals.

Liujing said that if you are already a patient with diabetes, don't be too pessimistic. Managing the diet on the daily table is also equivalent to managing the development of the disease. According to the climate changes in the four seasons, she has made different food "lists" for sugar friends. Advocate patients to control their diet, follow the seasonal changes and control their blood sugar steadily.

spring

To increase resistance, you can eat foods with higher calories properly.

As the beginning of the year, spring is full of vigor and vitality, and the physiological function and appetite of the body will change. Therefore, diabetic patients should adjust their diet reasonably to ensure the supply of essential nutrients and improve their immunity.

Every organ of the body becomes active, and diabetics need to increase their intake of nutrients. Spring will accelerate the decomposition of protein in the body, leading to decreased resistance and a series of diseases. In order to meet the metabolism, patients should increase their resistance in time and eat some fish, milk, beef, soybean milk, soybeans, walnuts, sesame and other foods with high calories. You can eat more digestible foods, such as shredded pork, sour meat, stewed meat and meatballs. Eat less sour, greasy and indigestible food. But spring is also the period when the weather changes the most in a year, when the temperature changes from warm to cold and changes suddenly. For sugar lovers, when choosing spring tonic food, they must follow the principle of "total calorie control and structural adjustment", strictly control the intake of high-heat, high-fat, high-sugar, spicy and irritating foods, avoid eating desserts such as jujube, appropriately increase the intake of yam, japonica rice, peanuts, dairy products, eggs and fish, and eat more leeks, garlic, onions, parsley, spinach and leeks.

autumn

Taboo cold and high sugar diet

Many people have begun to choose to take supplements in autumn. Many problems need to be paid attention to in autumn. For sugar friends, we should pay more attention to the diet in autumn. A reasonable diet can help sugar friends to stabilize their illness.

Diabetic patients need to pay attention to maintaining good eating habits in autumn diet. Because the climate in autumn is relatively dry, many people will be thirsty, and for diabetics, there will be symptoms of thirst. Therefore, sugar friends should pay more attention to preventing autumn dryness and usually increase the quantity and frequency of drinking water. In addition, many people pay great attention to sticking to the autumn fat, and inevitably they will eat some foods with too high calories. Diabetic patients should pay attention to avoid eating too many calories. Too many calories will lead to the accumulation of fat in the body of diabetic patients and turn it into sugar, which will easily aggravate the condition of diabetes.

When the weather turns cold in autumn, diabetics should not eat too cold. If they eat too much cold and cold food, it will easily lead to various digestive tract diseases, and it will also affect the physiological and metabolic functions of patients, which will also have an adverse impact on the stability of blood sugar levels. Also pay attention to avoid eating spicy and irritating foods and high-sugar diets, including candied fruit, watermelon, honey and brown sugar. Eat more light food, such as bitter gourd; Fruits with low sugar content, such as apples, pineapples and cherries. Among vegetables, you can eat more pumpkins, wax gourd, spinach, oil wheat vegetables and so on.

summer

Easy to sweat, drink more water, eat less and eat more meals.

Too high temperature in summer will lead to loss of appetite, and many sugar friends think it is just the right time to control their diet. In fact, this practice is more dangerous, because the blood sugar value itself will decrease in summer, and most patients still maintain the previous dosage of hypoglycemic drugs. If people artificially reduce their food intake, it is easy to cause hypoglycemia. At the same time, in summer, energy consumption is large, and the meal time is irregular. It is necessary to eat in moderation and regularly in order to better control blood sugar.

Sugar lovers can appropriately relax the amount of staple food, eat less and eat more meals, or add a proper amount of fruit between meals and before going to bed, but pay attention to the sugar content of fruit. It is also impossible to completely replace the staple food with fruit, and it is necessary to ensure that carbohydrates provide 50%-60% of the total daily calories.

Sweating in summer is prone to dehydration, and when blood sugar is out of control, sugar friends are more likely to dehydrate. The higher the blood sugar, the more urination. Therefore, sugar friends should drink more water, but they must limit alcoholic beverages. Because diabetic patients themselves have poor resistance and consume a lot in summer, their physique will be relatively weak. Eating cold food can easily cause gastrointestinal discomfort, acute gastroenteritis, diarrhea, dehydration, electrolyte disorder, etc., which will increase blood sugar and even induce acute complications of diabetes.

winter

Control the intake of staple food and choose fruits with high dietary fiber.

In winter, the temperature drops sharply, outdoor activities are reduced, and diabetic patients' body defense ability is weak, which is easy to make their condition worse and complications more frequent. Therefore, diabetic patients should adjust their diet reasonably.

In the usual diet, diabetic patients should control staple foods such as rice, flour and starch, and avoid spicy, irritating and fried foods. Eat at least 5 kinds of vegetables, 3 kinds of cereals, fruits, dairy products or meat every day, eat more coarse grains, eat less polished rice and refined flour, and control the intake of snacks such as peanuts and melon seeds.

Cooking methods are mainly based on less oil, such as steaming, boiling and stewing, less frying and less flavorings (such as pepper, pepper, mustard, etc.); Drink more sugar-free drinks such as tea, don't drink white wine, and drink a little wine at most. Need to be reminded that the meal time should be matched with the time required for oral hypoglycemic drugs or insulin injection to avoid hypoglycemia.

In winter, diabetics should control their blood sugar ideally before eating fruits. Patients with unstable blood sugar control can eat vegetables such as tomatoes or cucumbers as fruits first, and then choose to eat fruits after their condition is stable. After eating fruit, you must reduce the intake of staple food. It is suggested that diabetic patients should eat fruit at100-200g. The calories produced by different kinds of fruits are also different. For example, the blood sugar of peaches and plums rises slowly after eating, and100-125g is equivalent to 50g of rice. Kiwi and fig have less sugar content, so you can eat150g, minus 50g of rice. The principle of fruit selection is "two lows and one high", that is, choose fruits with low sugar content, low glycemic index and high dietary fiber. The recommended fruits in winter are orange, grapefruit, kiwi fruit and apple.

Expert profile: liujing, MD, professor, chief physician, director of endocrinology department of Gansu Provincial People's Hospital, leader of national key clinical endocrinology specialty, director of the fifth Council of China Circulation Society, vice chairman of diabetes special committee of China Circulation Society, vice chairman of diabetes special committee of China Circulation Society, president of endocrinology and metabolism branch of Gansu Medical Doctor Association, and a leading talent in Gansu Province, served as the editorial board of many magazines such as Chinese Diabetes Journal. He has won the titles of "Excellent Scientific and Technological Worker in Gansu Province", "My Favorite Health Guardian in Gansu Province" and "Physician Award of China Endocrinology and Metabolism Physician Association".