1, the "green glaze ware" found in Shang Dynasty and Western Zhou Dynasty ruins obviously has the basic characteristics of porcelain. Their texture is finer and harder than that of pottery, the tire color is mostly gray, the sintering temperature is as high as1100-1200 C, the tire quality is basically sintered, the water absorption is weak, and the surface of the device is coated with a layer of lime glaze. But they are not exactly the same as porcelain. It is called "primitive porcelain" or "primitive celadon".

2. After the appearance of the Shang Dynasty, the primitive porcelain went through the Western Zhou Dynasty, the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period and the Eastern Han Dynasty, and changed and developed in 1600- 1700 years, from immaturity to maturity.

3. The porcelain made from the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Wei and Jin Dynasties is mostly celadon from the unearthed cultural relics. These celadons are finely processed, hard and non-absorbent, and the surface is coated with a layer of cyan glassy glaze. This high-level porcelain-making technology marks that China porcelain production has entered a new era.

4. China's white glazed porcelain germinated in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, and reached a mature stage in the Sui Dynasty. There was a new development in the Tang Dynasty. The firing temperature of porcelain reaches1200 C, and the whiteness of porcelain reaches over 70%, which is close to the standard of modern fine porcelain. This achievement laid the foundation for the development of underglaze and overglaze porcelain.

5. Porcelain in Song Dynasty has been improved in embryo quality, glaze and production technology, and the porcelain firing technology has reached a fully mature level.

6. The exquisite white glaze was successfully fired in the Ming Dynasty, and the monochromatic glazed porcelain with copper as coloring agent was successfully fired, which made the porcelain in the Ming Dynasty colorful. The diversification of glazing methods for porcelain in Ming Dynasty marked the continuous improvement of porcelain-making technology in China.

7. A porcelain that imitates the enamel effect of copper tires in the Qing Dynasty. Enamel color is also called "material color".

Extended data:

Classification of porcelain producing areas:

1, Yueyao:

This name was first seen in Lu Guimeng's poem "Secret Color Yueqi" in the Tang Dynasty, which is a general term for the ancient Yuedi celadon kiln on the south bank of Hangzhou Bay. It was formed in the Han Dynasty, passed through the Three Kingdoms and the Western Jin Dynasty, reached its heyday in the late Tang and Five Dynasties, and declined in the middle of the Northern Song Dynasty. The center of origin is located in the middle reaches of Cao 'e River in Shangyu, and always focuses on producing celadon with high quality.

When commenting on the quality of tea bowls in the Four Instruments of Tea Classics, Lu Yu wrote: "If porcelain is silver, porcelain is jade, and it is better to be silver; Xing porcelain snow, the more porcelain ice, xing is not as good as the second; "Xing china white is tan Dan, and the more porcelain is blue, the more tan green. Xing is not as good as Yue San. Lu Yu cooks and drinks green tea, so she highly praises Yue porcelain.

2. Xing Kiln:

In today's Neiqiu and Lincheng areas of Hebei Province, it belonged to xing zhou in the Tang Dynasty, hence the name. The kiln began in Sui Dynasty and flourished in Tang Dynasty. It mainly produces white porcelain with delicate texture and white glaze. It was once accepted as imperial porcelain, and was once as famous as Yueyao celadon, known as "white in the south and white in the north".

In the Book of Tea, Lu Yu thinks that Xing is not as good as Yue, mainly because he drinks steamed green cake tea. If he uses safflower to compare it, or reflects the true color of tea soup, the result is just the opposite. Therefore, both of them have their own strengths, and the key lies in whether they match the nature of tea.

3. Ru kiln:

One of the five famous kilns in the Song Dynasty, in the area of Qingliang Temple in Baofeng, Henan Province, was named after Ruzhou in the Northern Song Dynasty. Celadon was fired for the court in the late Northern Song Dynasty, which was the first official kiln in ancient times, also known as the Northern Song Dynasty official kiln. The glaze color is mainly azure, and the lime-alkali glaze firing technology is used. The glaze surface is more open, the tire is gray-black and the tire bone is thinner.

4. Jun Kiln:

One of the five famous kilns in Song Dynasty. In Yuxian County, Henan Province, this place was named after Junzhou in the Tang and Song Dynasties. It began in the Tang Dynasty, flourished in the Northern Song Dynasty and declined in the Yuan Dynasty. Mainly firing copper red glaze, but also a large number of opaque glazed porcelain such as sky blue and moonlight white, and still produce various artistic porcelain.

5. Ding Kiln:

One of the five famous kilns in Song Dynasty. In today's Hebei Quyang Runci Village and Yanshan Village, they were named after Dingzhou in the Tang and Song Dynasties. White porcelain was fired in the Tang Dynasty, and it developed greatly in the Five Dynasties. The glaze layer of white porcelain was slightly green, and the glaze flowed like tears. In the late Northern Song Dynasty, the method of over-burning was created, and the edges of bowls and dishes were unglazed, which was called "Mangkou".

During the Five Dynasties and the Northern Song Dynasty, some palace porcelain was burned, and there were inscriptions of "official" and "new official" at the bottom of the wares. In the Song Dynasty, besides white porcelain, black glaze, sauce glaze and green glaze were also burned.

6. Official kilns in Southern Song Dynasty:

One of the five famous kilns in the Song Dynasty, a kiln field dedicated to burning palace porcelain was set up after the Song Dynasty moved south. In the early stage, it was located in Longquan (now Longquan Dayao, Jincun and Xikou, Zhejiang Province), and in the later stage, it was located under the altar in the suburb of Lin 'an (now the foot of Wugui Mountain in the southern suburb of Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province).

The characteristics of the ware tires and glazes fired in the two kilns are very consistent, and it is difficult to distinguish them from each other. They are all thin tires with black and gray colors. The glaze layer is rich, with pink, beige, cyan and other colors; Glazed surface is open, and the mouth edge and foot of the object are exposed, which is known as "purple mouth and iron foot".

/kloc-At the end of 0/6th century, Longquan celadon appeared in the French market, which caused a sensation throughout France. Because there was no suitable language to call it at the moment, it had to be compared with the blue robe worn by Sheraton, the heroine in the famous European drama Shepherdess, so "Sheraton" became synonymous with celadon. Today, Longquan kiln has new development. The Southern Song Dynasty Imperial Kiln Museum was established in the ruins of the Southern Song Dynasty Imperial Kiln in Hangzhou.

7. Ge Kiln:

One of the five famous kilns in the Song Dynasty, the site has not yet been found. Some documents refer to Longquan official kiln in Zhejiang as Ge kiln, which is actually a myth.

Geyao porcelain handed down from ancient times has black, dark gray, light gray, khaki and other colors, and the glaze is mainly gray-blue, but also beige, milky white and other colors. Because there are a lot of bubbles, unmelted Shi Ying particles and calcium feldspar crystals in the glaze, it has a strong sense of opacification. Glaze has large and small lines, fine lines are yellow, and coarse lines are dark brown, commonly known as "gold wire". Judging from the glaze color, pattern and shape of porcelain, it is different from Longquan official kiln in Song Dynasty.

8. Kiln building:

Jianyang in Fujian today. Beginning in the Tang Dynasty, some celadon was fired in the early stage, and it was famous for producing rabbit black glazed tea cups in the Northern Song Dynasty. Rabbit hair pattern is glazed noodle-like crystal with yellow and white colors, which is called gold and silver rabbit hair; Some glaze crystals are oil droplets, which are called crane pigeon spots; There are also a few kiln-changed glaze, and blue luster appears around the oil drop crystals. ?

When tea cups were introduced to Japan, they were all called "Tianmu Bowl", such as "Obsidian Tianmu" and "Oil Dropping Tianmu". Now they have become Japan's national treasures and are very precious. The black porcelain produced by this kiln is black, and it is called "iron tire" because its glaze is not as good as the bottom and its tire is thick, and its iron content is as high as 10%.

9. Jingdezhen Kiln:

In Jingdezhen, Jiangxi Province today. It was first burned in the Wude period of Tang Dynasty. The products are celadon and white porcelain. Celadon is gray in color and white porcelain is pure in color, and it is known as "white as jade, as thin as paper, as bright as a mirror and as loud as a rock". It was mainly fired in the Song Dynasty. In the Yuan Dynasty, blue-and-white porcelain was burned for the court, with the words "Shu Fu" on it, and blue and white porcelain, glazed red and other varieties were also burned.

In the Ming Dynasty, it became the national porcelain firing center, and set up a workshop dedicated to firing tea sets for the court tea ceremony. At this time, blue and white porcelain developed greatly, and Murata Zhuguang, the father of Japanese tea ceremony, loved it very much. At this time, varieties such as glaze color, bucket color, plain tricolor and multicolor appeared one after another, and a variety of rare blue, red and sweet white glazed porcelain were also burned.

In the Qing Dynasty, it created many new varieties such as enamel and pastel. Since the Song Dynasty, Jingdezhen porcelain has been exported to Japan, and imported into Europe in large quantities in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. At the same time, it has established the status of "porcelain is suitable for pottery".

10, Yixing kiln:

In today's Dingshu Town, Yixing, Jiangsu. As early as the Han and Jin dynasties, celadon was burned, and the decorative patterns of product modeling were influenced by Yue Kiln, with loose fetal quality, yellow glaze color and common glaze peeling. It began to burn pottery in the Song Dynasty, and it was famous for producing purple sand in the Ming Dynasty.

1 1, Dehua kiln:

The production of Dehua porcelain in Fujian Province began in the Neolithic Age, flourished in the Tang and Song Dynasties, flourished in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and has a unique technique, which has not been broken so far. It has always been an important foreign trade product in China, enjoying a world-renowned reputation together with silk and tea, and has made contributions to the spread of porcelain-making technology and cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries. Now Dehua County preserves kiln sites such as Wanping and Qudou Palace in the Song and Yuan Dynasties.

It can be traced back to the Neolithic period when printed pottery was burned. In the Tang Dynasty, celadon ware was fired. The white porcelain and celadon produced in the Song Dynasty were very delicate, and porcelain products began to be exported in large quantities. In the Yuan Dynasty, Dehua porcelain and plastic Buddha statues were paid tribute to the court and appreciated by the emperors. In the Ming and Qing dynasties, Dehua porcelain was widely spread to Europe, and its ivory white glaze (also known as cream white) had a great influence on the art of European porcelain.

References:

Baidu encyclopedia-porcelain