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kinden58542 | 20 13-09-04
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Review Outline of Geography for Grade Seven (Part One)
I. The Earth and the Map
(a) the shape, size and movement of the earth
1, provide evidence that the earth is a sphere;
Standing by the sea and looking at the ships coming in the distance, we always see the mast first, then the hull, while the offshore ships always disappear first, then the mast.
Stand tall and see far.
When a partial lunar eclipse occurs, the earth blocks part of the moonlight, so that the earth's shadow is projected on the moon surface, just like looking at the earth in a mirror, so that we can see the spherical shape of the earth.
2. Describe the size of the earth with average radius, equatorial circumference and surface area.
Average radius: 637 1 km; Equatorial circumference: 40,000 kilometers; Earth surface area: 5. 1 100 million square kilometers.
3. Explain the earth's rotation, revolution and their geographical phenomena with facts.
Rotation revolution
The movement direction is from west to east and from west to east.
The exercise cycle is one day (24 hours) and one year (365 days).
Rotating central earth axis sun
The geographical phenomena produced alternate day and night; Time difference and seasonal variation; Five-zone formation
(2) Globes
Use the globe to tell the division between longitude and latitude, longitude and latitude.
Determine the position of any place with latitude and longitude net: the given place should be able to read the latitude and longitude on the globe or map; Given the latitude and longitude, you should be able to find the corresponding location.
(3) Map (three elements: direction, scale, legend and notes)
Use maps to identify directions, measure distances, and estimate altitudes and relative heights.
(1) Identify the direction:
① General method: go up north and down south, left west and right east.
② Pointing method: the arrow pointing to the target points to the north.
③ Orientation of longitude and latitude: the longitude indicates the north-south direction; The latitude indicates the east-west direction.
(2) Measuring distance: ① Calculation of scale:
② Compare the relationship between the size of scale and the size of scope and the details of content;
Small scale → large range → simple content.
Large scale → small scope → detailed content.
(3) Estimation of altitude and relative height
① Elevation: the vertical distance above sea level at a certain point on the ground.
② Relative height: the vertical distance from one place to another.
2. Identify peaks, ridges, valleys, saddles and steep cliffs on the contour topographic map.
3, according to the need to choose common maps, find the required geographic information, develop the habit of using maps in daily life.
II. Ocean and Land
1, land and sea distribution:
(1) Use maps and data to tell the proportion of global land and sea, and describe the distribution characteristics of land and sea.
A. The ocean accounts for 7 1% of the earth's surface area, and the land accounts for 29% of the earth's surface area.
Three parts land, seven parts sea.
The distribution of land and sea in the world is very uneven, and the land is mainly distributed in the northern hemisphere; The oceans are mainly distributed in the southern hemisphere.
(2) Geographical distribution and general situation of seven continents and four oceans.
① Seven continents: Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe and Oceania.
② Four oceans: Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean and Arctic Ocean.
③ Continent boundary: Asia and Africa: Suez Canal
Asia and Europe: Urals, ural river, Caspian Sea, Caucasus, Black Sea, Turkish Strait.
North and South America: Panama Canal
2. Land and sea changes:
(1) illustrate that the land and sea on the earth's surface are constantly moving and changing.
Fossils of marine life found in Himalayas
Traces of human activities such as ancient rivers and wells have been found on the seabed in the eastern waters of China.
Land reclamation in the Netherlands (human activities change the surface morphology)
(2) Know the theory of plate tectonics, and tell the relationship between world-famous mountain systems, volcanoes and earthquakes and plate movements.
Two major volcanic and seismic belts in the world:
A) Mediterranean-Himalayan volcanic seismic belt
B) Pacific Rim Volcanic Seismic Belt
Alps (Europe): Located at the junction of Asia-Europe plate and Africa plate.
Himalayas (Asia): Located at the junction of Asia-Europe plate and Indian Ocean plate.
Cordillera Mountains (America): the junction of the Pacific plate with the American plate and the Antarctic plate.
The Mediterranean will disappear: it is located at the extrusion collision between the Eurasian plate and the African plate.
The Red Sea will expand: it is located in the area where the Indian Ocean plate and the African plate are split.
Third, the climate
1, weather and our life:
(1) Know the difference between "weather" and "climate":
Weather is a short-term atmospheric condition, which is changeable;
The climate is a long-term (multi-year) average atmospheric condition and is stable.
(2) Identify common weather symbols and understand simple weather maps.
(3) Illustrate the negative impact of human activities on the atmospheric environment and the importance of protecting the atmospheric environment with examples.
2. Temperature and its distribution:
(1) Distribution law of world temperature;
① The temperature at low latitudes is high, and the temperature at high latitudes is low (the temperature decreases from low latitudes to high latitudes, mainly due to the difference in solar radiation received at various latitudes).
② In the same latitude zone, the land temperature is high and the ocean temperature is low in summer; In winter, the land temperature is low and the ocean temperature is high.
(3) In mountainous areas, the temperature decreases with the elevation. (Every time the altitude rises 100 m, the temperature drops by about 0.6℃.)
(2) the change of temperature:
① Daily variation of temperature: In a day, the highest temperature appears at about 2 hours in the afternoon (14);
The lowest temperature appears around sunrise. (Can calculate the daily temperature range)
② Annual variation of temperature: In a year, the temperature in the northern hemisphere is the highest in July on the mainland and the lowest in 1 month;
The highest in August and the lowest in February in the ocean; The southern hemisphere is the opposite. (Can calculate the temperature, annual range)
(3) will use the temperature data, draw the temperature curve, and read the map to tell the law of temperature change.
3. Precipitation and its distribution
(1) Learn to read the annual average precipitation distribution map of the world and tell the difference of precipitation distribution in the world.
① The annual precipitation decreases gradually from the equator to the poles.
② Near the Tropic of Cancer, there is more precipitation on the east coast of the mainland and less precipitation on the west coast of the mainland.
③ In temperate regions, there is less precipitation in the mainland and more precipitation in coastal areas.
④ In mountainous areas, there is more precipitation on windward slopes and less precipitation on leeward slopes.
⑤ The area with the richest precipitation in the world is near the equator; The poorest area is the west coast of the mainland near the Tropic of Cancer.
⑥ The place with the richest precipitation in the world is Kilapangqi, India; The least place is Atacama Desert.
(2) Will use precipitation data to draw precipitation histogram, and read out the variation law of precipitation.
4. The climate of the world
(1) Name the distribution areas of main climate types on the world climate distribution map.
Tropical: tropical rain forest climate, tropical monsoon climate, tropical grassland climate and tropical desert climate.
Temperate zone: subtropical monsoon and monsoon humid climate, temperate monsoon climate.
Temperate continental climate, temperate maritime climate, Mediterranean climate
Cold zone: cold zone climate
(2) Climate types mainly distributed in the east, inner and west coasts of Eurasia in temperate regions.
East coast of the mainland: subtropical monsoon and monsoon humid climate, temperate monsoon climate.
Intracontinental: temperate continental climate.
West coast of the mainland: Mediterranean climate, temperate maritime climate.
(3) Analyze the influence of latitude, land and sea distribution and topography on climate with examples.
Latitude position influence:
A) The equatorial region is hot all year round, while the Antarctic continent is covered with snow and ice.
B) Hainan Island is like summer all year round, with more precipitation; Winter in northern Heilongjiang Province is long and snowy.
Land and sea position influence:
A) There is more precipitation in Qingdao than in Lanzhou
B) The climate of Tarim Basin in Xinjiang is dry, and that of Beijing at the same latitude is humid.
Terrain influence:
There is more precipitation on the east side of Taiwan Province Mountains in Taiwan Province Island than on the west side.
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