English name: Lightyellow Sophora Root
Origin: Root of the dicotyledonous legume Sophora flavescens Ait.
Bitter ginseng is a perennial herb or shrub, 1.5-3 meters high. The main root is cylindrical, up to 1 meter long, with yellow outer skin. Singular pinnately compound leaves, 20-25 cm long; leaflets l5-36, lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, rarely elliptic, 3-4 cm long, 1.2-2 cm wide, acuminate at the tip, rounded at the base, abaxially flat-appressed pilose. Racemes terminal, sparsely pubescent or nearly glabrous; corolla yellowish, flag petals spatulate, wing petals auriculate. Pods 5-8 cm long, slightly overflowing between seeds, inconspicuously beaded, sparsely pubescent, with 1-5 seeds. Flowering and fruiting period June-September. Wild everywhere, born in the grass on sunny mountain slopes and in foothills, countryside, roadsides, streams and gullies; distributed in the north and south provinces. Roots for medicinal purposes, have clearing heat and detoxification, antibacterial anti-inflammatory, treatment of dampness and heat, yellow gangrene, dysentery, enteritis, itching of the skin, etc.; stem bark fibers can be woven sacks.
Effects: clearing heat, drying dampness, killing insects.
Attacks: treating fever and bloody diarrhea, intestinal bleeding, jaundice, leucorrhea, pediatric pneumonia, noma, acute tonsillitis, hemorrhoids, prolapse of the anus, itching of the skin, scabies and malignant sores, itchy pubic sores, scrofula and scalded wounds.
Taste and flavor: bitter, cold, with a small poison. ① "Ben Jing": "taste bitter, cold." ② "Bielu": "non-toxic." ③ "Materia Medica from the new": "Great bitter, cold."
It enters the liver, kidney, large intestine, small intestine meridians, bladder and heart meridians. ①Element Zhang: "Shaoyin kidney meridian." ② "Explanation of the Medicinal Properties of Lei Gong Cunning:" "Enters the stomach, large intestine, liver and kidney meridians." (③) New Compilation of Materia Medica: "Enters the heart, lung, kidney and large intestine meridians."
Use and dosage: internal: decoction, 1.5-3 qian; or into pills, bulk. External use: decoction of water to wash.
Contraindications for use: not to be taken by those with cold spleen and stomach. The Introduction to Medicine: "Caution should be exercised when the stomach is weak. The Classic of Materia Medica: "Long service can damage the kidney qi, liver, kidney deficiency without great heat do not serve.
Drug Compatibility: The Classic of the Materia Medica (本草经集注)："Xuan Shen is the enabler. Wicked mother-of-pearl, fungus, cuscuta. Anti-veratrum." It is also used to expel wind and dry dampness; with wood incense to move qi and relieve pain, clear heat and dry dampness; with cypress to clear heat and dry dampness; with yellow dock to clear heat and dampness; with poria to clear heat and diuresis.
Alias: Bitter Bone ("Compendium"), Sichuan Ginseng ("Guizhou Folk Medicine Collection"), Phoenix Claw ("Guangxi Traditional Chinese Medicine and Veterinary Medicine Plant"), Niu Ginseng ("Hunan Drugs Journal"). Bitter ginseng, also known as: bitter knowledge, water acacia ("Benjing"), ground acacia, Cuscuta acacia, proud acacia, white stems, tiger hemp, Cen stem, Loc Bai, Ling Lang ("Biezhu"), wild acacia ("Compendium"), mountain acacia seeds, white calyx. Bitter by flavor, ginseng by function, so the name bitter ginseng.
Prescription name: bitter ginseng, fried bitter ginseng, bitter ginseng charcoal
Writing bitter ginseng in the prescription refers to raw bitter ginseng. It is the original herb with impurities and reeds and roots removed, washed and dried, and sliced into medicine.
Fried bitter ginseng is the slices of bitter ginseng that are fried with bran until slightly yellow in color.
Charcoal of Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng is the slices of Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng which are stir-fried with fire until the outside of the slices are burnt black and the inside of the slices are burnt yellow, and the slices are used in medicine.
Trade name: bitter ginseng. The best is the one with even root, without pimple head, dry, thin skin without root.
Medicinal Part: The seeds of this plant are also used for medicinal purposes.
Distribution of animal and plant resources: It is distributed all over China.
Harvesting and storage of herbs: harvested in spring and fall, the best is harvested in fall. After digging out the roots, remove the root head, fibrous roots, wash the sediment, sun-dried. The fresh root is sliced and dried in the sun, called bitter ginseng slices.
Latin Name: Herb Radix Sophorae Flavescentis Original Plant Sophora flavescens Ait.
Concoction Method: Pick the impurities, remove the residual stems, wash the soil, soak in water, fish out, moisten, slice, and sun-dry.
Concocting method: pick the impurities, remove the residual stems, wash the soil, moisten, slice, and dry with sun.
Examination: from "Shennong Ben Cao Jing".
Identification of raw herbs: the dried root is cylindrical, 10-30 centimeters long, 1-2.4 centimeters in diameter. The surface has obvious longitudinal wrinkles, the lenticels are obviously prominent and slightly revolute, transversely extended. Embolism is very thin, brownish yellow or gray-brown, most of the rupture to the outward curl, easy to peel off and show the yellow smooth skin part. The texture is hard, not easy to break, and the fracture surface is coarse and fibrous. Transverse section of yellow-white, the formation of layer obvious. Pungent, bitter flavor. Bitter ginseng slices are thin slices cut obliquely, with different shapes and sizes, obliquely rounded or long elliptic, 2-5 centimeters long, 1-1.5 centimeters wide, and about 2-5 millimeters thick. The texture is hard, the cut surface is yellowish-white, with annular annual rings, and the xylem is radial. Neat, yellowish-white color, bitter taste is good. Produced throughout the country, with Shanxi, Hubei, Henan, Hebei production is larger. Microscopic identification: root cross section: cork layer of multilinear cork cells. Cortex is narrow. Fiber bundles are scattered in the bast, and the cells around the fiber bundles contain calcium oxalate square crystals, forming crystal fibers, and the walls of the crystal-containing cells are unevenly thickened by lignification; the rays are broader and more obvious, and several of them reach to the cork layer to form a non-ring. Xylem ducts radially arranged; wood fiber bundles are also crystalline fibers. Powder: light yellow. Starch grains rounded or oblong, 4-22μm in diameter, umbilical point fissured, large grain laminae faintly visible; compound grains composed of 2-12 grains. Fibers are slender, straight or slightly curved, 11-27 μm in diameter, very thick-walled, non-woody, pore grooves are not obvious, and the lumen is linear. The cells around the fiber bundle contain calcium oxalate square crystals, forming crystal fibers, the wall of the crystal-containing cells does not increase uniform lignification and thickening; calcium oxalate square crystals class biconical, rhombic or multifaceted. (iii) The diameter of the ciliate-textured conduit is 27-126 μm, and the ciliate-textured pores are closely arranged, with some several textured pore openings connecting to form a line. There are also reticulate conduits. Thin-walled cells are round or oblong, with slightly thicker walls, some of which are unevenly connected, non-woody, with different sizes of pores, some of which are integrated into pores domains, and some of which contain tiny needle crystals in the cell cavities. ⑤ Cork cell surface view class polygonal, pendant peripheral wall with pores in the form of intermittent, the surface has irregular fine cracks. Another occasional stone cells.
Chemical composition of traditional Chinese medicine: the root contains many kinds of alkaloids (1%-2.5%), with d-matrine and d-oxyma-trine as the main ones, and the ratio of the contents of both of them varies a lot according to the different places of origin, and the oxidized d-matrine content is more in the bitter ginseng of the northeastern part of China. It also contains traces of d-sophoranole, l-anagyrine, l-methylcytisine, l-baptifoline, l-sophocarpine, N-oxysophocarpine, and N-oxysophocarpine. N-oxysophocarpine), l-ethylsophoramine (l-ethylsophoramine), sophoridine (sophoridine), powdered anthemisine and so on. Flavonoids are kurarinone, isokurarinone, norkurarinoe, kuraridin, kutstinol, kuraridinol, neokurarinol. neokurarinol, norkurarinol, noranhydroicaritin, isoanhydroicaritin, xanthohumol, isoxanthohumol, and Trifolirhizin (trifolirhizin,l-maackiain-β-D-glucoside) and so on.
Chemical identification of traditional Chinese medicine: (1) the product cross-section, add a few drops of sodium hydroxide test solution, the embolus skin part of the red-orange color, and does not disappear for a long time. (2)Take 0.5g of powder, add 10ml of methanol, heat and reflux for 10min, filter, take 1ml of filtrate, put in a test tube, add a small amount of magnesium and hydrochloric acid 3-4 drops, heating, showing red. Another 5μl of filtrate, point on the filter paper, sprayed with 5% aluminum trichloride ethanol solution, dry, placed in the ultraviolet lamp (254nm) under the observation, showing yellow-green fluorescence. (Check flavonoids) (3) take 1g of crude powder, add 20ml of ethanol containing 0.5% hydrochloric acid, heat and reflux for 1h, filtration, filtrate plus ammonia test solution to make neutral, evaporation, residue plus 10% hydrochloric acid solution 10ml to make soluble, filtration, take the filtrate divided into three test tubes, a tube with potassium bismuth iodide test solution to produce a reddish-brown precipitate; a tube with potassium mercuric iodide test solution to produce a yellowish-white precipitate; another tube with potassium iodide iodide test solution to produce a yellow-white precipitate; another tube with potassium iodide iodine test solution to produce a white precipitate; another tube with potassium iodide iodine test solution to produce a white precipitate. Potassium iodide iodine was added to one tube to produce a brownish precipitate. (Check alkaloids) (4) Thin-layer chromatography: 0.5g of powder, add 25ml of chloroform and 0.3ml of concentrated ammonia solution, leave overnight, filter, filtrate evaporation, residue add 0.5ml of chloroform to dissolve, as a test solution. Take oxidized Picrasidine and Sophoridine, add ethanol to make a mixed solution containing 0.2mg per ml each, as a control solution. Pipette 4μl of each of the above solutions, respectively, on the same prepared with 2% sodium hydroxide solution on silica gel G thin layer plate, toluene - ethyl acetate - methanol - water (2: 4: 2: 1) unfolded 8cm, remove, dry, then toluene - acetone - ethanol - concentrated ammonia test. The plate was unfolded with toluene-acetone-ethyl acetate-methanol-water (2:4:2:1) for 8 cm, removed, allowed to dry, and then sprayed with bismuth potassium iodide solution and sodium nitrite-ethanol solution in turn. The test chromatogram, in the corresponding position with the control chromatogram, the same two brown spots.