It is forbidden for outsiders to ride horses, drive cattle, carry loads, and send long hair into the stockade; When entering the Dai bamboo house, you should take off your shoes outside the door and walk gently inside; Can't sit above or opposite the fireplace, can't enter the owner's inner room, can't sit on the threshold; You can't move the tripod or push the fire on the fire pool; Whistling and nail cutting are forbidden at home; Don't use clothes as pillows, and don't sit on pillows; When hanging clothes, the coat should be high and the pants and skirts should be low; When entering a Buddhist temple, you should take off your shoes and avoid touching a series of Buddhist sacred objects, such as the head of a young monk, the Buddha statue, Mao Ge and flags.
No outsiders are allowed to peep into the bedroom. In the past, the custom stipulated that if the master found an outsider peeking at the master's bedroom, that person was the master's door-to-door son-in-law, or worked hard in the master's home for three years. Even female guests must serve in the host's home for three years. Therefore, whether visiting or visiting Dai's home, don't peek into the master's bedroom because of mystery. Although the past customs have been broken now, peeking at Dai's bedroom is always unpopular.
Dress taboos:
First, life taboos
Gender taboo:
In life and work, Dai people have many taboos about gender. There are jobs for men, jobs for women, jobs for men by women, and jobs for women by men are taboo. Men can't touch women's small hoes, farm tools and looms; Men taboo pig trough, otherwise they will lose their charm; Women are forbidden to touch men's weapons and hunting tools, and cannot enter men's clubs. Women are taboo to climb on the beams to take and put things; It is forbidden to hold a broom over a person's head; It is forbidden to walk on the pillow where men sleep. Dai women have the custom of not attending banquets. Women are forbidden to go upstairs; When you have to go upstairs, you should signal men to avoid it, otherwise it will be unlucky. In the old Dai society, the bed in the middle temple was a taboo for women to sit and lie down. Women's taboos often pass by men. When a woman walks in front of an elder or a man, she should put her skirt between her legs and knees, bend down and walk gently, and keep saying "Suma, Suma". In short, I'm afraid I can't be happy with a little negligence.
Taboos of the First Village in China and Myanmar;
In the Dai bamboo house, you must take off your shoes and walk lightly. After entering the door, sit in the order of seniority and seniority, and the elderly should sit in the main hall, facing the door; Most people sit on the wall of the bedroom "East C" or on the stools in the hall. When sitting around the fireplace, you can't sit above and opposite the fireplace because that's where the hostess cooks. The tripod of the pot can't move or pedal. Dai people are forbidden to sit on the threshold, thinking that the threshold is the only way for people and ghosts to pass. Dai people are used to living upstairs, but there is only one partition between the bedroom and the living room upstairs. There is no partition in the bedroom to divide it into small rooms. Several generations lived in it, separated by mosquito nets, with a certain interval between them. Non-family members are not allowed to enter the inner room; At the same time, it is forbidden for outsiders to peek, because it will offend the "family god"; In the past, it was customary for male guests to peek at the master's bedroom, that is, the master's door-to-door son-in-law, or they would work hard in the master's house for three years. If the female guest is a guest, he will also serve in the host's house for three years. So, don't peek at the master's bedroom because of mystery. Although the past customs have been broken now, peeking at Dai's bedroom is always unpopular. Outsiders are not allowed to light a cigarette on the lamp, otherwise it will be considered as taking away the "divine light". Dai's bamboo building generally has three pillars, and the pillar near the fire pond in the middle is the "pillar" of Dai's family and cannot be relied on. If you rely on the pillar, it shows that you don't respect your master. A pillar outside is an "auspicious pillar" that you can rely on; The one in the room is ascension.
There are many taboos in the diet of the Dai people, which can achieve certain goals or ensure the effectiveness of certain behaviors. In the past, Dai people had to make sacrifices to their ancestors' gods before eating their own food after harvest or hunting, and thank them for their blessing. There are also some taboos in the hospitality diet. You don't have to treat your friends with boiled chicken, cress, slippery moss and snail at the same time, otherwise there will be invisible obstacles to the communication between the two people. Even if they are in the same village or city, it is difficult for them to meet. This dietary taboo also exists when dealing with family members who work in other places. The dining table can't be placed under the main beam, otherwise it will collide with the main beam, which is not good for the family and the living room. Children can't eat chicken feet, nor can they weave baskets after eating them; You can't eat chicken tenderloin, which will break your teeth and cause shoulder pain and headache; Chicken butt can't be eaten, it will grow. Sometimes, when offering sacrifices to ancestors' gods and gods, it is forbidden to eat certain foods. Don't make a sound in the steamer when steaming rice, otherwise it is an unlucky omen, and you should ask someone to send a ghost.
Banna cleanses taboos with Buddhist beliefs;
Dai people love beauty and cleanliness, and they also have some taboos on environmental sanitation. The garbage in the room can't be poured out after noon; Food dropped after a meal can't be swept, and it is considered unlucky to sweep it. The fire pit and the whole roof can't be cleaned in fifteen days or thirty days. It is considered unlucky to sweep it. The usage rule of river water inside and outside the village is upstream water use. It is forbidden to take a bath and wash clothes, and it is not allowed to take a bath at the fork in the road. Taboo to cut nails at home; It is taboo for outsiders to let their hair fall in the stockade.
Second, the production taboo
Xishuangbanna is a farming nation. In ancient times, the quality of agricultural production mainly depended on the "gift" of nature. Therefore, various sacrificial activities are held regularly and irregularly. When offering sacrifices to village gods, Meng gods and family gods, insert a "beat" made of bamboo pieces outside the stockade or courtyard door. No outsiders are allowed in, and Buddhist monks can participate in offering sacrifices to the village god Shen Meng. When the Dai people call it "Qianwasa, Owassa" on the Guankaimen Festival, they call it "Gongwasa" or "Naiwasa", which means to live in the rain. Therefore, during this period, villagers will not get married, move, go to a new house or go out for business. The villagers only specialize in agricultural production. Dai people think that Xiaomi has a soul, and the soul of Xiaomi is scared away when threshing. A religious ceremony called Xiaomi Soul must be held to call it back and let Xiaomi eat it. In Mecca, rice and ox plows are forbidden. People can't eat sauerkraut when plowing. Cattle must be tied up to summon their souls, or they will get sick in their dreams.
When you go up the mountain to cut wood, you must first sacrifice to the mountain gods and tree gods, otherwise the machete will hurt people; Chopping bamboo can only be done standing and kneeling, thinking that tigers will bite people. You can't firewood or chop wood in Longlin, otherwise you will offend the mountain gods and kill people. When camping in the wild, it is forbidden to bring back branches or dry wood when fetching water. Avoid meeting pregnant women when hunting and fishing. Avoid pheasants and muntjac breaking into the stockade, thinking that it is unlucky and there will be disaster in the stockade. It is forbidden to see snakes mating. It is forbidden to domesticate cattle with broken horns or tails, which is considered evil. It is forbidden to slaughter sows with children. It is forbidden to take the loom out of the stockade, and the loom outside the stockade is forbidden to be brought into the stockade, otherwise there will be ghosts. Don't speak ill of others in public; If there is a funeral at home, it is forbidden to go to any family without a funeral. No whistling at will. When buying food in the street, it is forbidden to bargain with your toes.
The wood used by Dai people to build houses is forbidden to have two forks, otherwise it will catch fire when it thunders; You can only cut two forks of wood, or there will be ghosts. If you change the fireplace at home, you must change the stairs. If you change the stairs, you must change the fireplace. Sti
Taboos for placing clothes: it is forbidden to dry clothes at inappropriate time and place, and it is forbidden to dry clothes of women and children outdoors at night, for fear of stealing stars or being infected by ghosts and worshiping evil spirits; When hanging clothes, the coat should be high and the pants and skirts should be low; Men's clothes, hats or headscarves are forbidden for women to wear; It is a shame and misfortune for a man to walk under the clothes and trousers of a woman who is drying, just like a woman stepping on a man's head. In order to avoid this kind of thing, it is forbidden to hang ladies' clothes in passing places, and people passing by can't pull the clothesline. Women are forbidden to wear highly bronzed clothes; Don't trample or damage clothes. Avoid using clothes as pillows.
The taboo of bamboo architecture decoration in Xishuangbanna: Dai people should avoid the blade inward when hanging knives, otherwise they will be considered as "assassins" with ulterior motives.
Skin taboos: such as tattoos, there are also taboos. When Dai men reach the age of 13 or 40 to 20, they will have tattoos, which means that they have obtained certain qualifications, including the blessings of their ancestors, rights and obligations in love, marriage and participation in various social activities. People without tattoos have low personality and are regarded as cowards. Not only can they not get the girl's love, but they can only be wild ghosts after death and never see their ancestors. Dai people usually start from becoming monks, and they begin to pierce the shape or geometry of natural objects in whole or in part. In the old society, the tattoos of the Dai people were different. People avoid using red tattoos on the chest and abdomen and can only use black tattoos on the limbs.
Fourth, marriage taboo.
Although marriage is a good thing, there are also many taboos. There are many taboos among people from love, marriage choice, engagement to marriage and even divorce, for fear that the mistakes of marriage, a major event in life and clan, will affect all aspects of development and prosperity.
Love taboo: Dai people are free to love and do not need the words of a matchmaker. Young men and women can establish love relationships in specific places or public places. However, there are also some taboos to be observed. The closing day of the Dai calendar in September 15 to the opening day of February 15 is the busy farming season. During this period, young men and women are forbidden to fall in love, because it will affect production. The taboo of marriage age is related to the ranking of brothers and sisters. In the old Dai era, it was taboo for men to marry third-line women. According to the Dai legend, people think that a man who marries three women and four women can't grow old together, otherwise his family will have no children for life.
Marriage taboo: In the past, the Dai people practiced strict hierarchical endogamy. Generally speaking, leapfrog marriage is relatively rare: first, I am afraid that I will not be laughed at; Second, my partner will be discriminated and abused by the other party after marriage. Some marriage bans have also been incorporated into the law and become a system. That is to say, it is taboo for a butler to marry a butler, Shu Ren to marry a butler, and Shu Ren to marry a butler. This is to protect the interests of the same level and prevent the lower level from infiltrating through marriage. For example, callcollar forbids men in Ma Meng village to marry women who do not belong to Ma Meng class, because if men in Ma Meng village live with their wives, callcollar will have no horses for him. Dai people are taboo to marry pipa players who can put ghosts, and are considered as pipa ghost players. Their children are forbidden to marry other people's children.
Taboos of intermarriage between ethnic groups: Because of the differences in ethnic habits and beliefs, geographical and language restrictions, or in order to maintain the purity of ethnic species, intermarriage between ethnic groups is often taboo. Dai people seldom intermarry with other nationalities. Now, due to the development of transportation, social progress, improvement of ethnic relations and other factors, the taboo of intra-ethnic marriage is fading, and the Dai people begin to intermarry with neighboring ethnic groups.
Marriage taboo: It is forbidden to get married in the busy farming season from September 15th to December 15th every year in Dai calendar. These three months are called the "depression period" by the Dai people. During their three months in and out of the depression, the old people worship Buddha every seven days. In this rainy season, production is busy and preparation is not easy. During this marriage, the masses will say that new people are like cattle, horses and dogs. They don't know the season and will become dogs when they die. Although this taboo has changed a little now, there are still some young men and women who get married because of their deep love or pregnancy before marriage, regardless of the restrictions of traditional habits. However, after marriage, we still have to offer a drink to the village and invite the whole village to have a meal. Otherwise, people will think that they have desecrated the Lord. In the future, married people will be responsible for diseases or other disasters in the stockade.
No-no-no-no: Dai people welcome children to their homes. According to the economic situation and labor force of both parties, if the woman has no labor force, the man will come to her house first. The duration of the visit is uncertain. In the past, the man had to live in the woman's house for one to three years before he could take his wife home or set up another door. Now it can be agreed for three years, or one year, or March according to the actual situation.
Taboo for pregnant women: Any society has some special rules on pregnant women's behavior, some of which are obvious. From a modern point of view, some of these taboos are related to physiology, while others are super-physiological. Dai people call pregnant women "Miman" and think pregnant women are not good-looking. Dai language calls it "sweating miscellaneous", so it is necessary to avoid people's eyes and ears everywhere, prohibit pregnant women from accompanying guests, and even prohibit pregnant women from swaggering in front of guests; Pregnant women are forbidden to visit relatives. Women are considered unclean during pregnancy, so pregnant women are forbidden to walk near Buddhist temples, and it is even more forbidden to prepare holy offerings for the Buddha and fast food for the elderly who want to go to Buddhist temples. Taboo peeking at the eclipse; Taboo watching others cook; It is forbidden to break into the wedding banquet and touch the new wedding dress; Dai people think that the fetus is the most vulnerable to evil spirits, and pregnant women may not be able to hit the powder gun correctly, so it is forbidden to tamper with men's personal weapons and labor tools; It is forbidden to catch fish in the river, otherwise the fish will run away; It is forbidden to touch the ripe fruit on the fruit tree and dry clothes on the fruit tree. Before delivery, pregnant women should avoid moving fast and heavy objects. Sexual intercourse is forbidden during the delivery period of nearly one month. Generally speaking, pregnant women who violate the above taboos are considered unlucky. Those who are light are cynical, and those who are heavy are driven away on the spot. In fact, we should remind pregnant women to be careful everywhere, try to limit the range of activities and labor intensity of pregnant women, and protect the fetus from harm. In addition, when a woman is pregnant, her husband is forbidden to cut down palm trees, monkeys, rock bees, black, red, black, yellow, Bai Niao, toucans, hornbills and birds that are not pleasant to listen to when hunting, otherwise it will affect the baby's appearance and voice. In addition, husbands also avoid certain social activities. For example, tombs avoid taking part in carrying the dead; Avoid drums; Avoid hitting the handle; Snake hunting; Can't climb trees to pick fruits; Otherwise, pregnant women will violate the fetal god during childbirth.
Origin taboo: Dai people have many rules and taboos.
Avoid littering the placenta: placenta, that is, placenta, also known as placenta. Dai people attach great importance to the preservation of placenta and prohibit littering. The baby's placenta is placed in a bamboo tube, hung on a tree or buried in the yard.
No birth door: When the baby is born, both men and women should hang a star-shaped "big" sign made of bamboo sticks on the wooden post upstairs as a warning, indicating to the people or passers-by in the village that the family has given birth and the men in other villages should avoid it and let the men in the village not enter again. If the first man in this village or other villages enters the family with a family, he will be worshipped as michel platini, and the worshiped person can only undertake obligations and cannot refuse. Women are also forbidden to enter the delivery room, otherwise they will be worshipped as godmothers and assume the obligations of godmothers. No one can sit alone on the stool used by the parturient.
Dietary taboos for pregnant women: In order to ensure the health and normal development of pregnant women, fetuses and babies, Dai people try to avoid eating foods with "milk" and eat more foods with "milk". Pregnant women should avoid spicy food such as pepper, ginger and garlic before giving birth; It is forbidden to eat dog meat, snake meat, cat meat and other animal meat, and it is forbidden to eat raw meat; It is forbidden to eat cock crow, flower chicken and yellow-billed chicken, otherwise it will give birth to mental abnormality or deformity; Don't eat greasy food for five days after confinement. Eating only baked glutinous rice balls and drinking water boiled by an herb called Aden Habing every day can make the parturient give birth to milk. After five days, you can eat some vegetables, chicken and pork. Avoid eating beef for a month; It is forbidden to eat sour bamboo shoots and crab sauce before weaning; Peanuts and loofah are also prohibited within one year after delivery. According to the regulations of the Dai people in Menglong, salt, chicken and eggs are not allowed to be eaten within one week after delivery, otherwise the baby will have loose bowels easily and his wife will be numb when she is old. Prescription Dai women use a pot alone Recommended reading: Mongolian folk taboos
Dai taboo
Religious taboos. There is a village heart in the Dai village. It is the heart or life of this village. Therefore, avoid sitting, pedaling or hanging horses on it. When the Dai people in Dezhou worship the village, outsiders are forbidden to enter the village. When people in the village go out, they must wait until the sacrifice to the village is finished before they can enter and leave. Those who enter the Buddhist temple must take off their shoes outside the door before entering. Avoid beating drums casually in Buddhist temples; Avoid contact with magic spears. Avoid touching the head of the young monk; Avoid stepping on the shadows of Buddhists and monks when walking. Buddhists and monks avoid living with ordinary people or downstairs. Avoid outsiders from entering Zhai Temple.
Marriage taboo: from entering the valley to leaving the valley, you are not allowed to fall in love or get married, otherwise you will be regarded as out-of-season cattle and horses and become a dog after death. Nowadays, young men and women who broke through taboo customs because of their deep love before marriage or pregnancy still offer wine and meat to the village after marriage and invite the whole village to have a meal. Otherwise, it will be considered as a village ghost violating the rules, and there will be diseases or other disasters in the village.
Funeral taboos. If someone dies in the village, the whole village will stop production. Women can go out to cut wood and collect feed, but they can't carry it into the village. After the dead are buried, they can take the firewood and feed left in the village home.
Women's taboos. Women are not allowed to plow, or they will be struck by lightning; When building a house, women are not allowed to stand on high places; Women are not allowed to pass men; Skirts should not be basked in high places; When a woman enters a Buddhist temple, she can only go to the prescribed place, and it is forbidden to start at will. Women during menstruation and childbirth are not allowed to enter Buddhist temples; Women are not allowed to participate in assemblies and dances, nor are they allowed to play musical instruments; In public, when men are talking, women can't interrupt; Women can't eat at home when there are guests.