in the process of Yangzhou jade carving in Han dynasty, the economic and political changes further developed. After 1949, there were many cultural relics unearthed in the Han Dynasty in Yangzhou. In the Han Dynasty, Yangzhou jade articles developed small pieces, decorative bracelets, and Yuhuan county developed rainbows, bisexuality, and suffocation from unearthed jade articles. In 198, in Yangzhou, the cultural relics unearthed from the Tianshan Tomb in Xishi, northwest gaoyou lake, included Fish Circle and Wang Bimi, with a large diameter of 21.8 cm, a spiral pattern of positive and negative carving, a shallow carving of jade, and exquisite and elegant carving patterns. Yu Yuan's diameter is 13.4 cm, and the carving pattern is also spiral. Its carving style is very local. Tomb During the Western Han Dynasty, the tomb of the son of King Liu Xuguang of Liu Xu was called the 64-year rule. The level and development of these completely unearthed jade articles and Yangzhou jade carving in Han Dynasty.
In the Tang Dynasty, thousands of kilometers of canals were dug up, which were navigable and located in Yangzhou, where the Yangtze River meets the Yangtze River. It has become a choke point for north-south traffic, and has naturally become a major port and one of China's foreign trade. The economy is prosperous, and all industries are prosperous. There is a historical record of "between the Yangtze River and the Push River, Guangling Town and Prosperity". Yangzhou jade carving and handicraft industry flourished in Tang Dynasty, which was a new development at that time. On the one hand, the architectural decoration of the exhibition hall of the noble giants shows off the benefits, but who is such a so-called "carved jade household"? On the other hand, in the trend of small pieces of jade accessories, Yangzhou jade and jade carving skills have also begun to exchange foreign exchange. During the Tianbao period (753), daming temple hated Jian Zhen and went to Japan to teach Yangzhou and as many as 185 jade painters, carved rosewood and embroidered, which shows that Yangzhou jade carving flourished in the Tang Dynasty.
In the Song, Yuan and Ming Dynasties, the development of jade display in Yangzhou has become increasingly rich in varieties, and the hollowing out and round carving techniques of flowers, birds and bottles also began in the Song Dynasty. In the Qing Dynasty, Xie Kun introduced his existence: Kangshanjiang's family witnessed the exquisite jade pagoda made in Yangzhou in the Song Dynasty. He said: "It is absolutely indifferent to a bunch of defective rice, which is described in the works of Chuncaotang" and the tower of Song Yuling Tower is white. Seven inches tall. Seven, the six sides of the system, all sides ... all the top hexagons of the small cable chain system have never been hindered, said Monensin, the seven wonders. "Yangzhou jade carving skills and chain production skills can be seen from this vivid description, and great progress can be seen. In the Yuan Dynasty, Yangzhou jade furniture supplies became more and more diligent, and artists began to use natural materials to make "mountain carvings".
Now Yangzhou Museum is located in the production performance of carved white jade at the end of Yuan Dynasty, such as the story of "Seven Sages in Bamboo Forest and Seven Sages" and the simple single fan carved on the figure mountain. It can be regarded as an early work of Yangzhou Shanzi Carving. Ming dynasty. Yangzhou jade began to form a beautiful and elegant style. Yangzhou Museum has preserved the product of the middle Ming Dynasty as "Hexagon Lotus Jade Pot", and the "Panchi White Cup" is sleek and finely cut, which is commendable to everyone. By the late Ming Dynasty, the style of Yangzhou Jade Carving Shanzi Carving had a new and complicated craft. Later, Yangzhou was preparing for the difficult skills in making large-scale Yushan.
With the development of jade carving technology in Yangzhou in the mid-Qing Dynasty, we can say that all products are acceptable, with a higher artistic level than ever before, especially during the Qianlong period when it entered its heyday, Yangzhou became the main distribution center for the main production of jade and jadeite, unless the producer. Longsi Jade Bureau, a large number of large-scale furniture jade in the Qing court every year, the court pays tribute to jade. For example, the program of the famous Bai Ruyi and Hetian Yangzhi Jade Cutting System is spotless, and the condensate oil is greasy, such as fat, which contributes to Yangzhou's eight major contributions, and a large number of hospital furniture in the palace is sent every year or the theme as a reward is "royal goods".
At present, the Qing collected by the Palace Museum in Beijing weighs 1, kilograms and is close to Dayu, a jade carving artist in Yangzhou. Most of the hands can be seen. In the Qing Dynasty, Yangzhou carved jade with high skill and artistic level, large scale of production, and as many skilled craftsmen. In fact, it was unprecedented. The production and synthesis of these large-scale jade articles show solemn, concise and powerful characteristics, which are in sharp contrast to the elegant and beautiful characteristics of Yangzhou and small-scale jade articles. The artistic style of Yangzhou jade articles, which is "South Show and North Show", has a great influence.
in 195s, Yangzhou jade carving industry began to recover, and it became the main producing area of modern jade in China. From the technical strength of the variety category, it ranks among the best in the same industry, winning the gold cup, silver cup and treasure award and winning the national quality award many times. Now, Yangzhou China Master of Arts and Crafts, Master of Arts and Crafts, celebrity of arts and crafts in Jiangsu Province, 15,72 senior handicrafts and other professional and technical personnel. For decades, Yangzhou jade products have emerged one after another, and outstanding works have emerged in an endless stream, retaining the traditional jade with round and simple style and beautiful scenery, and being a good representative of modern jade in China.
Jade wares in Yangzhou inherit and develop traditional fine craftsmanship in an all-round way. Tree artists have designed a large number of smooth and exquisite jade articles, and the artistic level of cutting is still at the forefront, and the products have a reputation in the international market. Furnace bottle. Yangzhou jade, carved figures, flowers, birds, animals, antiques, hawthorn six categories, a full range of colors. In the early 197s, the national jade appraisal exhibition was held in Tokyo and Nagoya in 1981, which was highly appreciated by the Japanese people from all walks of life. In 1986, it was cut into the "White Jade Five-element Pagoda". The main pagoda has seven octahedrons, 15 cm high and 32 cm wide, eight jade chains, and 44 circles of chains connect four pagodas from all directions to form a group, which is a rare masterpiece of the ancient jade pagoda; In the same year, "Jade Mountain with majestic scenery", Zhuo System passed through 12 cm high, 9 cm wide and weighing more than 1, kilograms, and the famous stone carvings were used to gather Leshan Giant Buddha, Dazu Giant Buddha, Longmen Giant Buddha and Yungang Stone Buddha in one place to form a profound fairyland of Mifu. When the exhibition caused a sensation, the reporter's share capital was announced, and the Hong Kong newspaper spoke highly of it. In the next 2 years, this Jasper Mountain was proposed to rule the Qing Dynasty of Emperor Qianlong, and China's Dayu Dayu Water Control Map was the only jade treasure, which fully reflected the new level of China's jade carving skills. In 1989, the sapphire "Baishouruyi" was cut into Bai Yushan terracotta country and eggshell by using the mountain son carving technology, and won the national gold cup in 199. The museum of jade treasures, China arts and crafts treasures are evaluated by the state, and are now placed.
for a long time, people regarded jade as a treasure. It is a work of art with a solid, meticulous and rough synthesis, smooth and beautiful resistance handed down from generation to generation, or as a family heirloom, and has high economic value. China's jade carving technology has a long history, which is about 6, years according to research. As early as the Neolithic Age, our ancestors used mixed stones and beautiful jade stones to identify appliances.
During the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, Zhuo had the skill of gradually cutting down quite a lot. During the production process, people who didn't know already knew how to use beautiful colors to increase aesthetic objects. The use of jade has gradually expanded, and it has been cut into rituals, musical instruments, and various decorations to be enshrined in temples or worn on people. In worship, Zhilian recruits alliance applications, even if the two armies confront each other, so that jade can be used as a pledge in times of peace, which is called "turning an arm into a jade". In slave society, jade has become a symbol of the noble status, power and wealth of kings and nobles, forming an atmosphere of "a gentleman must wear jade". Feudal society was particularly popular. Qin Shihuang is the largest jade material, cut into six engraved seals and named Yuxi. Since then, with the imperial seal, as one of the symbols of the feudal dynasty, the country's supreme power. At the same time, ancient jade is a symbol of nobility, purity, goodwill and good luck.
The ancients said, "A gentleman is more beautiful and moist than a gentleman, and he is kind and careful with millet. It is also called kindness and justice, hanging like a pendant and courtesy; Everyone in Guangdong, the channel is also. "Throughout the ages, many beautiful languages? Often in literary works and jade contact, it is not accidental. China jade, the world-famous "Oriental art" for its excellent technology and beautiful modeling, has been the real human perfection and beauty for thousands of years as a product of material civilization and spiritual civilization construction. The jade carving technology in Yangzhou, a famous cultural and historical city, is one of the important sources of jade in China, which can be traced back to ancient times. The existing jade production technology was in the Xia Dynasty in Yangzhou.
[ Jade]
Hetian jade
is distributed in shache-Tashkurgan, Xinjiang, and the northern slope of Kunlun Mountain is 15 km from Hetian-Khotan and Qiemo. * * * has nine origins. The mineral composition of Hetian jade is mainly tremolite-actinolite with trace tremolite, serpentine, graphite, magnets and other minerals, forming white, turquoise, black, yellow and other colors. Most jade, some variegated colors. Jade is translucent, polished resin luster, hardness of 5.5 degrees to 6.4 degrees. Hetian jade is a rock with a sea level of 5, meters above 3,5 meters. The long-term differentiation and stripping solution is to break into fragments of different sizes, collapse on the hillside, and then ripen into rivers with rain. After dry operation in autumn, the collected jade pieces are called seed jade in the river bed, and the mountain materials are mined in the rocks. Times and Hetian jade, the earliest jade, from the tomb of Fu Hao in Yin Ruins. In the Spring and Autumn Period, Hetian jade gradually became the main material for cultivating talents and mining mountain materials, which began in the Qing Dynasty. During Zhuo's reign, Dayu, the emperor of Qianlong in Qing Dynasty, was in charge of water control in Yushan, which cost 1,7 pounds before sapphire, that is, the collection system of Leta was closely collected from the mountain.
Yellow and
Hetian jade, based on the purity, color and texture of the economic value evaluation, the main varieties are:
<; /① White jade: The stone is flashed, and more than 95% pure white color, texture, delicacy and luster moisten the fine varieties of Hetian jade. During the period of economic prosperity, several jades in Han Dynasty, Song Dynasty and Qing Dynasty paid great attention to the selection of high-quality white jade, which was often re-carved.
② sheep fat: high-grade white JADE, fine and pure in texture, with stone as high as 99% in a flash, white cream with subtle luster, jade with the same weight, and its economic value is jade several times. Han Dynasty, Song Dynasty and Qing Dynasty were very respected sheep fat.
③ Qingtian jade: There is no significant difference in the texture of white jade, and the only jet white is faintly green, and the economic value of white jade and Hetian jade is slightly lower than that of others.
④ Sapphire, light cyan, green, gray and white are called sapphires, which are uniform in color, fine in texture, equipped with flashlights, and 89% of passing stones and 6% of actinolite are oily and rich in reserves, so they are the varieties collected or mined by ancient jade.
⑤ topaz: The basic system is white and yellow, which is the gap formed by iron oxides that have infiltrated the surface water for a long time. The naming is based on the color: dense wax yellow, chestnut yellow, okra, yellow, yellow, yellow, and the change of egg yolk. It is extremely rare to have a thick waxy yellow, yellow and chestnut color, and its value can reach sheep fat. Homonyms in the Qing dynasty topaz "empire", and rare, once the economic value exceeds sheep fat.
⑥ sugar jade: iron oxide permeates the stone or the red hull with different shades, and the crimson "sugar jade, tiger jade" and white pink jade are called "a flash in pink jade." Sugar jade is often made of white jade, which can be made into beautiful colorful jade or jade. The carved seed material of the sugar jade skin of the snuff bottle is hollowed out, "wrapped in gold and silver" and also spreads. Mo Yu ⑦: The stone is sandwiched with graphite, and the magnet composition is black. Mo Yu is mostly gray or gray ink with black stripes, which shapes the flash in life. "Dark clouds, light ink, and golden mink must be beautiful from thick black spots. The value of pure lacquer ink is higher than that of other Mo Yu varieties. The black jade is waxy and uneven in color, so it should not be carved, and more ships are inlaid with gold and silver wires.
⑧ Jasper: produced in Junggar jade mine, known as "Tianshan Jasper is gray-green, dark green, dark green with pure color. In a folder, there are spots, black spots, or poor quality sand gun jasper, and more than 85% of the stones are translucent, delicate in texture, oily and shiny, and it is a medium-grade jade.
Dushan
dushan jade, dushan jade, Nanyang, Henan, also known as "Nanyang Jade" or "Henan Jade", is also known as "Duyu".
As early as 6, years ago, the ancients exploited dushan jade, and many products of dushan jade were produced in Yinxu, Anyang. Jade unearthed from the tomb of the Western Han Dynasty, he said, dushan jade Mountain.
turquoise
turquoise, also known as "emerald", is a blue jade material. Jade variety, which is a special favorite of the southwestern United States and the Muslim world. The custom of birthstone in December symbolizes victory and success in the world. The emerald crystal is very small, waxy and opaque. Most of them are sky-blue, dark blue, green, blue, green, white, with uniform color, usually distributed with white stripes, spots or dark brown lines. Turquoise is mainly used to produce rings, earrings, chest drops or carved Buddha statues, fairies, landscapes, flowers, and other works.
Other jades, except the four famous jades mentioned above, are found in China and other varieties, but most of them belong to low-grade jades. ...... / a>
agate
The word agate comes from the name of "the color of the grain is like agate" in Buddhist scriptures. Agate has a wide distribution of origin, with the reputation of Liaoning, Heilongjiang, Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Hubei, Xinjiang, Jiangsu and Fuxin Agate City in Liaoning as the main producing areas in almost all provinces and regions.
pure agate is white, red, gray, brown, blue, green and other colors, which often contain pigment ions or other impurities. The red and white agate is more dazzling, and the white agate color is extremely beautiful, and the ring is generally surrounded, such as the ring belt, which is called the chalcedony file.
The varieties of agate and chalcedony mainly include the following points:
A) Onyx: the most precious variety with fine linear parallel pattern and red onyx.
B) water bile agate: natural agate, which produces hollow water-carrying tank "is called" water bile agate water tank can be divided into several "internal organs" and "bold water", with high transparency, better and precious jade.
C) The agate ring flashes a red luster, which is called "agate".
D) East red agate: Japanese red agate.
E) chrysotile: pink and green colors, surrounding.
F) agate color: surrounded by red < p