Cabbage has basically the same environmental requirements as Chinese cabbage, but it has wider adaptability and stronger resistance than Chinese cabbage.
Cabbage likes mild climate, can resist severe frost and high temperature. The suitable temperature for the heading stage is15-20 C, but the adaptive temperature range is 7-25 C. The seedlings can tolerate the low temperature of-15 C and the high temperature of 35 C. Cabbage requires sufficient soil moisture and moist air. If the soil is dry, it will affect the pilling and reduce the yield. Cabbage is a perennial crop with wide adaptability to light intensity, and its light saturation point is 30,000-50,000 LX. Cabbage is a fertilizer-loving and durable crop, which absorbs more fertilizer, requiring more nitrogen fertilizer in seedling stage and rosette stage, more phosphorus and potassium fertilizer in heading stage, and the ratio of absorbing nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the whole growth period is about 3: 1:4. Every production of 1000kg of leaf bulbs absorbed 4.1-4.8 kg of nitrogen, 0.12-0.13 kg of phosphorus and 4.9-5.4 kg of potassium. On the basis of adequate application of nitrogen fertilizer, combined application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer has obvious yield-increasing effect.
Cabbage planting time
Cabbage has strong adaptability, which is both cold-resistant and heat-resistant. It can be planted in the open field in spring, summer and autumn in northern China. The alpine regions in Northeast China, Northwest China and North China have more seedlings in spring and summer, which are planted in summer and harvested in autumn. The growing period is long and the leaves are big. It is the main producing area of cabbage in China. In some cities in North China, Northeast China and Northwest China, two crops are mainly planted in spring and autumn, and multiple crops can also be planted. Seedling raising in winter and spring, planting in spring and harvesting in summer are called summer cabbage; Seedling raising in summer, planting in autumn and harvesting in autumn and winter are called autumn cabbage.
Seedling raising techniques of Chinese cabbage
Cabbage planting adopts seedling transplanting. Most spring cabbages are planted early. In cold areas such as Northeast China, Northwest China and Inner Mongolia, seedlings are usually raised in greenhouses from February to March, and the seedling raising period is 60-80 days. There are two methods to raise seedlings in North China: one is to raise seedlings in the sunny border from the middle of 1 February to the early of1month, and to plant in February-March. The second is to raise seedlings in plastic greenhouse in February for 40-50 days; Autumn cabbage is bred in June-July, and the breeding period is generally 35-40 days; Summer cabbage is bred from April to May, and the breeding period is 30-40 days.
Planting and Planting Density of Cabbage
Cabbage and roots begin to move when the soil temperature is above 5 C. Therefore, spring cabbage can be planted when the daily average temperature is above 6 C. In the northern part of China, when the spring is dry, flat border planting is mostly used. In summer, when it is hot and rainy, soil should be brought as much as possible, and roots should be less damaged. After planting, water should be used for survival.
Reasonable close planting is one of the important technical measures to increase yield. The suitable nutritional area of cabbage should be determined according to the variety and growth period, and the number of plants per mu and the row spacing between plants are roughly as follows:
Early-maturing varieties: 33-40 cm square, 4000-6000 plants per mu; Medium-mature varieties: 45-50 cm square, 2500-3000 plants per mu;
Late-maturing varieties: 60-65 cm square, per plant1500-1800. The seedbed is selected from fields with convenient irrigation and loose and fertile soil, combined with deep ploughing and application of proper amount of decomposed organic fertilizer and ternary compound fertilizer (N:P:K is15:15, the same below), watered before sowing, and leveled when the soil moisture content is moderate. After leveling, the sowing amount is 300-400g per mu of seedbed, after sowing, it is slightly suppressed, sprayed with 500 times of 50% carbendazim solution, and covered with sunshade net in a small arch shed or greenhouse. When the seedlings grow to 3-4 true leaves, heel in is conducted once, and during the seedling raising process, shading nets are used to cover the sun from 9 am to 3 pm on sunny and hot days.
Fertilizer and water management of cabbage
After the cabbage is planted, it needs to be watered slowly. At this time, due to the low temperature, it is necessary to intertillate and loosen the soil in time after watering, so as to preserve soil moisture, improve ground temperature and promote the recovery and growth of roots. When entering the rosette stage, plants should form strong assimilation organs and absorb more water and fertilizer, so they can be topdressing for the first time, applying nitrogen fertilizer15-20kg per mu, and fully supplying water to promote the growth of leaf bulbs. After the bulbs are formed, watering should be controlled to prevent crack day and facilitate storage.
After the cabbage survives, it is topdressing for the first time, with 10% diluted human and animal manure per mu, and 600-800 kg per mu. After that, topdressing is carried out at the spreading stage, before heading and in the middle stage, with the topdressing concentration of 30-40%, 1500 kg, and the topdressing is mainly human excrement and pig manure, and a little nitrogen fertilizer can be added, generally, 0.5 kg of urea can be added per 100 kg.
In the whole growth period, chemical fertilizer should only be added less than twice to avoid affecting the quality. When the temperature is high, the sun is strong, and it has been sunny for a long time, corresponding measures can be taken to carry out drought resistance by carrying water and watering seedlings or watering wet seedlings. Irrigation should be carried out in sunny evening, and the remaining water in the ditch should be drained immediately after the ditch surface is irrigated, so as not to cause root retting and affect growth. In addition, the topdressing of spring cabbage is different from that of autumn blue. In the case of the same base fertilizer, spring cabbage is generally watered with clear water for drought protection in winter, but it should not be watered too much. As long as the seedlings grow well and there is no water shortage, don't water them.
After the beginning of spring, spring cabbage grows rapidly. At this time, it is advisable to topdress with heavy fertilizer with a concentration of about 40% for 2-3 times, 1 time when the leaves between plants are covered with soil, which is called "line closure", and 1-2 times before and during the middle stage of heading. Apply human excrement and urine liquid 1500 kg per mu.
Pest control of cabbage
1, cabbage pest control
Pieris rapae, aphid, cabbage moth, Spodoptera litura, Plutella xylostella, yellow striped flea beetle, etc., can be controlled by diluted solution of Anlubao 1000 times, diluted solution of acephate 500-800 times and diluted solution of methyl isocarbophos 500-600 times.
Cabbage is easy to be harmed by Pieris rapae in the early stage of its growth. Pieris rapae is the larva of Pieris rapae, which eats young leaves and can seriously cause extinction. It is necessary to use pesticides with low degree, low residue and high efficiency for treatment. It is best to spray pesticides in the evening, when spraying can avoid the change of concentration and composition caused by sunlight, which is beneficial to give full play to the maximum efficacy of pesticides.
2, cabbage disease prevention and control
Soft rot, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, black rot, etc., can be controlled by spraying 80% zineb 500 times diluted solution, chlorothalonil 600 times diluted solution and Dixon raw powder 600 times diluted solution or pouring diseased plants and the roots of surrounding healthy plants. Cabbage, also known as cabbage, cabbage and cabbage, originated in the Mediterranean area of Europe, and is one of the vegetables with the longest cultivation history and the largest area in the world. Cabbage is a biennial herb with strong adaptability and developed roots, which can be cultivated many times a year. Generally, only winter spring cabbage is cultivated in our place.
Mechanized direct precision sowing of cabbage
Seedling raising and transplanting, which costs water and labor, is a small-scale peasant model, which is not conducive to scale economy and intensive production. Shouyang County, Shanxi Province invented a precision seeder for grain and vegetables, which can realize mechanized direct precision sowing of cabbage. Its characteristics are that there is no seed breakage, the qualified rate of plant spacing is over 98%, and the sowing depth is consistent (copying), which can fully meet the requirements of direct seeding of cabbage. If it is dry land and you are worried about the difficulty of seed germination, you can use seed dressing water-retaining agent to make it absorb enough water at one time after the seeds fall into the soil and release it slowly, so as to facilitate the continuous supply of water during germination. Its row spacing and plant spacing can be modeled with reference to the above data. Namely: early-maturing varieties, 30 cm square, medium-maturing varieties, 40 cm square, late-maturing varieties, 50 cm square. It can be achieved by adjusting the row spacing of machines and tools. The number of seeds in the hole determines the completeness and strength of catching seedlings and how to save seedlings. Because it is difficult for small seeds to top the soil with single seed, it is impossible to use single seed for precision sowing. According to experience, 31is better. As for the problem of large plant spacing and land waste in seedling stage, intercropping and interplanting can be used to solve it. That is, planting vegetables with short growth period between rows, such as spinach and mustard.