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Turtles refer to turtles in general. In a narrow sense, it refers to the species under the tortoise. The tortoise (Chinemys reevesii), also known as the golden turtle, grass turtle, mud turtle and mountain turtle, belongs to reptiles, turtles and turtles in animal taxonomy, and is one of the most common turtles. Is the oldest living reptile. It is characterized by a very strong carapace on its body. When attacked, turtles can retract their heads, tails and limbs into their carapace. Most sea turtles are carnivores, feeding on worms, snails, shrimp and small fish, as well as stems and leaves of plants. Turtles are distributed almost all over China, but the yield in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River is relatively high, and they are also produced in all parts of Guangxi, especially in the southeast and south of Guangxi. Foreign countries are mainly distributed in Japan and North Korea.
catalogue
general situation
Appearance characteristics
Living habits
Distribution area
History and culture
Species introduction
Age calculation
Nutritional requirements of feeding management
Feeding mode
Feed and feed
Breeding of young turtles
Matters needing attention
Hibernation period management
Replication technology
Disease prevention and control of common diseases
test method
Nutritional analysis
The right crowd
Grams of food stage
Species protection
Use food
officinal
export
general situation
Appearance characteristics
Living habits
Distribution area
History and culture
Species introduction
Age calculation
Nutritional requirements of feeding management
Feeding mode
Feed and feed
Breeding of young turtles
Matters needing attention
Hibernation period management
Reproductive technology disease control
The nutritional analysis of common disease examination methods is suitable for the protection of food-related species in the population.
The summary of this paragraph is edited by the export of edible medicinal materials to earn foreign exchange.
Turtles and turtles are a group of reptiles evolved from crustaceans. Turtles were first discovered in the early Triassic, when they had fully developed crustaceans. Early turtles may not be able to retract their heads and limbs into their shells as they do today. Simply put, turtles are aquatic animals, while tortoises are terrestrial animals. Turtles have lived on the earth for tens of thousands of years and are animals of the same period as dinosaurs. Turtles belong to the family Hydropteridae, also known as scarabs, grass turtles, mud turtles, mountain turtles, flower turtles and so on. In animal taxonomy, they belong to Reptilia, Tortoises and Tortoises, and are one of the most common tortoises. Turtles are distributed almost everywhere in China, but the yield in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River is higher. It is also produced in all parts of Guangxi, especially in the southeast and south of Guangxi. Foreign countries are mainly distributed in Japan, Brazil and North Korea. Price: RMB 3~ 10000 each.
The tortoise shell is slightly flat, and the dorsal abdominal shell is fixed. The dorsal shell is 10- 13cm long and 16cm wide with three vertical ridges. There are yellow linear stripes on the side of the head and neck, slightly flat limbs, webbed fingers and toes, and claws at the end of toes except the fifth hind limb. Turtles generally live in rivers, lakes, swamps, reservoirs and mountain streams, and sometimes they go ashore. In the natural environment, turtles feed on worms, snails, shrimps and small fish, and also eat the stems and leaves of plants. The tortoise is a kind of temperature-changing animal. In winter, or when the temperature is low for a long time, turtles hibernate. Different kinds of turtles have different body temperatures, but generally hibernate at 10 ~ 16℃. At this time, the tortoise will shrink in its shell for a long time and hardly move. At the same time, its breathing times will be reduced, its body temperature will be lowered, the speed of blood circulation and metabolism will be slowed down, and the consumption of nutrients will be relatively reduced. This state is similar to sleep, but it is a deep sleep for several months, even showing a slight paralysis. In addition, turtles also have the following characteristics: low reproduction rate and slow growth. A turtle weighing about 500 grams, fed for one year, only gains about 100 grams. But the tortoise has a strong hunger tolerance, and it is not easy to starve to death even if it is deprived of food for several months. Strong disease resistance and high survival rate. Therefore, turtles are relatively easy to raise artificially and are also popular pets.
Edit the shape characteristics of this paragraph.
Tortoise has thick limbs and a hard shell. Its head, tail and limbs have scales, and its head, tail and limbs can be retracted into the shell. The common species in China is black.
Turtle and its shell can be boiled into turtle glue, which is a commonly used Chinese medicine. Sometimes, the leatherback tortoises and hawksbill tortoises are large or medium-sized tortoises with paddle-shaped limbs, which are found in tropical and subtropical seas. Their meat contains fat, which can be made into oil, eggs can be eaten, and nails can also be used as Chinese medicine. Some kinds of turtles have a long life span, and some can reach more than 300 years old. The common species of large tortoises is elephant tortoises, with a body length of 1.5 meters and a weight of 200 kilograms, which are famous for crawling with people. Green turtles are the most popular exhibition animals. It is actually a golden turtle or water turtle with green algae on its shell. The main feature of the tortoise is that all the important organs of the body are hidden in a protective shell. Without teeth, most species of turtles move slowly and are not aggressive, ranging in length from less than 10 cm (4 inches) to more than 2 meters (6.5 feet). Strong limbs, suitable for crawling, short feet or paddle-like flippers (turtles), with protective bone shells and horny nails. The shell is divided into upper and lower halves. The upper part is the carapace and the lower part is the breastplate. The carapace is connected to both sides of the breastplate.
Edit the living habits of this paragraph.
The tortoise is a semi-aquatic and semi-terrestrial reptile. Mainly inhabit rivers, lakes, reservoirs, ponds and other waters. Many people are trapped in the water during the day and look for shade in droves when it is hot in summer. Gentle temperament, do not fight with each other. When the enemy is injured or frightened, the head, limbs and tail are retracted into the shell. Turtles are omnivorous animals, feeding on animals, insects, worms, small fish, shrimps, snails, mussels, tender leaves of plants, duckweed, melon skin, wheat grains, rice and weed seeds. Strong hunger tolerance, not eating for several months will not starve to death. Turtles are warm animals. When the water temperature drops below 10℃, it will hibernate in mud or covered loose soil at the bottom of the water. The hibernation period generally lasts from 1 1 to the beginning of April of the following year. When the water temperature rises to 15℃, it moves out of the cave and begins to eat when the water temperature is 18℃ ~ 20℃. How long the tortoise will live is still inconclusive. Generally speaking, it can live 100 years. According to relevant research, it has been more than 300 years, and some even have thousands of years. Turtles grow relatively slowly. Under normal circumstances, the growth rate of female turtles is: the first year's turtle weight is about 15g, the second year's turtle weight is 50g, the third year's turtle weight is 100g, the fourth year's turtle weight is 200g, the fifth year's turtle weight is 250-250g, and the sixth year's turtle weight is about 400g. Male turtles grow slowly, and the maximum sexual maturity is generally less than 250 grams. The recipes include worms, snails, shrimps and small fish. Turtles eat a wide range of foods, including rice, wheat, peas, small fish, shrimp, insects, snails, etc. Among them, the favorite foods are small fish, snails, corn and rice.
Edit the distribution area of this section.
Turtles are distributed in most coastal turtle (Terrapene carolina major) areas in the world, and existed in the same form at least 200 million years ago. Existing 200? 250 species, mostly aquatic or semi-aquatic, mainly distributed in tropical or sub-tropical regions, many of which are distributed in temperate regions. Some turtles live on land, some live in the ocean, and the rest live in fresh water. Eat fresh plants or small animals, or both. You can fast for a long time. Usually once a year, females lay eggs on land, and the eggs are white, round or slender. Usually, females dig holes with their hind legs and lay eggs in the holes. Except Northeast China, Northwest China and Xizang Autonomous Region, it is distributed all over the country, but the output in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River is relatively high. Foreign countries are distributed in Japan and South Korea; Turtles are widely distributed and adaptable. However, due to serious environmental pollution, habitat destruction and man-made over-predation, it is very rare and endangered in China, and can be artificially propagated in large quantities. Turtles can provide meat, eggs and tortoise shells for human beings. Some species are treated as pets. In Britain, non-turtles are usually called turtles, and some edible turtles in the United States are called turtles. The existing species in the world are divided into two suborders. One kind of lateral-necked turtle (Pleurodira) bends its neck to one side and retracts its head into the shell, while the other kind of cryptocephala retracts its head and neck into the shell together. Side-necked turtles are now only distributed in South America, Africa, Madagascar, Australia, New Guinea and neighboring islands. On the contrary, cryptonecked turtles are found in all continents except Australia, including about 4/5 of the existing turtle species. The largest family of Cryptosporidia is Cephalopoda, which contains about 1/3 of the existing species, and its geographical distribution is equivalent to all suborders. Mostly distributed in the eastern half of the United States, mostly aquatic or semi-aquatic. Followed by Tortoise, its species is about half of that of Hydropteridae. The slow tortoise in the fable belongs to a widely distributed tortoise population, among which large species are only found in Galapagos and other islands (see tortoise). Other families of Cryptosporidae include Kinosternidae and Cheloniidae, which are found in warm seawater all over the world. Eriocheir sinensis is a huge and aggressive family, which is common in North America. At present, the suborder Lateral-necked Tortoise is only distributed in the southern hemisphere continent, including about 20% of the existing turtle species. Among them, 2 families are Tortoise, which is named after its long head and neck. Pelomedusidae, the name of this suborder comes from this family.
Edit the history and culture of this paragraph.
The Classic of Mountains and Seas records a kind of "Turtle", which is "shaped like a turtle with a bird's head and a bird's tail", and "its sound is like judging wood, and it is impossible to be deaf." There are also records of eating turtles in the book. Eating turtles is also mentioned in the Book of Songs. Xiaoya Joan once said, "If you drink royal friends, turtles will lick carp. Who's waiting? Zhang Zhongxiao's "Daya Hanyi" also contains: "What is its dish? Tortoise and turtle fresh fish; What are its dimensions? Wei bamboo shoots and Pu. "All turtles can eat except tortoise shells." Luoyang Ji says: "There are turtles in Luoshui in all kinds of Yu, and there are negative letters on the back to grant Yu, which also cure hydrology. "Mandarin Zhou Yu" says: "My family is from heaven". Shennong's Classic of Materia Medica, Compendium of Medical Forest, Records of Famous Doctors, Theory of Medicinal Properties, Clinical Guide of Medical Records, Authentic Materia Medica, Seeking Truth from Materia Medica, etc. Describe the medicinal value of tortoise in detail. Compendium of Materia Medica records that "both turtles and deer have life and have a long life. The turtle's head is often hidden in the abdomen, and any pulse can pass, so it is necessary to take its armor to nourish the heart, kidney and blood, all for nourishing yin. "During the Guangxu period of the Qing Dynasty, the epigraphist Wang accidentally discovered the ancient Chinese characters on the Chinese herbal medicine' keel' piece (tortoise shell), which was later Oracle Bone Inscriptions. It may be because the tortoise walks slowly and often relies on its very effective defense, and its image is not good. People in China sometimes call names "turtles". However, due to its longevity, the tortoise has become one of the four gods in China. Li Yun said, "What are the Four Spirits? A rare dragon turtle is called the Four Spirits. Song people's Notes to Thirteen Classics said: "If things are objects, there are images in the sky." ... forest, phoenix, dragon and turtle are called four spirits. "Strange Tales" contains: "A thousand years of turtle hair, five thousand years of life is called a god turtle, and ten thousand years of life is called a spirit turtle." "Bao Puzi on Immortals" contains: "It is said that life will die, and turtles and cranes will live long. Knowing the life span of the turtle crane, it is effective to guide it to increase the year. "Luo Shu said:" Linggui is the essence of the five-color god, and can see life and death better than good or bad. " "HongFan. "The Five Elements" said: "The tortoise has spoken for a long time, and the chitose knows the good and evil of this beast. Huainanzi: "Good or ill luck must be asked of the turtle, because good or ill luck lasts for a long time. "In addition, the most famous fairy tales related to turtles are not only the race between turtles and rabbits, but also the story of Taro Chijima in Japan. In terms of commercial comics, Teenage Ninja Turtles is also quite famous.
Edit this paragraph of category introduction.
1 .flower turtle 2. Adabora Elephant Turtle 3. Golden head box turtle 4. Black-necked turtle 5. Indian star turtle 6. Mississippi red-eared turtle 7. Yellow-headed side-neck turtle 8. Yellow-edged box turtle 9. Asian giant turtle 10. Galapagos Elephant Turtle 165438. Saw blade turtle 10. 5438+04. Angolan elephant turtle 15. Concave turtle 16. Red-legged elephant turtle 17. Florida doughnut turtle 18. Radiation turtle 19. Toothed turtle 20. Three-line lock turtle 2 1. True snapping turtle. Musk turtle 27. European tortoise 28. Japanese stone turtle 29. Hamilton's turtle 30. Big-headed turtle 3 1 Burmese tortoise 32. Huangtou Temple Turtle 33. Malay snail-eating turtle 34. Yunnan box turtle 35. Malaysian giant turtle 36. Leopard print elephant turtle 37. Yellow-fronted box turtle 38 Oriental net chicken turtle 39. Indian tortoise. 438+0. Yellow-legged tortoise 42. Central scarab 43. Anan turtle 44. Turtle 45. Flat-headed long-necked turtle 46. Malay turtle 47. Long-necked tortoise 48. Oriental box turtle 49. Back mud turtle 50. Burmese peacock turtle 5 1. Baise turtle 52. Crocodile turtle 53. Ash Hoffman Turtle 50. Turtle 57. Cookie turtle 58. Body length: 47cm. Morphological characteristics: the male is large, with a tail length of 86% of the length of the abdominal shell, and the cloaca is located outside the edge of the dorsal shell; On the other hand, the female short-tailed snapping turtle.
The length is less than 86% of the length of the abdominal nail, and the drainage hole is located in the edge of the dorsal nail. Breeding habit: mating from April to September every year, with May-165438+10 as the spawning season and June as the breeding season. There are 1 1-83 eggs in each nest, generally 20-30 eggs. Egg white, spherical, slightly rough in appearance, with a diameter of 23-33mm and a weight of 7- 15g. After 55- 125 days of incubation, the hatchability of young turtles in different incubation environments is different. When the incubation temperature is above 30℃, the young turtle is female below 20℃, and when the incubation temperature is between 22℃ and 28℃, the young turtle is male. The young turtle weighs 9.5- 12g, the carapace is 24-30mm long, the carapace is round and black, and there are protrusions on each shield. Brazilian color turtle Brazilian color turtle is also called red-eared turtle, colorful turtle, beauty turtle, mahjong turtle and so on. Originated in the Mississippi River. Brazilian colored turtle is probably the most widely raised reptile in the world. They are native to Brazil, Mississippi.
Domain, mainly distributed in eastern New Mexico, Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, through Oklahoma, Arkansas, Kansas, Kentucky, Tennessee, East Kansas and East Missouri, until Indiana and Illinois. It is also naturally distributed in isolated areas like Ohio and widely distributed in northeastern Mexico adjacent to Texas. The "wild" population, which originated from intentional introduction or abandoned pets, has settled in all parts of the world, including other areas suitable for its growth in the United States. The tortoise shell of this species is about 25 cm long. Greek tortoise
The origin is from North Africa to Southern Europe. This species belongs to the easy-to-raise and easy-to-get entry-level species among the hard-to-raise tortoises. As a completely terrestrial turtle, there is no need to prepare other water in the cage except drinking water. If you fall into deeper water, you may drown, so pay special attention. Vegetable leaves, carrots, sweet potatoes, fruits and special artificial feeds for other vegetables, weeds, birds and turtles can all be used as food. Calcium should also be supplemented frequently in the contents, and reptiles should be at least 50 cm×50 cm.
Edit this age calculation
There are two ways to calculate the turtle's age 1. With the periodic changes of nature, turtles have obvious growth period and hibernation period. In the growing period, the carapace grows like a body, forming a loose and wide concentric ring. During hibernation, the turtle enters a dormant state and stops growing, and the carapace almost stops growing, forming a narrow and tight concentric ring. Such dense concentric rings are similar to calculating the age of trees through their rings. When winter stops developing, annual rings will appear. According to this, we can judge the age of the turtle, that is, the number of concentric rings on the shield, plus 1 (rings after breaking the shell), which is equal to the actual age of the turtle. This method can only be calculated when the concentric ring pattern of tortoise shell is clear and the annual rings of tortoise shell are clear before 65438+500g g. Shortly after the baby turtle was born, some radial lines were seen on the hard shield in the center of its shell, but there were several ring lines on the shell, that is, the age of the turtle. The longer it was, the harder it was to identify it with the naked eye, and it could only be calculated according to the weight of the turtle, except for artificial reproduction.
2. The tortoise grows relatively slowly. Under normal circumstances, the growth speed of female turtles is: the weight of one-year-old turtles is about 15g, that of two-year-old turtles is 50g, that of three-year-old turtles is about 100g, that of four-year-old turtles is 200g, that of five-year-old turtles is 250-300g, and that of six-year-old turtles is about 400g. Male turtles grow slowly, and the maximum sexual maturity is generally less than 250 grams. The age is calculated by the number of concentric rings (annual rings) on the tortoise shell shield, and one ring is an annual growth period. Of course, different turtle species, the clarity of ring marks and whether there are ring marks during hatching will also affect the accuracy of age. The life span of turtles is generally long, at least 20 years. According to historical records, the life span of white turtle is over 800 years old, so it has the reputation of "Millennium turtle, Millennium turtle".
Edit this part of feeding management.
nutritional requirement
Nutrients needed by soft-shelled turtle are mainly protein, fat, carbohydrates, inorganic salts and vitamins. 1. protein. Protein is the most important to the growth and development of turtles. Turtles take egg whites directly from feed. It is generally believed that the high content of protein in feed will make the feed have good nutritional value and the breeding objects grow fast. Soft-shelled turtle has a high demand for protein content in feed, and the demand is different at different growth stages. Generally, the content of protein in feed is required to be 38% ~ 42%. 2. Fat. Fat is one of the indispensable ingredients for the growth and development of soft-shelled turtle. Mainly used as body fat stored in the body or as an energy source for exercise. Generally, the thermal energy released by fat oxidation of soft-shelled turtle is twice that of sugar and protein. The experiment shows that the fat content in turtle compound feed is 3.5% ~ 5.0%. Too high or too low will affect feed efficiency, weight gain rate and meat weight gain coefficient. 3. carbohydrates. The main physiological functions of carbohydrates after being absorbed by human body are: one is to provide heat, the other is to form body components; The third is to keep protein in the body as a binder for feed. The suitable amount of starch in turtle feed is 23% ~ 26%. 4. Inorganic salts. Inorganic salts play an extremely important role in turtles, not only participating in the formation of bones and blood, but also directly or indirectly regulating the physiology of the body, especially for the spawning and reproduction of parent turtles. Among the necessary inorganic salts, the following are easy to be lacking, such as calcium, phosphorus, sodium, chlorine, magnesium, zinc, copper and cobalt. Calcium and phosphorus account for 3/4 of all inorganic salts in the body, especially "efficient and fast-growing additives" such as bone meal must be added before and after laying eggs. 5. vitamins. When turtles lack vitamins, their growth and development slow down, their metabolism is abnormal, and they are prone to various diseases. Most vitamins cannot be synthesized in the body and must be supplied through feed. Vitamins, like animal hormones, are small but essential, so multiple vitamins must be added to the feed.
Feeding mode
There are many ways to raise turtles artificially, such as pond culture, tank culture, wooden basin culture and reservoir pond culture. Each way has its own advantages and disadvantages, so you can choose according to local conditions. For general professional households and small-scale farms, it is better to build pond culture because of its convenient management and great economic benefits. Construction of breeding ponds: Young turtle ponds and breeding ponds can be constructed according to the specifications and methods of scarab young turtle ponds and breeding ponds. Adult turtle ponds are similar to those of scarabs, but the area can be larger to breed more turtles. If the adult turtle pond is large, mixed culture of fish and turtles can be carried out, and some herbivorous and filter-feeding fish can be raised in the pond to improve the comprehensive economic benefits of breeding. It should be noted that turtles can also make holes and escape easily, so the wall base of the fence should be about 50 cm underground.
Feed and feed
There are many kinds of food for turtles, including rice, wheat, peas, small fish, shrimp, insects, snails, refined pork, etc. Among them, the favorite food is small fish, refined pork and corn. In artificial feeding, in order to meet all kinds of nutrients needed for turtle growth and avoid poor growth and anorexia caused by single feed, various feeds should be adopted, such as fish, shrimp, snails and mussels in animal feed and rice, wheat and corn in plant feed. In order for turtles to fully digest these feeds, corn and peas need to be crushed and soaked for about 2 hours before feeding, and other large pieces of food must be chopped before feeding. It should also be noted that in different periods of turtle growth, feed containing different nutrients should be given according to its growth characteristics. The turtle's life is closely related to the climate, and it begins to eat at the beginning of April every year. From June to August, the feeding activity reached its peak and the weight gain rate was the fastest. 5438+ 10 After the temperature gradually dropped in June, its food intake began to decline. When the temperature drops below 10 degrees Celsius, stop eating and enter the hibernation period. Therefore, turtles should be raised according to their growth characteristics, and the general requirements are as follows: (
1) timing. The temperature is low in spring and autumn, and the tortoise is inactive in the morning and evening. It only feeds around noon, so it is more appropriate to feed at 8-9 am. From Grain Rain to the autumnal equinox is the peak season for turtles to feed, and it is in summer. Generally speaking, soft-shelled turtles are inactive at noon, and they are usually fed in the afternoon 17- 19, so it is more appropriate to feed in the afternoon 16- 17. Timing can make turtles eat on time, get more nutrition and ensure fresh feed. (2) positioning. Fixed feeding points should be set up along the edge of the pool, and the feeding platform of the feeding point should be close to the water surface, which is convenient for turtles to swallow water and bite. The purpose of feeding the turtles in a fixed position is to make them form a habit, so that they can find food conveniently, and at the same time, it is convenient to observe the activities of the turtles and check their feeding situation. (3) Qualitative judgment. The feed should be kept fresh, and the leftover food should be removed in time after feeding to prevent the feed from rotting and stinking, affecting the appetite of turtles and polluting the water quality. (4) quantitative. The feeding amount of feed depends on the temperature, water quality, the appetite and activity of soft-shelled turtle, and also depends on the appetite and activity, and it is advisable to have a little surplus in the meal. Generally, feed for one or two days 1 time.
Breeding of young turtles
The newly hatched young turtles are weak in physique, gastrointestinal function and digestive ability, so they should not be put into the breeding pond immediately. They should be carefully fed and taken care of separately.
Improve the survival rate of young turtles for a period of time. The feeding and nursing principles of young turtles are: 1. Do a good job of cleaning and hygiene to prevent turtles from getting sick. 2. Control the appropriate temperature and astringency to facilitate its normal growth. 3. Young turtles gradually adapt to the external environment and eat by themselves. The specific method is: first, put the larvae in a small glass box and let them crawl for 3-5 hours. After the umbilical cord of the larvae dries and converges, soak it in 0.6% physiological saline for a while, disinfect it, and then put it in an indoor glass box or wooden basin for feeding. Never use your hands to break the umbilical cord of the young turtle, which will cause casualties of the young turtle. Change the water 1-2 times a day in the turtle breeding box, and strictly control the water temperature at 25-30 degrees Celsius. When the weather is hot, it is necessary to spray water into the breeding box many times to adjust the temperature and increase the oxygen in the water, so that the young turtles can grow normally under suitable conditions. Young turtles that have just hatched 1-2 days need not be fed. After 2 days, they will start to feed a small amount of grain feed, and then feed a small amount of mixed feed such as cooked eggs, ground fish and shrimp, frog meat, pumpkin and sweet potato. After 7 days' rearing, the young turtles are strong and can be transferred to outdoor breeding ponds for breeding.
Matters needing attention
(1) Young turtles, adult turtles and parent turtles should be raised in separate ponds to avoid the phenomenon of turtles swallowing young turtles, and at the same time, it is convenient to determine the feed dosage and feeding management, and to observe and master the growth of turtles. (2) Because turtles are gentle and timid, they should keep quiet around the culture pond to avoid affecting their normal activities such as foraging, sunbathing, mating and spawning. (3) Change the water in the feeding pond frequently, keep the water clean, do a good job in the hygiene of the feeding pond, and prevent the turtle from getting sick. (4) The sand in the open space between the pool and the fence should keep a certain humidity. Some cooling measures should be taken in midsummer, such as sprinkling water and planting some small shrubs. (5) Before the hibernation period, check the growth of the turtle, increase the feed for the weak, and feed the turtle more feed that he likes to eat, so that the turtle can store a lot of nutrients, thrive and overwinter safely. (6) Some turtles didn't know how to eat when they were young. At this time, you can grab its left paw, pull it out, and then grab its right paw. When two turtles are pulled together slightly, it will stick its head out and gently pinch its head left and right. When it opens its mouth, it will know what to eat. In the future, the food you put in will take two bites.
Hibernation period management
Turtle is a temperature-changing animal, and its life is greatly affected by the environmental temperature. 165438+ 10 to March of the following year, when the temperature is below 10℃, the tortoise still lies in the mud at the bottom of the pond or in the loose soil covered with straw, and hibernates without eating. At this time, its metabolism is very slow and weak. It was not until early April that the temperature rose above 15℃ that the turtles began to resume their activities, eating a lot, and they did not need to feed food or change water during hibernation. The main work in this period is to keep warm, such as covering the open space around the pool and between the pool and the fence with straw; The second is to prevent tortoises from being attacked by natural enemies. Hibernation skills: Don't give anything to the turtle for about 10 days before hibernation, and let it excrete its feces. When it completely goes into hibernation, just cover it with a wet towel and put it in a quiet place. Before hibernation 10 days or so, don't give the turtle anything to eat, and let it excrete its feces. When it completely goes into hibernation, just cover it with a wet towel and put it in a quiet place. In addition, turtles have the following characteristics: low reproduction rate and slow growth. A turtle weighing about 500 grams only gains about 100 grams a year.
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1. There are obvious differences in appearance between male and female turtles: the male turtle has a small body, a black shell, a slender trunk, a long tail, a thin handle and a special smell; The female turtle has a large body, brown shell, prominent longitudinal edges, short and thick trunk, thick tail and short handle, and no special smell. A more reliable and accurate identification method is: in the breeding season of the tortoise, catch the adult tortoise, and when its limbs and head and tail are trying to shrink into the shell, press its head and limbs hard with your fingers to prevent it from having time to breathe. At this time, the water from the accessory bladder is discharged from the reproductive hole of the turtle, and then the genitals slowly protrude. If only the longitudinal inner wall protrudes outward, it is a female turtle; If there is a connector with congestion, swelling and brown-purple protrusion, it is a male turtle. If it is in mating season, male turtles will also have milky semen. 2. Breeding turtles generally mature over 8 years old and 10 years old. The mating time of turtles begins in late April, usually from afternoon to dusk. They mate on land or in water. Turtles lay eggs on land. The spawning period is from May to September, and the spawning peak period is from July to August. Before turtles lay eggs, they usually climb to a secluded place far from the shore at dusk or before dawn, where the soil is loose (the soil water content is 5%-20%), and then dig holes alternately with their hind legs (generally, the hole depth is about 10cm and the diameter is 8- 12cm), and then lay eggs in the holes. After laying eggs, scrape them clean, cover them with soil, and level the soil with abdominal nails before leaving. Turtles have no habit of guarding holes and eggs; Another reproductive feature is that the maturity of eggs is not synchronized. Therefore, female turtles lay eggs 3- 14 times a year, and each time they lay eggs 5- 17. When artificially raising soft-shelled turtles, before mating period, mature soft-shelled turtles are selected, carefully fed and supplied with sufficient nutrition, especially feed rich in protein, so as to help soft-shelled turtles produce excellent germ cells; Secondly, in the mating period of turtles, according to the ratio of 1: 1, the sexually mature and strong male and female turtles are combined to make them naturally mate. During the spawning period of turtles, attention should be paid to keeping the breeding pond quiet and the appropriate humidity of the ground sand outside the pond, so as to facilitate the smooth spawning of female turtles. Finally, turtle eggs should be collected at any time for artificial incubation, so as to obtain higher reproduction rate, improve economic benefits and reduce losses. 3. Artificial incubation of turtle eggs The shell of turtle eggs is gray oval, with a length of 2.7-3.8 cm and a width of 1.3-2 cm. Under natural conditions, after 50-80 days of incubation, the young turtles break out of their shells.
Outside the shell, however, the natural hatching of turtle eggs is easily affected by external conditions such as temperature and light, and is endangered by natural enemies such as snakes, rats and ants, resulting in long incubation period and low hatching rate and survival rate. In order to improve the hatching rate of turtles, artificial hatching can be used. The specific methods are as follows: (1) Egg collection: Male turtles like to gather under grass and tree roots and dig holes to lay eggs. They can find the spawning holes of turtles according to the soft soil at acupoints or their footprints, and collect turtle eggs. Because turtles mostly lay eggs at dusk or before dawn, it is best to collect eggs in the morning to avoid being hurt by the scorching sun. (2) Egg selection: fresh and high-quality fertilized eggs should be selected for artificial incubation. The sign of whether the egg has been fertilized is that the eggshell of the fertilized egg is smooth and not sticky with mud; However, unfertilized eggs vary in size, with fragile or sunken shells and sticky sediments. To check whether the eggs are fresh and high quality, you can observe them in the sun. For example, a rosy egg is a good egg, and a turbid or smelly egg is a bad egg. In addition, don't choose abnormal eggs. (3) Artificial incubation of turtle eggs: wooden pots, washbasins and incubation trays (70cm×50cm× 15cm shallow wooden boxes) can be used as incubators. First, lay a layer of fine sand about 5 cm on the bottom of the incubator. In order to facilitate embryo development, the "animal pole" of turtle eggs (referring to the larger end of the eggs) is placed upward on fine sand, then the eggs are covered with a layer of fine sand about 3 cm thick, then covered with a wet towel, and finally the incubator is placed in a ventilated place. Temperature and humidity are the key to the success or failure of incubation. Too high or too low temperature and humidity are not conducive to the embryonic development of turtle eggs. During artificial incubation, the temperature should be controlled at 28-32 degrees Celsius, and water should be sprayed 1 1-2 times a day, so as to maintain proper humidity and pay attention to prevent natural enemies from harming turtle eggs. In this way, after 50 to 60 days of incubation, young turtles can be hatched.
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