Raspberry planting methods A basic introduction: raspberries are native to the United States, is a berry fruit tree, is a perennial deciduous small shrubs, tree height 1.5-2 meters, the fruit grows on the tree, the fruit oval, bunches of clusters, crystalline shiny, sweet and juicy, the taste of the crisp and refreshing, very tasty, the vitamin C content of the apple is 5 times, 6 times the grapes, in particular, the tannins contained by the American scientists have confirmed that it is the most effective substance to prevent cancer. Because of the nutrients and juice rate is better than many fruits, by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations as "natural green food" and "health food", the prospects are extremely broad. Its biggest advantage is: easy to plant easy to manage, very few pests and diseases, cultivation of a small number of results that year, 3 years of fruit. South around April began to bloom, 30-40 days late in the north, the maturity period of 6-7 months, a planting, can be continuously hanging fruit 20-30 years. Black raspberry per 667 square meters (1 acre) planted 500-600 plants, when planted that year, the year of fruit, after the second year into the peak fruit period, the current market price of 12-18 yuan per kilogram. Raspberry fruit can be processed into juice, jam, fruit wine, benefits multiply. Fruit juice and water according to 1:12 can be made into juice drinks; color, aroma, taste is excellent, doubly favored by consumers. Development of raspberry production, in addition to fresh fruit supply market fresh sales, there should also be processing enterprises as a guarantee, in order to ensure economic benefits. Raspberry fruit, although the outside of a very thin layer of skin, than strawberry storage, but compared with grapes are not resistant to storage and transportation, such as no corresponding processing enterprises, raspberries should not be developed on a large scale. 1. Domestic just started, the international market demand, there is a wide range of market prospects; 2. Raspberry drought-resistant barren, drought-resistant, in the flat, courtyard, hilly mountains, barren slopes, barren ditch can be planted; both intensive planting, but also can be planted in the courtyard or for plant hedges; some varieties of special drought-resistant barren, cold, root sprouts are particularly well developed, can be listed as the three major pioneers of soil and water conservation, sea buckthorn, goji berry, and shrub species; According to the different raspberry cultivars, can be introduced in most provinces and regions in China. Such as blackberry varieties can withstand -17 ℃ about low temperature and in the PH value of 8.0 soil in good growth. 3. Compared with grapes, raspberry cultivation is more rough, labor-saving water, strong resistance to pests and diseases, low production and management costs; 4. Short cycle, high economic benefits. Cultivation of the year that the fruit, 3-4 years into the fruitful period. Economic life can be up to about 20 years. Mu yield up to 800-1000 kilograms, to 5 yuan per kilogram, mu income of 4000-5000 yuan. Therefore, the raspberry will become the pioneer of China's emerging fruit industry species, the development prospects are very broad. However, China's raspberry production and sales are still in the primary stage, industrialization and collaboration system has not been formed, the market positioning is still very high. Second, experts suggest that raspberry development in various regions should pay attention to the following points: 1. Temperature: raspberry suitable for planting a wide range of environmental temperatures, the average annual temperature in the case of 15-20 ℃ are suitable for planting. 2. Light: raspberry is a positive crop, preferring light. 3. Water: raspberries are not strict on water requirements, but if you want to achieve high yield in production, you also need to irrigate the artificial water. 4. Soil: the requirements of the soil PH5.0-7.0 pH are suitable for planting, the best permeability of the soil, high organic matter content, high yield of fruit and taste to be better. In addition, pay attention to the selection and matching of varieties, mainly for fresh food, should choose the fruit shape large and upright, bright color, sweet and tasty, excellent quality varieties. And for processing, should choose the tougher skin, high soluble solids content, processing of vitamin loss, color and luster to maintain good varieties. Large-scale planting sites should be selected from the outskirts of large and medium-sized cities, packaging and preservation facilities conditions. 5, the economic and ecological benefits of raspberry raspberry planted in the second year can have a certain economic yield, 3-4 years into the fruiting season, the economic life of up to 15-25 years, raspberry mu output of up to 1000 kilograms. Raspberry fruit sugar content and apples, pears, citrus three fruits similar to the amino acid content is higher than apples, grapes, its anti-aging substances and anticancer substances higher than the content of ellagic acid of any existing cultivated and wild fruits, in medicine, make-up, health care has a wide range of uses. Roots, stems and leaves also have medicinal properties. Raspberries are suitable for both intensive management, but also suitable for farm yard and mountainside slopes scattered planting. Strong adaptability, raspberry branches and leaves dense, long flowering and fruiting period, can beautify the environment, maintain soil and water, with good economic, ecological and social benefits. 6, the characteristics of varieties and suitable for the range of raspberry varieties, characteristics vary, there are varieties suitable for different ecological conditions, there are varieties suitable for fresh and processed varieties, currently used in the production of the main series of cranberries and blackberry series. Blackberry fruit purple-black when ripe, average fruit weight 6.5-8.6g, excellent quality, the average yield of a single plant is 7.45kg, 3-year-old plant mu yield of 1100kg, strong resistance to pests and diseases, drought, some varieties can withstand -17 ℃ or so low temperature. Cranberry fruit color variety, red, yellow, black, purple. Red juice has the special use of natural pigment coloring agent. Average fruit weight 5.5-6.7g, strong growth, average yield of 6.9kg per plant, mu yield up to 1000kg, strong cold resistance, some varieties can withstand -30 ℃ low temperature. Suitable for the development of the vast areas of the north. 7, cultivation and management of cranberries and blackberries are suitable for neutral sandy loam soil planting. Blackberry can withstand PH value of 8.2, and some varieties of cranberries PH value of more than 7.5 is poor growth, planting the best in the open, flat, well-drained, easy to fine management of the slopes and the ground. The second year of planting creeping type and semi-erect type varieties need to build a frame. Every year, the end of the fruiting period or the spring need to be pruned to control the shape of the plant. Proper pruning methods can improve the yield of a single plant, reduce pests and diseases. 8, raspberry land how to build a garden site selection? 1, climate The best climate conditions for raspberries is cooler in summer, less rain in the harvest season. If it is early summer, windy, dry, can inhibit the growth of the stem. Excessive heat during fruit ripening can cause fruit softening, loss of color and fruit scorching. In some areas, cold winters with dry winds can cause the above-ground parts to "twitch" and dry up. Blackberries are better adapted to hot summer conditions and generally have a dormant period of 300 to 600 hours. Most of the raspberry varieties in the northern winter need to bury the soil to prevent cold. 2, soil raspberry for shallow rooted light-loving plants, to choose well-drained or gently sloping land without shade, the water table in the 4m or less; mountainous planting in the shallow mountainous areas, sunny slopes. The best soil is fertile sandy loam, ph value is neutral or slightly acidic. Some varieties, in clay, or ph value of 8.5 or so can also be suitable for life, but on the good development, fruit rate has a certain impact. 3, previously planted potatoes, eggplants, tomatoes, strawberries, soil, not suitable for planting raspberries, because some diseases may exist in these soils, so that fruit damage. 9、How to renovate the raspberry land? 1, the use of mountainous old orchards or agricultural wasteland planting raspberries, ridge wall collapsed at the leveling of the land before to be repaired neatly. 2, clear the garden remnants of a variety of fruit trees, thoroughly remove tree roots, weed roots and exposed rocks and other things. 3, per mu of 3 ~ 5m3 rotted stable fertilizer or farmyard manure; conditions, it is appropriate to use the yellow rot acid as the main raw material of organic fertilizer and a small amount of compound fertilizer (50% reduction). Spread evenly, deep turning, harrowing, ridging. Rouge width of 50cm ~ 70cm, 20cm ~ 30cm high, the distance between ridges is generally 2m ~ 2.5m. Especially pay attention to the smooth drainage of the ditch to prevent water damage and root rot. It is best to take sterilization measures: use the appropriate amount of carbendazim (or metribuzin) mixed into the stable fertilizer mixed, sprinkled into the ground. 10、How to plant raspberry seedlings? Raspberry in the Beijing area can be planted in the spring and autumn, spring planting in the soil thawing before the sprouting of seedlings (mid-March ~ early April), to the soil 10cm ~ 20cm ground temperature stabilized above 10oc for the spring planting of the appropriate period; fall planting in the seedling qualitatively to the soil before the freezing (October ~ November) is good. The next period to early planting is good, the seedlings lose less water, easy to survive, the next spring germination early, fast growth. Mastered in the soil before freezing a month before the best, but in the north of the fall planting seedlings are easy to "twitch". Above ground part of the cut stay 20cm ~ 30cm, fall planting buried in the soil over winter. According to the local precipitation. Abundant rainfall, open holes in the ridge; less rainfall, open holes in the ridge, line spacing is generally 2.5m × 0.8m (or 2m × 1m), mu planted 330 plants. The flat planting hole planting, hole depth length and width of 30cm. fertile soil, can be appropriate to reduce the density; poorer soil, can be appropriate to increase the density. Raspberry field planting can be equal lines and other holes, can also be planted in small and large rows and plants, large rows of 3.5m, small rows of 0.6, plant spacing 0.4m, per acre control of 600 to 1000 plants. Before planting, the roots of the seedlings are soaked in water for 12 to 24 hours to ensure that the saplings have sufficient water. Hole to add organic fertilizer 50g, mixed with the soil, so that the root system stretching planted, buried deep shallow roots, root and surface flush, step on the watering, to be water seeped down covered with a layer of loose topsoil. In order to shorten the seedling period, improve the survival rate, we must water diligently, less watering, keep the soil moist. With pots of leaf seedlings, in taking shade net, and keep the soil moist conditions, but also variable season planting. In order to improve the unit benefit, the soil is more fertile plots, between the rows can be some shade-loving dwarf crops (generally less than 30cm) planting. Such as peanuts, leafy vegetables, cabbage, radish and so on. 11, how to carry out fertilizer management? The first time is after flowering to the formation of young fruits, nitrogen-based fertilizer; the second time is the formation of fruits, phosphorus and potassium-based; fertilizer should be applied in the early autumn, to the rotting farmyard manure-based, but also can be added to the appropriate amount of organic fertilizers. Fertilizer from the plant 40-60cm side and soil mixing and application. When applying fertilizer, the soil should have sufficient water, fertilizer from the plant 50cm side of the application of about 0.3kg can be. Spray foliar fertilizer during the fruiting period. Experts suggest that the use of forest fertilizers and microbial fertilizers as the main method, supplemented by chemical fertilizers, is conducive to yield and improve the soil, improve the quality and sweetness of the fruit. In order to achieve pollution-free, green food standards, it is best not to use chemical fertilizers. Can be used in the old way: such as a little bit of soybean (lower cost) soaked in boiling water (anti-sprouting) to expansion (desirable rot), mixed with phosphorus-rich, potassium and fungicidal grass ash, in 30cm from the plant, open a circular ditch, point 10 to 20 beans, to increase fertilizer. Raspberry like moist, drought intolerant, avoid waterlogging. Drought watering, soil humidity of 60%, the depth of 40cm can be to the appropriate amount of multiple appropriate. Summer watering time is best to choose at 4:00 pm after the temperature drops. The principle is that drought can be watered, flood can be discharged. In the north before winter watering a freeze. 12, how to loosen the soil, hoeing, wintering in the north, raspberries are shallow-rooted plants, preferring well ventilated soil. In order to prevent the soil from becoming compacted during the seedling period, the topsoil should be wrapped diligently. Especially sticky soil, after the rain, irrigation, must be wrapped loose. The use of manual hoeing, early hoeing, hoeing, and avoid grass. Seedlings and seedlings, to manual hoeing. Between rows and rows, in order to improve efficiency, can use small machinery, the depth of 10cm or so, that is, loosening the soil and hoeing. Artificial weeding, for short and short-type grass between the rows, should be retained, the benefits outweigh the disadvantages, but also improve efficiency. If you want to raise seedlings, loosening the soil, weeding, pay particular attention, do not hurt the roots and buds. Be careful with herbicides, especially in the seedling stage, it is forbidden to use herbicides, which may cause the death of the surviving seedlings. At the same time, planting high-protein leguminous forage grasses, such as alfalfa and white clover, between rows can enable natural enemies to occur 1 to 2 generations earlier than pests on beneficial weeds. When pests occur on raspberries, their natural enemies can control their development. By June, the beneficial weeds "complete the task" of death, the natural enemies of these pests to legume forage grasses continue to reproduce, so that the pests are never fully developed, will not form a hazard. Most raspberry varieties need to be buried to prevent cold when overwintering in the north. The second year of planting creeping and semi-upright type varieties need to be set up, the required shelves than the grape shelf cost savings. 13, what are the disasters? How to prevent and control? (A), disease Raspberry is more resistant to disease, less disease. Mainly stem rot, followed by powdery mildew. 1, stem rot generally occurs in the new shoots, first from the new shoots to the sunny side of the ground closer to a dark gray scald-like spots, with the expansion of the disease, leaves, petioles yellow, withered, and in severe cases, the whole plant withered. Prevention and control methods: during the growth period, sprayed with metribuzin 500 times solution 2 to 3 times to prevent; in the fall, clean up the garden, cut off the diseased branches and concentrated burned to eliminate the pathogen. 2, powdery mildew Disease leaves covered with a layer of white powdery material, thus causing the leaf blade twisted or curled; sometimes the leaf blade does not show white powdery material, but the performance of the leaf blade has a water-soaked spots; the tip of the infested tip of the new shoots was elongated rat-tailed. The tips of the infested new shoots are elongated and rat-tailed. In severe cases, the new shoots are dwarfed and the fruits are sometimes infested. Prevention and control methods: during the growing period, spray 2% agro-anti-120 water 150-200 times liquid, or 25% powder rust Ning 1000-1500 times liquid 2-3 times to prevent; in the fall, clean up the garden, will be diseased leaves and twigs cut off and centralized burned to eliminate the pathogen. (B), pests 1, willow bat moth Eggs began to hatch in May, the larvae nibble on the outside of the moth holes in the phloem, most of the ring feeding a week, crunching wood shavings, feces with the silk stuck together, easy to find and identify. The infested branches are easy to break and die. Prevention and control methods: May to July in the larval activity of the spraying of pyrethroids 2 to 3 times to control pests; the infested branches in October before the feathering cut and destroyed. Spraying pyrethroids to kill the larvae in early spring; cleaning the garden in the fall, cutting off the fruiting twigs and burning them to eliminate the pathogen. Pests and diseases should be based on local conditions, the use of efficient, pollution-free, green food standards in line with the pesticides, flexible and timely treatment. (C), natural disasters 1, sunburn cranberry cultivated in the north of China, its cold hardiness, not easy to suffer from late frost and early frost damage, but in the fruit ripening in July to August, it is the high temperature and rainy season in the north of China, the fruits can be subjected to sunburn, the general apex of the apex of the inflorescences of 1 to 2 fruits are easy to victimize. Prevention and control methods Basal branches cut not too long, adjust the density of fruiting parent branches, so that the fruit is not directly exposed to the sun. Note: This planting method belongs to the general planting method. Due to the geographical and climatic conditions of different places, the local planting of raspberries should be combined with the actual local conditions to refer to the use of this planting method.