Fungi is a eukaryotic organism. The most common fungi are various types of mushrooms, but fungi also include molds and yeasts. More than 70,000 fungi have been discovered, which is estimated to be only a fraction of all that exist. Most fungi were originally classified as animals or plants, but now become their own kingdom and are divided into four phyla.

Fungi are a phylum of their own, distinct from plants, animals and bacteria. The biggest difference between fungi and the other three organisms is that fungal cells have cell walls containing chitin (also called chitin, chitin, chitin) as the main component, while plant cell walls are mainly composed of cellulose. different.

The word "Fungus" in Latin "Fungus" originally means mushroom. Fungi are a large group of organisms in the biological world. There are about 10,000 genera and more than 120,000 species of fungi that have been described in the world (genus and species are both units, and genus is greater than species). Mycologist Professor Dai Fanglan estimates that there are approximately 12,000 fungi in China. 40,000 species (unit: species). According to Linneaus' two-kingdom 123 classification system, fungi are usually divided into flagellate, zygomycotina, ascomycotina, basidiomycotina and deuteromycotina.

Among them, Basidiomycota is a group of diverse higher fungi, most of which have edible and medicinal value, such as Tremella fungus, Flammulina velutipes, Dictyophora fungus, Boletus, Ganoderma lucidum, etc., but there are also leopard-spotted fungi. Poisonous species such as poisonous umbrellas, saddles, and phalloid mushrooms. In addition, about 300 genera in the subphylum Deuteromycota are pathogenic bacteria of crop and forest diseases, and some genera are pathogenic bacteria that can cause skin diseases in humans and some animals, such as Magnaporthe oryzae, which can cause seedling blast, festival blast and valley blast. Plague etc.

It is a heterotrophic organism with a nucleus and cell wall. There are many species and genera, with more than 10,000 reported genera and more than 100,000 species. Except for a few lower types that are single-celled, most of their vegetative bodies are mycelium composed of slender tubular hyphae. The hyphae of lower fungi have no septa, while the hyphae of higher fungi have septations. The former is called coenocytic hypha, and the latter is called septate hypha.

The most characteristic cell wall of most fungi is chitin, followed by cellulose. Common fungal organelles include: mitochondria, microbodies, ribosomes, vacuoles, lysosomes, vesicles, endoplasmic reticulum, microtubules, flagella, etc.; common inclusions include glycogen, crystals, liposomes, etc.

Historically, fungi were considered to be closely related to plants, and were even considered by botanists to be a type of plant. However, fungi are actually monoflagellate organisms, while plants are biflagellate organisms. Unlike embryophytes and algae, fungi do not photosynthesize but are saprophytes - obtaining food by decaying and absorbing surrounding materials.

Most fungi are made of tiny structures called hyphae, which may not be considered cells but have eukaryotic nuclei. Mature individuals (such as the most familiar mushrooms) are their reproductive organs. They are not related to any photosynthetic organisms, but are very close to animals. Both are opisthoflagellate organisms. Therefore, fungi are classified as a kingdom of their own.

Although it has been known for a long time that the evolutionary relationship between fungi and animals is closer than that of plants, for a long time, the introduction to them in introductory botany was still much more in-depth than that in introductory zoology.

Fungi are usually divided into three categories, namely yeasts, molds and mushrooms (large fungi), which belong to different subphyla. Large fungi refer to fruiting bodies or sclerotia that can form fleshy or gelatinous substances. Most of them belong to the subphylum Basidiomycota, and a few belong to the subphylum Ascomycota. Common large fungi include shiitake mushrooms, straw mushrooms, enoki mushrooms, bisporus mushrooms, oyster mushrooms, fungus, white fungus, bamboo fungus, morels, etc. They are both an important type of fungal vegetables and an important resource for the food and pharmaceutical industries.

Fungal cells contain neither chloroplasts nor plastids, making them typical heterotrophic organisms. They absorb and decompose organic matter from living and dead animals and plants and their excrement, as well as broken branches, fallen leaves and soil humus, as their own nutrients. Heterotrophic forms of fungi include parasitism and saprophysis.

Fungi are often filamentous and multicellular organisms, and their vegetative bodies have little differentiation except for large bacteria. Higher macrobacteria have stereotyped fruiting bodies. With few exceptions, fungi have distinct cell walls, are usually immobile, and reproduce as spores.

The word "Fungus" in Latin "Fungus" originally means mushroom. Fungi are a large group of organisms in the biological world. There are about 10,000 genera and more than 120,000 species of fungi that have been described in the world (genus and species are both units, and genus is greater than species). Mycologist Professor Dai Fanglan estimates that there are approximately 12,000 fungi in China. 40,000 species (unit: species).

According to Linneaus’ two-kingdom 123 classification system, people usually divide the fungi into flagellate subphylum, zygomycotina, ascomycotina, basidiomycotina, and semi-organic fungi. Mycotina. Among them, Basidiomycota is a group of diverse higher fungi, most of which have edible and medicinal value, such as Tremella fuciformis, Enoki mushrooms, Dictyophora fungus, Boletus, Ganoderma lucidum, etc., but there are also Amanita leopard-spotted, Amanita striata, Phallus spp. Mushrooms and other poisonous species.

In addition, about 300 genera in the Deuteromycotina subphylum are pathogenic bacteria of crop and forest diseases, and some genera are pathogenic bacteria that can cause skin diseases in humans and some animals, such as Magnaporthe oryzae, which can cause seedlings. plague, festival plague and valley plague, etc.

(fungus; eumycetes) are heterotrophs with a nucleus and cell wall.

There are many species and genera, with more than 10,000 reported genera and more than 100,000 species. Except for a few lower types that are single-celled, most of their vegetative bodies are mycelium composed of slender tubular hyphae. The hyphae of lower fungi have no septa, while the hyphae of higher fungi have septations. The former is called coenocytic hypha, and the latter is called septate hypha.

The most characteristic cell wall of most fungi is chitin, followed by cellulose. Common fungal organelles include: mitochondria, microbodies, ribosomes, vacuoles, lysosomes, vesicles, endoplasmic reticulum, microtubules, flagella, etc.; common inclusions include glycogen, crystals, liposomes, etc.

Historically, fungi were considered to be closely related to plants, and were even considered by botanists to be a type of plant. However, fungi are actually monoflagellate organisms, while plants are biflagelellar organisms.

Unlike embryophytes and algae, fungi do not perform photosynthesis, but are saprophytes - obtaining food by decaying and absorbing surrounding materials. Most fungi are made of tiny structures called hyphae, which may not be considered cells but have eukaryotic nuclei.

Mature individuals (such as the most familiar mushrooms) are their reproductive organs. They are not related to any organisms capable of photosynthesis, but are very close to animals. Both are opisthoflagellate organisms. Therefore, fungi are classified as a kingdom of their own.

Although it has been known for a long time that the evolutionary relationship between fungi and animals is closer than that of plants, for a long time, the introduction to them in introductory botany was still much more in-depth than that in introductory zoology.

Fungi are usually divided into three categories, namely yeasts, molds and mushrooms (large fungi), which belong to different subphyla. Large fungi refer to fruiting bodies or sclerotia that can form fleshy or gelatinous substances. Most of them belong to the subphylum Basidiomycota, and a few belong to the subphylum Ascomycota. Common large fungi include shiitake mushrooms, straw mushrooms, enoki mushrooms, bisporus mushrooms, oyster mushrooms, fungus, tremella, bamboo fungus, morels, etc. They are both an important type of fungal vegetables and an important resource for the food and pharmaceutical industries.

Fungal cells contain neither chloroplasts nor plastids, making them typical heterotrophic organisms. They absorb and decompose organic matter from living and dead animals and plants and their excrement, as well as broken branches, fallen leaves and soil humus, as their own nutrients. Heterotrophic forms of fungi include parasitism and saprophysis.

Fungi are often filamentous and multicellular organisms, and their vegetative bodies have little differentiation except for large bacteria. Higher macrobacteria have stereotyped fruiting bodies. With few exceptions, fungi have distinct cell walls, are usually immobile, and reproduce as spores.

Common fungal infections are mostly Candida albicans, vaginal ciliates, actinomycetes, etc. Look for fungal spores, hyphae, or ciliated colonies on saline smears.

Extended information

Common fungal infections are mostly Candida albicans, vaginal cilia, actinomycetes, etc. Look for fungal spores, hyphae, or ciliated colonies on saline smears.

History of classification research Classification by foreign scholars

1. In the two-kingdom classification system (animal kingdom and plant kingdom) established by Linnaeus (1735), fungi belong to the plant kingdom.

2. In the three-kingdom classification system (Protists, Animals and Plants) established by Hogg (1860) and Haeckel (1866), fungi belong to the Protist kingdom.

3. In the four-kingdom classification system (Bacteria, Protists, Animals and Plants) established by Copeland (1938), fungi belong to the Protist kingdom.

4. In the five-kingdom classification system (Prokaryotes, Protists, Plantae, Fungi and Animalia) established by Wittaker (1968), fungi are treated as a separate kingdom. This is a relatively complete vertically and horizontally unified system, which vertically shows the three major stages of biological evolution, namely acellular organisms → prokaryotic unicellular organisms → eukaryotic (unicellular → multicellular) organisms.

The horizontal aspect shows the three major directions of biological evolution, namely photosynthetic plants, nutrient-absorbing fungi and feeding animals.

Reference materials

Baidu Encyclopedia of Fungi