Introduction: Color, which is not an abstract concept, is closely related to the material and texture of everything in the room. People often have this concept. In the green fields, even in far places, people wearing red clothes can easily find out whether they are men or women, whether they are old or young, but this fully shows that color has a strong signal and plays a role of first impression. When we get together in the colorful hall, it will double the festive atmosphere of Happiness Well. When we are traveling, if it happens to be cloudy, we will be disappointed with the dark and gray scenery. All these show that color can dominate people's feelings.

Keywords: interior design color space relationship

Color is not an abstract concept, it is closely related to the material and texture of everything in the room. People often have this concept. In the green fields, even in far places, people wearing red clothes can easily tell whether they are male or female, but it also fully shows that color has a strong signal and plays the role of first impression. When we get together in the colorful hall, it will double the festive atmosphere of Happiness Well. When we are traveling, if it happens to be cloudy, we will be disappointed with the dark and gray scenery. All these show that color can dominate people's feelings.

Chapter 1 The Meaning and Symbol of Color

People show different likes and dislikes for different colors. This kind of psychological reaction is often caused by people's life experience, hobbies and fantasies about colors, and it is also inseparable from people's age, personality, literacy, nationality and habits. For example, when you see red, you associate it with the sun, the source of all life, so that you feel reverence and greatness, and you can also associate it with blood, anxiety and brutality, and so on. When we see the yellow-green color, we associate it with the germination and growth of plants and feel the coming of spring, so we regard it as youth, vitality, hope, development, peace and so on. When I see black, I associate it with the black veil in the night and funeral, so I feel mysterious, sad, ominous, desperate and so on. Seeing yellow, like the sun shining on the earth, I feel clear, active and excited. People's judgment on color, from experience to subjective association to rationality, is both past and special; There are both * * * and personality, both inevitability and contingency. Although there is a correct side, it has not been scientifically confirmed. Therefore, when we choose color as symbol and meaning, we should analyze it according to the specific situation, and never do whatever we want, but it does not prevent the generalization of different colors.

The general characteristic of hue is that,

1 red

Red is the strongest and liveliest color of all colors. It has a strong power to attract people's attention and seems to be above all colors. It is as hot as fire, as magnificent as the sun, and as enthusiastic as blood. It is a symbol of noble life. The human lens needs to adjust the focal length of red wavelength, and its natural focus is behind the retina, thus creating the illusion that the red object is moving forward and approaching. These characteristics of red are mainly manifested in the effect of high purity. When its brightness increases and turns pink, it will become gentle, submissive and feminine dramatically.

2 orange

Orange is softer than the primary red. But bright orange and orange are still full of excitement and excitement, and light orange makes people feel happy. Orange usually symbolizes vitality, high mood and social skills, but it has no negative cultural or emotional connection.

3 yellow

Yellow is the brightest color in the color circle. It is radiant, light and lively, full of vitality, with warm, pleasant and refreshing effects. It is often a symbol of positive and bright civilization, but when it is turbid (such as infiltrating a small amount of blue and green), it will appear morbid and disgusting.

4 green

Green is the vitality of plant growth in nature and the symbol of natural force, vitality, freshness and tranquility. Psychologically speaking, green makes people calm, relax and rest. The human lens concentrates the green wavelength on the retina, so it is the most relaxing color for the eyes.

5 blue

Blue is the opposite of the rainbow in every way. From the appearance, blue is transparent and moist, red is opaque and dry-welded. From the psychological point of view, blue is cold and quiet, and red is warm and exciting. In terms of personality, red is rough and blue is lofty, which has an effect on human body. Blue lowers blood pressure, red raises blood pressure, and blue symbolizes quietness, freshness, comfort and meditation.

6 purple

Purple is a mixture of red and cyan, a kind of Leng Yan red and calm red, exquisite and rich, noble and charming. Red and purple, luxurious and gorgeous; Blue-purple, calm and elegant, often symbolizes dignity, aloof or sad decline. Violet is a shallow skin color of purple, and it is a pure spectral tone. Purple is a mixed color, and the tone is very different.

Psychological and physical effects of color, such as heat and cold, distance, weight, size, etc. Emotional stimuli, such as excitement, depression, happiness, depression, turmoil, calm, etc. ; Symbolic images, such as solemnity, lightness, rigidity, richness and simplicity, are used by people to create psychological space, express inner feelings and reflect thoughts and feelings like magic. Any hue or color nature often has two sides or fuzziness, so we should make good use of its positive side.

Among them, the reaction to emotion and reason is impossible to be completely consistent. According to the painter's experience, warm colors and bright colors are generally easy to create a cheerful atmosphere, while cold colors and dark colors are easy to create a sad atmosphere. This also has certain reference value for the choice of indoor colors.

Chapter II Interior Color Design Methods

Color coordination problem

The fundamental problem of indoor color design is color collocation, which is the key to the quality of indoor color effect. Does the isolated color look good? In this sense, there is no distinction between high and low colors, only inappropriate color matching, and no unusable colors. The color effect depends on the relationship between different colors. The same mushroom color, under different background conditions, the color effect can be very different, which is the unique sensitivity and dependence of color. Therefore, how to deal with the coordination between colors has become the key issue of color matching.

As mentioned above, color is closely related to human psychology and physiology. When we notice the red color of Sophora japonica for a certain period of time, we turn to the white wall or close our eyes, as if we would see green (that is, the complementary color of red). In addition, a gray solid color as bright as the background color is embedded in the color city. If the solid color is green, the gray color block looks red (that is, the complementary color of green), and vice versa. This phenomenon, the former is called "continuous contrast" and the latter is called "simultaneous contrast". According to the natural physiological conditions, visual organs instinctively adjust the stimulation of color to maintain the physiological balance of vision. Only by establishing the complementary relationship of colors can vision be satisfied and tend to balance. If we observe a medium gray color block on a medium gray background, then there will be no visual phenomenon different from medium gray. Therefore, the gray in the middle is suitable for the balance required by human perception, which is the objective basis for considering color balance and coordination.

The basic concept of color harmony is that the colors of white light spectrum are arranged from purple to red according to wavelength. These solid colors are in harmony with each other, and the colors distinguished by adding equal amounts of black or white to the solid colors are also in harmony, but they are not harmonious when they are not equal. For example, beige and green, red and brown are not harmonious, and sea green and yellow are close to solid colors. Those tones that are in relative positions on the color ring and form a pair of complementary colors are harmonious, and the characteristic ring is divided into three parts, resulting in a particularly harmonious combination. Interior color design needs both approximate color coordination and contrast coordination. Although approximate harmony can give people a sense of unity and harmony, the harmonious relationship formed by the opposition and conflict between colors is more touching. The key is to correctly handle and apply the uniform change law of color. Harmony is order. In all ideal color schemes, the spacing between all adjacent colors is the same. In color stereo, we can find out seven kinds of arrangement rules of coordinated colors, all of which keep the hue unchanged.

Second, the classification and selection of indoor colors

According to the above color coordination rules, indoor colors can be divided into the following categories:

1 monotony takes one tone as the main tone of the whole indoor color, which is called monotony. Monotonicity can achieve a quiet and peaceful effect, and the well has a good sense of space, which provides a good background for indoor furnishings. In monochrome, we should pay special attention to the changes of lightness and chroma, strengthen contrast, and make good use of different textures, patterns and furniture shapes to enrich the whole room. Black and white five colors can also be appropriately added to the single tone as necessary adjustments.

2 Similar tone Similar tone is the easiest color scheme to use, and it is also the most popular and popular color at present. This scheme only uses two or three colors close to each other on the color circle, such as yellow, orange, orange red, blue, blue purple and purple, so it is very harmonious. Similar colors are quiet and fresh, and these colors are also enriched by changes in lightness and chroma. Generally speaking, it is necessary to combine achromatic system to strengthen the expressive force of lightness and chromaticity.

3 Complementary colors Complementary colors or contrasting colors refer to the use of colors in relative positions on the color ring, such as cyan and orange, red and green, yellow and purple, one of which is the primary color and the other is the secondary color. Contrast colors make the room lively and bright, attracting attention and interest. However, the use of contrast colors must be cautious, and one color should always dominate to maintain the attractiveness of another color. Too strong contrast has a shocking effect, which can be "softened" through the change of lightness. At the same time, strong colors can also reduce its chromaticity and make it gray, so as to obtain a calm effect. Using contrasting colors means that the room has complementary cold and warm diaphragm colors, which is relatively small for the room.

4 Separation of Complementary Colors Using two colors adjacent to one color in the contrast color, the contrast tones of three colors can be formed and interesting combinations can be obtained. Complementary colors (contrast colors), both sides have a strong tendency to express, and improper use may weaken their expressive power, while the use of separate complementary colors, such as red, yellow-green, blue-green can enhance the expressive power of red. If you choose orange, its separation complementary colors are blue-green and blue-purple, which can enhance the expressive force of orange. Through the change of lightness and chroma of these three colors, ideal effects can also be obtained.

5 Double Complementary Colors Two groups of contrasting colors are used at the same time. Using four colors may cause confusion in a small room, but they can also be combined through certain skills to achieve diversified effects. For a large room, it is a good choice to increase its color change. When using, we should also pay attention to the importance of two contrasts, one of which should be treated as the focus of a small room.

6 Three-color contrast tone The three colors that form a triangle on the color ring form three-color contrast tones, such as the commonly used three primary colors of yellow, cyan and red. This strong combination is suitable for artists and so on. If yellow softens to gold, red deepens to purple, and blue deepens to indigo, then the combination of these colors is like a Zhang Dongfang carpet with expensive colors in an elegant room. If these three colors are softened into soft corn, rose and bright blue, the result of their combination is often like printed cloth and plaid, light and delicate, suitable for little girls' bedrooms or snack bars. The other three colors are mainly green, purple, orange and other contrasting colors, which sometimes appear very dazzling and unattractive, but when they change with different lightness and chroma, they can form very charming tones.

Achromatic tone is composed of black, gray and white, which is a very advanced and attractive tone. The use of black, gray, white and other achromatic colors is conducive to highlighting the expressive force of the surrounding environment. Therefore, in beautiful scenic spots and prosperous business Z, smart architects and interior designers are strongly opposed to excessive decoration or elaborate completion, because they will only destroy the scenery. I.M. Pei's Xiangshan Hotel and Joseph Dourssot's new york Apartment are very successful in interior color design. In interior design, pink, beige, gray and every hue with higher brightness can be considered as achromatic color, a color system completely established by achromatic color, which is very calm. However, due to the strong contrast between black and white, the dosage should be moderate, for example, more than 2/3 are white areas, less than 1/3 are black, and some patterns can use some gray.

In some black-and-white systems, one or several colors with high purity can be added, such as yellow, green, turquoise or rainbow, which is different from the property of single color. Because color is mainly achromatic, it only plays the role of kneading, and it can also be called the tone of combining achromatic and key tones. This tone is rich in color but not disordered. Although the color area is small and the focus is prominent, it is widely used in practice.

No matter which hue system is adopted, we should not forget that achromatic color plays an important role in coordinating colors. White is almost the only color that can be widely recommended. Carl said it was black? Professor Axel's social investigation is regarded as a symbol of strength and power. In our real life, we can also see that all bright colors with high purity, such as clothing, when bright red, emerald and black are matched, not only make their colors more dazzling, but also the whole tone looks solemn and generous, avoiding the feeling of exquisiteness and frivolity. Of course, it can't be used indefinitely, so as not to cause confusion and boredom in color.

Three kinds of indoor TINT

To sum up, color often plays a special role in indoor composition.

1 can attract people's attention to something or reduce its importance.

Color can make the target maximum or minimum.

3 color can strengthen the form of indoor space, but also destroy its form. For example, in order to break the monotonous hexahedral space, the method of hyperplane art is adopted, which can highlight its abstract color composition freely and arbitrarily, and blur or destroy the original composition form of factory space regardless of the distinction and limitation of ceiling, wall and ground interface.

4 colors can be modified by reflection.

Because of the diversity and complexity of seeds, materials, textures and shapes of indoor objects and their levels in space, the unity of indoor colors obviously ranks first. Generally can be summarized as the following color parts:

(1) The background colors such as walls, floors and ceilings occupy a huge area and play a role in setting off everything in the room. Therefore, the background color is the primary consideration and choice of indoor direct color design.

The position of different colors on different spatial backgrounds (ceiling, wall, ground) can make great differences in the nature, psychological perception and emotional response of the room. Although a special color tone is completely suitable for the ground, it can produce completely different effects when used on the ceiling. Now, when the ceiling, wall and floor use different colors, make a shallow analysis:

1) Red ceiling: interference, heavy, wall: aggression, forward, ground X-watch, alert.

Pure red is rarely used except as an emphasis color. Excessive use will increase the complexity of space, so it is more appropriate to limit it.

2) Pink ceiling: exquisite, quiet and comfortable, or too sweet, depending on personal hobbies; Wall surface; Weak, if not gray, it is too sweet; Ground; Maybe it's too delicate and seldom used.

3) Brown ceiling: dull, depressing and heavy (if it is dark); Wall surface; If it is wood, it is safe; Ground: stable and calm.

In some cases, brown will cause the association of dross, so designers should use it with caution.

4) Orange ceiling: eye-catching and exciting: wall: warm and shiny; Land: active and lively.

Orange is softer than red and has a more pleasant charm. Reflection on the skin can enhance the complexion.

5) Yellow ceiling; Glowing (if close to lemon yellow), excited; Wall: warm (if close to orange), if uncomfortable because of high color, ground: rising, interesting.

Because of its high visibility, yellow is often used in places with safety requirements. Yellow is brighter than white and is often used in dimly lit spaces.

6) Green ceiling; Safe, but the reflection on the skin is not beautiful; Wall surface; Cold, quiet and reliable, if glare (green lightning) causes discomfort; Ground; Natural (at a certain saturation point), soft, relaxed and cold (close to blue).

Green and blue-green systems provide a good environment for meditation and work that requires high concentration.

7) Blue ceiling: such as the sky, cold, heavy and dark (for seeing color), wall surface: cold and far (for light blue), promoting exploration space (for dark color); Ground: Makes it feel easy to move (such as light blue) and firm (such as dark color).

Blue tends to be cold, desolate and sad. If it is used in a large area, the light blue will bend the objects and details in the environment because of the strong refraction of the human eye crystal.

8) Purple ceiling: It is rarely used indoors except in non-main areas. In a large space, purple disturbs the focus of the eyes, and psychologically shows anxiety and inhibition.

9) Gray ceiling: dark color, wall: annoying neutral tone, floor: neutral.

Like all neutral colors, gray has little therapeutic effect.

10) White ceiling: empty (helpful to diffuse light sources and reduce shadows), wall surface: empty, dry and tasteless, lifeless; Ground: It seems to tell people not to touch (don't walk on it).

White has always been regarded as the background of imagination, but its main attributes and environmental impression in decoration projects have not been considered. The contrast between white and high-color decoration effects needs to be extremely adapted from bright to dark. Can cause eye fatigue. In addition, the relative arrangement of low chroma color and white is dull and light, and white is a tragic color for the elderly and convalescent patients. Therefore, for physiological and psychological reasons, it is reasonable not to use white or gray as the main color in most environments. However, white can really accommodate all kinds of colors, and it is beyond reproach as an ideal background. It is necessary to combine the specific environment and indoor nature, foster strengths and avoid weaknesses, and use them skillfully to achieve ideal results.

1 1) black ceiling: empty; Wall: ominous, like a dungeon; H: Strange, hard to understand.

When using black, be careful that the area should not be too large. For example, some natural black granite and large stone are relatively stable high-grade materials. If used properly, they can play an irreplaceable role in background or local treatment.

(2) Furniture with different varieties, specifications, forms and materials, such as cabinets, dressing tables, beds, tables, chairs and sofas. , is the main body of indoor furnishings, is an important factor to express indoor style and personality. They are closely related to the background color and often become the main color to control the overall indoor effect.

(3) Fabric colors include curtains, door curtains, bedspreads, tablecloths, carpets, sofas, chairs and other masked fabrics. The material, texture, color and pattern of indoor fabrics are rich and varied, which has a closer relationship with people and plays a decisive role in indoor color. If you don't pay attention, it may become a disturbing factor. Fabric can also be used for background and key decoration.

(4) Display colored lights, televisions, refrigerators, thermos bottles, ashtrays, daily utensils, craft crystals, paintings and sculptures. Although they are small in size, they can often make the finishing point, so you can't ignore them. In indoor colors, it is often used as the main color or decorative color.

(5) Decoration colors of doors, windows, ventilation holes, antique shelves, dados and closets. Usually closely related to the background color.

(6) Green bonsai, flower basket, hanging basket and flower arrangement. Different flowers and plants have different body colors, emotional appeal and implications, which are easy to coordinate with other colors. It plays a special role in enriching space environment, creating space artistic conception, strengthening living atmosphere and softening space body.

According to the above classification, indoor colors are usually classified into three parts:

(1), as a large area color, is the background color to set off other objects in the room;

(2) Under the background color, the dominant indoor furniture is the main color;

(3) As the key decoration and ornament in the room, it is a small but prominent key color or emphasis color.

What is the background, what is the main body and what is the key point? This is the first problem to be considered in color design. At the same time, the relationship between objects of different colors forms a multi-level background relationship, such as a sofa with a wall as the background and a cushion on a sofa with a sofa as the background. In this way, for the palm pad, the wall is the big background and the sofa is the small background or the second background.

In addition, in many designs, such as walls and floors, it is not necessarily just one color, but many colors may be used, and graphic colors and background colors will also be transformed into each other, which must be noted.

The unity and change of color is the basic principle of color composition. All methods adopted are choices and decisions made to achieve this goal, and the following issues should be considered emphatically:

(1) main theme. Indoor colors should have main colors or imitation main colors, and warmth, personality and atmosphere are all reflected by main colors. For large buildings, the main theme should run through the whole building space, and on this basis, appropriate changes in local and different parts should be considered. The choice of theme is a decisive step, so it must be very related to the theme that needs reaction space. That is, what kind of feeling I hope to achieve through color, whether it is elegant or gorgeous, quiet or active, simple or luxurious. It is not easy to express it in color language. We should carefully identify and choose many color schemes. In order to express the simple and elegant artistic conception of the houses in the south of the Yangtze River and coordinate with the beautiful environment, Beijing Xiangshan Hotel adopts a system close to achromatic color as the theme, which is carried out on the wall, ceiling, floor, furniture and furnishings, giving people a unified, complete, profound, unforgettable and infectious impression. Once the main color is determined to be colorful, designers should never be obsessed with colorful fabrics, articles and furniture on the market, but boldly apply the three colors of black, white and gray to objects that don't usually use this color. This requires designers to get rid of secular prejudice and prejudice, and the so-called "creation" is also reflected here.

(2) The colors of large pieces are unified and coordinated. After the main theme is determined, the rotating part of color and its proportional distribution should be considered. As the main color, it should generally occupy a large proportion, while the secondary color, as a color that is in harmony with (or in contrast to) the main color, only accounts for a small proportion.

The classification of the above three parts of interior color has never been the only basis for considering the color relationship in interior color design. Classification can simplify the color relationship, but it can't replace the concept of color, because, as a large-scale interface, in some cases, it may also be the key object of indoor color expression. For example, if there is little indoor furniture, or the ground around which furniture is arranged, it will often become the focus of vision, mainly decoration. Therefore, according to the design idea, we can adopt different color levels or reduce the level change. Select and determine the relationship between the bottom of the picture and the prominent visual center, for example:

1) Highlight walls and furniture with uniform ceiling and floor colors.

2) Use uniform walls and floors to highlight ceilings and furniture,

3) Use a unified ceiling and wall to highlight the floor and furniture;

4) Use ceiling, floor and wall to highlight furniture.

It should be noted here that if the furniture is far away from the surrounding walls, such as the island layout in the hall, then the furniture and the ground can be regarded as layers that set off each other. These two levels can strengthen the differences between changes through comparison, or weaken changes through unity, or form a whole.

In the color coordination of large parts, sometimes only one or two furnishings can be highlighted, that is, unified ceilings, floors, walls and furniture can be used to highlight the furnishings, such as on-site paintings, books on bookcases, furnishings on tables, ancient cushions on seats, lamps and flowers. Because the materials used in indoor objects are different, even if the colors are the same, they are still very rich because of the different textures of materials, which can also be regarded as a rare favorable factor for color richness and variability in indoor color composition. So no matter how simple the color is, it will never be monotonous.

The unification of colors can also be achieved by limiting the selection of materials. For example, large-scale wooden floors, walls, ceilings, furniture and so on can be used. Masked cloth with the same color and quality can also be used for walls, curtains, furniture and so on. Some equipment, such as flower containers and some display crystals, can also be packaged to obtain the uniformity of materials.

(3) Strengthen the charm of color. The color relationship among background color, main color and accent color is by no means isolated and fixed. If we understand and deal with it mechanically, it will become monotonous. In other words, the bottom of the picture, the hierarchical relationship and the visual center need to have a clear relationship, but they are not rigid and rigid, in order to achieve richness.

This requires the following three methods:

1) color repetition or echo. In other words, the same color is used in several key parts, which makes it the key color to control the interior decoration. For example, use the same color on furniture, curtains and carpets, so that other colors are in a secondary and inconspicuous position. At the same time, colors can be interrelated to form a diverse and unified whole, and colors can echo each other, thus achieving visual contact and causing visual movement. For example, the white wall sets off the red sofa and the rainbow sofa sets off the white cushion. This color exchange is not only a means to simplify the color, but also a way to activate the relationship between the bottom and the color of the picture.

2) Rhythmic continuous arrangement. The regular arrangement of colors is easy to guide visual movement, or the sense of rhythm of colors. The sense of color rhythm does not have to be used in a large area, but can also be used on objects at a close distance. When a group of sofas, a carpet, a cushion, a painting or a bunch of flowers have the same color to touch, the relationship between things in the indoor space, like a "home", is more cohesive. Group pictures on the wall, cushions of chairs, flowers in bottles, etc. Can be used as a place to arrange rhythm.

3) Contrast strong columns. Colors are enhanced by mutual contrast. Once you find a contrast color in the room, that is, other colors take a back seat, your vision will soon focus on the contrast color. In contrast, their respective colors are more vivid, thus strengthening the expressive force of colors. When it comes to color contrast, don't think that there are only red and green, yellow and purple. In fact, the contrast of hue is often more than that of hue, such as lightness, chromaticity, clear and turbid color, color and achromatic color. When testing or sketching the overall indoor color composition, it is necessary to observe and compare many times, that is, which colors should be strengthened or weakened to obtain the best color composition effect. No matter what kind of strength and methods are used to strengthen the color, the purpose is to achieve indoor unity and coordination and strengthen the charm of color.

Indoor fun center or indoor focus is often considered in composition, which can be a set of furniture, a mural, the arrangement of bedside cushions or other forms, and its expressiveness and attraction can be enhanced through color. But strengthening the key points can't cause color segregation.

In a word, solving the relationship between colors is the center of color composition. Indoor colors can be divided into many levels, and the color relationship is complicated with the increase of levels and simplified with the decrease of levels. The relationship between different levels can be considered as background color and emphasis color respectively (commonly speaking, it is contrast color and display color). The background color is often used as a large area color, and the key color is often used as a small area color, with higher chromaticity and lightness than the background color. On the basis of unified tone, we can strengthen the color power, that is, repetition, rhythm and contrast emphasize the color effect of a certain part of the room. Indoor fun center or visual focus or emphasis can also be enhanced by color contrast and other methods. Through the repetition, echo and connection of colors, the rhythm and richness of colors are strengthened, so that indoor colors can achieve diversity and unity, change in unity, not monotonous and messy, and there is a master-slave center between colors, forming a complete and harmonious whole.