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Brief introduction of bovidae
Table of Contents 1 Pinyin 2 Chinese scientific names 3 Latin scientific names 4 nicknames 5 realms 6 phylum 7 subphylum 8 classes 9 subclasses 1 orders 11 Origins of Bovidae 12 Distribution of Bovidae 13 species of Bovidae 13.1 Alpine antelope. Aepycerotinae 13.2 Alpinae 13.3 Antelopeinae Antilopinae 13.4 Bovinae 13.5 Mung antelope (oryx) Cephalophonae 13.6 Hippotraginae. 13.7 Caprinae 13.8 reed antelope 1 pinyin

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Bovidae (scientific name: bovidae), also known as Caveraceae, belongs to artiodactyla of mammals in taxonomy. One of the "cave horns" is because the horns of undergraduate animals are hollow.

The common feature of cattle is their strong physique; Have legs suitable for long-distance running; There are 4 toes on the feet, but the lateral toes are more degraded than deer, which is suitable for running; The incisors and canine teeth have degenerated, but the lower incisors are still kept, and the lower canine teeth are toothed in Yemen. The three pairs of incisors are inclined forward in a shovel shape. Because they feed on hard plants, the premolars and molars are high crowns, and the enamel is wrinkled. After the crown is abraded, complex tooth patterns are formed on the surface, which is suitable for grazing. In order to store forage and avoid enemies, their stomachs have evolved into four chambers: rumen, honeycomb stomach, flap stomach and glandular stomach, and they also have the habit of "ruminating", so that food can be better digested and absorbed. More importantly, their horns are extremely different from deer. Usually, there are a pair of thick horns on the skulls of male and female animals after 1 year old. The shapes of the horns are different from each other, but they are all symmetrical bone branches derived from the protrusion of the frontal bone. It is also called "cave horn" because it is covered with a layer of horny sheath, which can be taken off, and the horn is hollow inside, so cattle are also called "cave horn" animals. The horns are not bifurcated, and there is a hard horn sleeve outside. The horn sleeve is hollow and covers the horn center of the bone, and it expands with the growth of the horn center, so they are also called "cave horns". Unlike deer, cattle have no nerves and blood vessels in their horns, and they can't grow after the hole angle is removed. Except that the horns of pronghorn sheep in North America are bifurcated, and the horns are changed every year, the growth of cattle usually stops when the horns grow to a certain extent, and the horns are not changed. 2 Chinese scientific name

Bovidae

3 Latin scientific name

Bovidae 4 is another name

Caveraceae 5 kingdoms

Animal kingdom 6 phyla

Chordata 7 subphylum

Vertebrate subphylum 8 classes

Mammalian 9 subclass

Euthera. Class 1

Bovidae

Bovidae is the most successful and progressive family of ungulates, including half of the existing ungulates. Many males and females in Bovine have horns, the bone core and horn sheath grow all their lives, the incisors and canine teeth are degenerated, and the ruminant function is perfect. There are many kinds of bovidae, and there are many disputes about the classification below them, which can be divided into many subfamilies and families. 11 Origin of Bovidae

Bovidae originated in Miocene, which is a mixed and progressive branch differentiated from protozoan deer. In Pliocene and Pleistocene, it developed in many complicated radiation-adaptive directions. Eurasia was their early development area, and central and eastern Asia with China as the center was the center of early cloven-hoofed radiation. Many fossils of Bovidae were found in Pliocene and Pleistocene strata in China, including primitive cattle, buffalo and Pleistocene.

In Miocene North America, the pronghorn appeared, which was a branch of cattle, with a deer-like shape. They had flat, curved horns and forked structures like antlers, and now most species have become extinct. The pronghorn still living in the North American continent is the remaining species of pronghorn, which is regarded as a type between deer and cattle and sheep. 12 distribution of bovidae animals

Bovidae did not originate in Africa, but now it is the most prosperous in Africa. Some subfamilies are endemic to Africa, and some are not endemic to Africa, but they are the most abundant in Africa. Outside Africa, there are abundant species of Bovidae in Asia, and a few in Europe and North America, while there are no native Bovidae in South America and Oceania. 13 species of bovidae

except that the cattle of bovinae are collectively referred to as cattle, and the sheep of oviinae are collectively referred to as sheep, most of them are collectively referred to as antelope.

In the family Bovidae, animals belonging to the genera Bovine, Buffalo, Buffalo, African Bison and Bison are generally called cattle, and there are about 16 species of * * *. Cattle is the last group of mammals, which probably originated from primitive antelopes. With the evolution process, it evolved into tall and strong, with thick limbs, and the African bison and bison reached the peak. The same characteristics of cattle are that both male and female animals have smooth horns on their heads, which grow close to both sides of the occipital bone. The bases of the horns are far apart, the kissing edge is hairless, the tail is long, there are tufts of hairs at the end, there are no smelly glands in front of the eyes and between the toes, and the female animal has four * * *.

There are 8 species of cattle, including domestic cattle and their ancestors, the original cattle and the tumor cattle. At present, there are about 1.1 billion domestic cattle and about 5 breeds in the world. According to their uses, they are divided into milk breeds, meat breeds, meat and milk breeds and meat and labor breeds. It is generally believed that European domestic cattle were artificially raised and cultivated about 7, years ago by the original cattle living in Europe and northern Africa. The original cattle were magnificent in shape, with small meat pendants on their necks and decorative hairs on their heads. In the past, the number was large, but it gradually decreased with the massive logging of forests, and it was extinct in 1627. The ancestors of domestic cattle of Asian strain may be the tumor cattle living in India. It is not clear whether these two domestic cattle are of the same species, but they are all their descendants and their hybrid breeds. The same characteristics are that the cross sections of the horns are round, the back is low and flat, and there are 13 pairs of ribs.

the classification system of Wilson and Reeder (1993). 13.1 Aepyceratinae

Aepycerasos 13.2 Elaphinae

Elaphus

Connochaetes

Damaliscus

Sigm. Ocearos 13.3 Antilopinae

Ammodorcas

Antidorcas

Antilope

Dorcatragus

Gazella

Litocranius

. Madoqua

Orotragus

Oreotragus

Ouebia

Procapra

Raphiceros 13.4 Bovinae

Bison

Bos < P > Boslaphus

Bubalius

African buffalo

African gazelle

Taurotragus

Tetracerus

Gravidae

Bovinae is a relatively widely distributed subfamily, and it is also one of the only two subfamilies that can be found outside Africa and Asia, but it is distributed in the center. Many cattle subfamilies are stout, including the largest members of the horned class, and they are not good at running. Bovine subfamily can be divided into Bovini, Boselaphini and Tragelaphini. Cattle include 6 existing genera, many of which have been domesticated as domestic animals. Bos is the largest genus of Bos, and the distribution of wild species is now confined to the south and southeast of Asia, reaching the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in the north and Java in the south. Bos mutus, a yak, lives in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and other existing Bos members live in tropical forests and woodlands except domestic animals. Buffalo belongs to Bubalus, only Bubalus bubalis, and some people have divided different species, which have been domesticated as livestock, and a few populations live in a few areas of South Asia and Southeast Asia. Buffalo once arrived in northern China in prehistoric times. Anoa is the smallest member of the cattle family, and there are three species, which are distributed in Sulawesi Island in Indonesia and Mindoro Island in the Philippines, respectively. African bison belongs to Syncerus, only African bison (African wild buffalo) Syncerus caffer, which is distributed in savanna and forest zone in sub-Saharan Africa. It is the only cattle in Africa, and some people separate Chishui cattle (Congo bison) from the tropical rain forest, and their shapes and habits are different. Bison is the only member of Bovine subfamily distributed outside Africa and Asia, including Bison bison, an American bison, and Bison bonasus, a European bison, which is rare in number and is now in a semi-wild state. Bison was once the largest animal in America, but it was almost killed and recovered after protection. The blue wildebeest is a specialty of South Asia, including Boselaphus tragocamelus and Tetracerus quadricornis. The blue wildebeest is the largest antelope in Asia, and the four-cornered antelope is the only one with four horns. The gazelle is a special product of Africa, among which Taurotragus derbianus, the German antelope, is the largest antelope in the world, and its size is similar to that of cattle, while Boocercus euryceros, the purple antelope, is the largest and most beautiful forest antelope. 13.5 Cephalopoinae

Cephalopophus

Sylvicapra 13.6 Hipotraginae

Hipotragus

Oryx

pronghorn Add. Ax 13.7 Caprinae

Pantholops

Saiga

Ammotragus

Budorcas

Caprine

Hymitragus

Naemorhedus < P > Oreamnos

Ovibos

Ovis

Pseudois

Rupicara

Caprinae is the most widely distributed subfamily of Bovine, and its members are quite different in size and habits. It can be divided into several different families, and its classification is controversial. Most members of Raninae live in plateau and mountainous areas, and its distribution center is in the hinterland of Asia, and it can also be seen in Europe and North America, while in Africa, where Bovine is the most abundant, it is only found in the northern region. Saigini, a member of the high-nosed antelope family, has an enlarged nose, which is suitable for fast running. Some people put it into Antelope subfamily. The high-nosed antelope family includes Saiga tatarica, a high-nosed antelope distributed in Central Asia, and Pantholops hodgsonii, a Tibetan antelope distributed in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Both of them can form a large-scale antelope herd comparable to that in Africa, but the former has been captured because of the medicinal value of antelope horn and has become extinct in China, while the latter has been killed and endangered because of producing high-quality cashmere. Ovibovini, a member of the sheep and cattle family, is stocky like a cow, with long hair and adapted to cold life. There are two existing species. Ovibos moschatus, a musk ox, is the northernmost ungulate, and Budorcas taxicolor, a takin, is also known as pronghorn, which is distributed in the mountains of southwest China and neighboring countries. Rupicaprini(Naemorhedini) is slightly antelope-like, and mostly lives in the mountains of eastern and southeastern Asia. For example, Capricornis sumatraensis, which is a common large animal in the mountains of southern China and Southeast Asia. Naemorhedus goral is widely distributed in China and can also be seen in the suburbs of Beijing. There are two species of antelope outside Asia, among which Rupicapra rupicapra is distributed in Europe and the Near East, and Oreamnos americanus is distributed in the northwest of North America. Some people also classify these two species of antelope outside Asia as sheep. Caprini has 4 genera, all of which are very adaptable to mountain life. Ovis is the most widely distributed sheep, which can be found in the mountains of Eurasia and North America. Ovis aries, a domestic sheep, is widely raised for producing wool. Ovis orientalis, a red-headed sheep in central and western Asia, may be the wild ancestor of domestic sheep, and Ovis ammon (left), a domestic sheep, is the largest sheep. Capra, a goat with whiskers under its mouth, is mainly distributed in mountainous areas of Eurasia, while Capra walie, a Ximin sheep, is one of the only two kinds of wild sheep in Africa, and its number is very rare. Ximin sheep is often regarded as a subspecies of Capriibex (right), also known as Capra ibex, which is widely distributed and can also be seen in northwest China. Capra hircus, a domestic goat, is more tolerant than sheep.