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The history of wild fungi
I. Types of Wild Mushrooms Wild mushrooms are unique wild edible mushrooms in Yunnan Province, which grow in a three-dimensional climate with complex topography and landforms at an altitude of 2,000-4,000 meters.

There are about 250 species of wild edible fungi in Yunnan, belonging to 96 genera and 35 families, belonging to two classes, eleven orders, accounting for more than half of the world's edible fungi and two thirds of China's edible fungi. Species classification: Chicken fir, Chicken fir, Song Ji, Coprinus comatus, ants, etc. , known as the king of bacteria. Its meat is fat and strong, and its silk is as white as chicken, hence the name Jizong.

It contains calcium, magnesium, iron, phosphorus, protein, carbohydrates, calories, ash, riboflavin, nicotinic acid and other nutrients. There are as many as 16 kinds of amino acids in chicken fir, and the high phosphorus content is a major feature of chicken fir.

There are many ways to eat chicken termites. Chicken termites are dried, salted or fried with vegetable oil and can be preserved for a long time. The production season of chicken fir is from June to September every year, and most of them grow on the slopes of unpolluted red soil forests.

A book written in the fifth year of Jiajing (1526) records, "Chicken fir, fungus also. Only Yongchang produces Meiduo.

..... Keep the rope and move a hundred catties. If you get it, wash the soil, cook it with salt, and then dry it. It tastes bad if you smoke less.

If you stay overnight after harvest, the fragrance will be exhausted, so it is precious. "Chicken fir was mostly born on the termite nest in Shan Ye during the rainy season. When it was first unearthed, the cap was conical, dark brown or yellowish in color, and folded into white. When ripe, it is yellowish, single flower, ranging from a few to two, and it is also born in pieces.

Chicken fir has not been cultivated successfully so far. The mushroom cap of onion is flat and hemispherical, smooth and non-sticky, light in meat color, white in meat and fragrant in sauce, which can be used as medicine.

Born in broad-leaved forests and mixed coniferous and broadleaved forests such as Quercus, they live alone or live in groups. Leg mushrooms are nutritious and exported to Europe, America, Japan and other countries.

According to the analysis, 100 g dry product contains 20.2 g protein, 64.2 g carbohydrate, 338kcal, 4.0g ash, 23mg CA2, 500mg P500, 50m g Fe2 and 3.68 mg riboflavin. In addition, its water extract has inhibitory effect on the growth of sarcoma S- 180 in mice, and the inhibitory rate of sarcoma S- 180 is 100%, and the inhibitory rate of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma is 90%.

Boletus (also known as "Boletus ovis") is the general name of boletus, Boletus matsutake and other fungi, most of which are edible except a few that are poisonous or bitter. Yunnan province is rich in boletus resources, mainly white, yellow, black and red boletus.

Boletus albus, also known as Boletus deliciosa, grows in the mixed forest of pine and oak at an altitude of 900 to 2200 meters, or in the forest edge zone that has been cut down soon. The growing period is from the end of May to the middle of 10 every year. After rain, it grows more in sunny days and is easy to harvest. White boletus is delicious and nutritious.

People of all ethnic groups in Yunnan Province collect fresh bacteria for cooking and eating. Western European countries also have the habit of eating white boletus. Except fresh vegetables, most of them are sliced and dried and processed into various small packages for soup or soy sauce paste, and some of them are made into pickled products.

Since 1973, Yunnan Province has exported white boletus to Western Europe. Yellow, black and red boletus belong to the same family as white boletus, and they are eaten in the same way and taste similar.

Boletus contains 8 kinds of essential amino acids, as well as alkaloids such as adenine, choline and putrescine. It can be used medicinally to treat lumbago and leg pain, numbness of hands and feet, and convulsion of limbs, and can also be used to treat abnormal leucorrhea of women.

It has the effects of clearing away heat, relieving restlessness, nourishing blood, harmonizing middle energizer, chasing wind, dispelling cold, relaxing muscles and tendons, promoting blood circulation, tonifying deficiency and refreshing. Tricholoma matsutake belongs to basidiomycetes, kelp, mushrooms and Tricholoma.

The scientific name of Tricholoma matsutake, also known as Tricholoma giganteum, Tricholoma matsutake and peeled mushroom, is called "Yumaoluo" in Naxi language. It is delicious among local fungi in Lijiang, including fresh and salty. The mushroom cap was hemispherical at first, then unfolded into an umbrella shape, with a dry surface, grayish brown or light dark brown, and white mushroom pleats. Born in autumn in Korean pine, larch and Chinese pine forests.

Tricholoma matsutake enjoys a high reputation in Japan and Europe, and is regarded as a treasure in edible fungi and known as the "king of mushrooms". In ancient Japan, Tricholoma matsutake was one of the treasures that people paid tribute to nobles and emperors. There was a saying that "herring seeds in the sea, pine mushrooms on land".

In the Naxi area of Lijiang, Yunnan, Tricholoma matsutake is also one of the precious dishes at the wedding banquet. Ganba mushroom, also known as Tricholoma matsutake, grows under the masson pine tree from July to September every year.

This kind of bacteria has no cap, no folds, and is as overgrown as cattle teeth, so it is commonly known as bovine dental fungus. Ganba auricularia was yellowish brown when it was first unearthed and dark brown when it matured.

The meat is hard and dry, and contains nutrients such as calcium, protein and thiamine. And has a rich flavor similar to that of pickled beef jerky. Pickled beef jerky is called Ganba by local people, hence the name Ganba.

Ganba mushroom is rich in flavor and tough in meat, and contains nutrients such as calcium, iron, protein and thiamine. Because it is similar to the rich flavor of pickled beef jerky, the person who pickled beef jerky is called Ganba, so it is named Ganba Mushroom. Penicillium Penicillium mainly grows in forest grass and comes out from June to September every year.

It was a little spherical when it was first unearthed, and then it gradually expanded into a oblate circle. This hat is hard, showing a mixture of blue-green and white.

Mushroom meat is tender and fragrant, and contains many nutrients such as protein, calcium, phosphorus, iron, sulfur and amine. Mushrooms contain protein, carbohydrates, calcium, phosphorus, iron, vitamin B2 and other nutrients.

Most people are suitable for eating, especially those with eye diseases, liver fire, depression and dementia. The smell is sweet, slightly sour and non-toxic; Indications are blurred vision, purging the fire of liver meridian, dissipating heat and relieving qi, and female depression, which is the top grade.

It has a good inhibitory effect on impatience, anxiety, depression, dementia and other diseases. Paecilomyces palmatum grows deep in the grass of high mountains and cliffs, and is only found in a few places in Wei Chu and Lijiang in Yunnan.

This fungus has no cover and no handle. It is covered with a layer of fine hair, which is yellowish brown and has obvious black patterns. It looks like Tiger Claw, hence the name. Tephrosia vogelii is thick and fat, tender in meat, rich in extracellular polysaccharide, not easy to break and rich in nutrition.

According to the analysis and determination, its dried product contains 17 kinds of amino acids, including 7 kinds of essential amino acids, accounting for 1 1.46% of the total, and 0 kinds of minerals and trace elements. Tephrosia is warm and sweet, and has the effects of chasing wind and dispelling cold, relaxing muscles and promoting blood circulation. It is also used as an aphrodisiac and has the function of lowering blood cholesterol.

Morchella is produced in.

Second, the classification of wild mushroom species names and pictures Daquan wild mushrooms generally grow in coniferous forests and mixed forests such as Pinus yunnanensis, Pinus alpine and Pinus zhanfeng, and are solitary to group. Due to different geographical environments and different vegetation growing in different places, the species of wild mushrooms are diversified. Common species are termites, white onion mushrooms, boletus, Tricholoma matsutake, dried mushrooms and so on. Let's look at the species names and pictures of wild mushrooms.

Termitomyces termitomyces is a famous wild strain in Yunnan, also known as Jizhong, Jizong, Song Ji, Coprinus comatus, ants and so on. It is called the king of bacteria. Its meat is fat and strong, and silky white is similar to chicken. It contains calcium, magnesium, iron, phosphorus, protein, carbohydrates, calories, ash, riboflavin, nicotinic acid and other nutrients, and its amino acid content is as high as 60%. During the rainy season, most of them are born in termite nests in Shan Ye. When they were first unearthed, the cap was conical, dark brown or yellowish, and the cap was folded into white. When mature, it is yellowish, some are solitary, up to two, and some are in pieces. But artificial cultivation has not been successfully realized so far.

The white onion fungus has a flat hemispherical cover, which is smooth and non-sticky, light in flesh color, white in flesh and fragrant in sauce, and can be used as medicine. Born in broad-leaved forests and mixed coniferous and broadleaved forests such as Quercus, they live alone or live in groups.

Leg mushrooms are nutritious and exported to Europe, America, Japan and other countries. According to the analysis, 100g dry product contains 20.2g protein, 64.2g carbohydrate, 338kcal, 4.0g ash, 23mg Ca23, P500 mg, 50m g Fe50 and 3.68mg riboflavin.

In addition, its water extract has inhibitory effect on the growth of sarcoma S- 180 in mice, and the inhibitory rate of sarcoma S- 180 is 100%, and the inhibitory rate of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma is 90%. Boletus is a general term for fungi such as boletus and Tricholoma matsutake, among which most species are edible except a few which are poisonous or bitter, mainly white, yellow, black and red boletus, which grow in the mixed forest of pine and oak at an altitude of 900 meters to 2200 meters or in the forest edge zone that has been cut down soon. The growing season is from the end of May to the middle of 10 every year. It grows more in sunny days after rain and is easy to harvest.

It is delicious and nutritious. Except fresh vegetables, most of them are sliced and dried, processed into various small packages, used to make soup or soy sauce extract, and also made into pickled products. Tricholoma matsutake, also known as Tricholoma matsutake, Tricholoma giganteum, peeled mushrooms, etc. At first, it has a hemispherical cap, then it unfolds into an umbrella shape, with a dry surface, grayish brown or light dark brown, and white pleats. Born in autumn in Korean pine forest, larch forest and Chinese pine forest.

It enjoys a high reputation in Japan and Europe, and is regarded as a treasure in edible fungi, and is known as the "king of mushrooms". In ancient Japan, Tricholoma matsutake was one of the treasures that people paid tribute to nobles and emperors. There was a saying that "herring seeds in the sea, pine mushrooms on land".

In the Naxi area of Lijiang, Yunnan, Tricholoma matsutake is also one of the precious dishes at the wedding banquet. Ganba mushroom, also known as Tricholoma matsutake, grows under the masson pine tree from July to September every year.

This fungus has no cap, no wrinkles, and is as overgrown as a cow's tooth. It was yellowish brown when it was first unearthed and dark brown when it matured. The meat is hard and dry, and contains nutrients such as calcium, protein and thiamine. And has a rich flavor similar to that of pickled beef jerky.

It's ugly, with a layer of white in the black, but it's delicious. It's the top grade of wild edible fungi, and fried green peppers or scrambled eggs with dry mushrooms are delicious. So far, artificial breeding has not been realized.

Penicillium Penicillium mainly grows in forest grass and comes out from June to September every year. It was a little spherical when it was first unearthed, and then it gradually expanded into a oblate circle.

This hat is hard, showing a mixture of blue-green and white. Mushroom meat is tender and fragrant, and contains many nutrients such as protein, calcium, phosphorus, iron, sulfur and amine.

Mushrooms contain protein, carbohydrates, calcium, phosphorus, iron, vitamin B2 and other nutrients. Most people are suitable for eating, especially those with eye diseases, liver fire, depression and dementia.

Paecilomyces palmatum grows deep in the grass of high mountains and cliffs, and is only found in a few places in Wei Chu and Lijiang in Yunnan. This fungus has no cover and no handle. It is covered with a layer of fine hair, which is yellowish brown and has obvious black patterns. It looks like Tiger Claw, hence the name.

The bacteria are thick and fat, tender, rich in extracellular polysaccharide, not easy to break and rich in nutrition. According to the analysis and determination, its dried product contains 17 kinds of amino acids, including 7 kinds of essential amino acids, accounting for 1 1.46% of the total, and 0 kinds of minerals and trace elements.

It is flat and sweet, and has the effects of chasing wind and dispelling cold, relaxing muscles and promoting blood circulation. It is also used as an aphrodisiac and has the function of lowering blood cholesterol. Morchella is produced in Ganzi, Dali, Lijiang and Diqing Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Its meat is tender, sweet and delicious, rich in nutrition, and its surface is dark green and oval, slightly like lamb belly, hence the name.

According to the determination, Morchella contains crude protein 20%, crude fat 26%, carbohydrate 38. 1%, and also contains a variety of amino acids, especially glutamic acid as high as 1.76%. Therefore, some people think that it is a "very good source of protein" and has the reputation of "faint in vegetarian food".

In addition, it was determined that Morchella contains at least 8 vitamins, such as vitamin B 1, vitamin B2, vitamin B 12, nicotinic acid, pantothenic acid, pyridaben, biotin and folic acid. Hericium erinaceus is a precious edible fungus. Every August and September, it rains for a long time, and Hericium erinaceus is rich. Hericium erinaceus is parasitic on birch, oak and other tree trunks in humid and ventilated places in the mountains. It is pale yellow or pink and looks like a clever golden monkey from a distance, so it is named Hericium erinaceus.

Hericium erinaceus is rich in nutrition, contains peptides, sugars and vitamins needed by human body, and has the functions of enhancing cell vitality, anti-cancer, beauty and fitness. Crispy fried mushroom meat, fried meat, stewed meat and steamed meat are all rare delicacies.

Gerontomycete Gerontomycete, also known as immortal head, Bigfoot mushroom, the father of Ji Zong. Gerontomycete is tender, waxy, elastic and delicious, which can be compared with abalone, so it is called "plant abalone", which is rich in plant protein, minerals and vitamins, especially amino acids. Traditional Chinese medicine believes that auricularia auricula has the effects of invigorating spleen and kidney, nourishing yin and strengthening yang, regulating qi and expelling toxin, strengthening bones and strengthening body, and can treat diseases that are easy to happen to middle-aged and elderly people, such as deficiency of both qi and blood, fatigue, soreness of waist and knees, and gloomy complexion.

Black truffle and black pine.

Third, how do wild mushrooms grow? Wild mushrooms generally grow in coniferous forests and mixed forests such as Yunnan pine, Alpine pine and Zhanfeng pine, and are solitary to group. Due to different geographical environments and different vegetation growing in different places, the species of wild fungi are diverse.

Generally speaking, the growth of wild mushrooms is affected by natural conditions such as temperature, sunshine, topography and cycle. The contents of effective components such as amino acids and protein are different in wild mushrooms grown in different environments, and the types and contents of trace elements such as copper and zinc are also different.

Large wild edible fungi grow in forest areas, and there is little or no external pollution in some places. Therefore, natural large-scale wild edible fungi are green food, and also health food rich in amino acids, extremely low in fat, vitamins and trace elements in protein.

Yunnan's complex topography, diverse forest types, soil types and unique three-dimensional climate conditions have given birth to rich wild edible fungi resources, with many types, wide distribution and large output. It accounts for more than half of the edible fungi in the world and two thirds of the edible fungi in China.

More specifically, different wild mushrooms have different growing environments.

1. termitomycetes is a famous wild fungus in Yunnan. The production season of termitomycetes is from June to September every year, and most of them grow on the slopes of unpolluted red soil forests.

2. Onions are born in broad-leaved forests such as Quercus and Quercus, and mixed coniferous and broadleaved forests, and they are solitary or group.

3. Boletus grows in the mixed forest of pine and oak between 900 meters and 2200 meters above sea level, or near the forest edge. The growing period is from the end of May to the middle of 10 every year. After rain, it grows more in sunny days and is easy to harvest.

4. Tricholoma matsutake often grows singly or in groups in Yunnan Tricholoma matsutake, which is distributed in the dense forest of mixed forest of Pinus yunnanensis, Pinus armandii, Quercus and Rhododendron in the temperate zone and cold temperate zone at an altitude of 1600-3200m. It is slightly different from Korean pine in Northeast China and Korean pine. Mostly born on slopes of 20-50 degrees, with neutral soil and deep humus. It is related to the fibrous roots of Pinus yunnanensis, Pinus armandii and Quercus, forming mycorrhiza and often forming mushroom circles. Mushrooms are born on gentle slopes of big pine trees, oak trees, azaleas and other dense forests, and generally bloom in June-165438+10, and the peak season is August-September. Tricholoma matsutake is mostly produced in the area of Yunnan where goose cream with orange peel is produced. External rooting relationships of some tree species in Pinus, Picea, Abies and Hemlock.

5. Ganba fungus, also known as Tricholoma matsutake, grows under the masson pine tree from July to September every year.

8. Penicillium mainly grows in the forest grass and comes out from June to September every year. It was a little spherical when it was first unearthed, and then it gradually expanded into a oblate circle. This hat is hard, showing a mixture of blue-green and white. Mushroom meat is tender and fragrant, and contains many nutrients such as protein, calcium, phosphorus, iron, sulfur and amine.

9. Paecilomyces grows deep in the grass of high mountain and cliff, and is found only in a few places in Wei Chu and Lijiang in Yunnan. This fungus has no cover and no handle. It is covered with a layer of fine hair, which is yellowish brown and has obvious black patterns. It looks like Tiger Claw, hence the name.

Morchella is produced in Ganzi, Dali, Lijiang and Diqing Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Mushroom meat is tender, sweet and nutritious. The surface of Morchella is dark green, oval, slightly like a sheep's belly, hence the name.

4. What are the myths and legends about wild mushrooms? 4000 years ago, Sumerians in Mesopotamia recorded a desert Tefez truffle on a clay tablet, describing that a child gave a Tefez truffle to the king at that time.

However, the smell and color of this truffle are very light, but the Romans love it far more than the white truffle made in Italy. Until today, North African countries have been eating it, because it can just absorb the taste and sauce of various expensive spices in dishes, and it is the main one. It is said that this kind of dried truffle called mushroom Terfez can be seen occasionally in Moroccan shops in Paris.

During the Greek period, the Athenians presented truffles to Venus, the goddess of love. The Greek doctor Leukada even regarded it as a prescription for "frolicking" love.

The book Taste Physiology describes a woman and a man who had an irresistible sexual relationship after eating truffles and stuffing chicken together. Author's comment: Truffles can evoke memories of * * * and delicious food for both men and women, and trigger a powerful force accompanied by sweetness and joy. It can even be said vaguely that truffles make women gentler and men kinder.

Paris socialite left an intriguing sentence: "I love men because I love truffles." 18 10, Napoleon learned that one of his subordinates had a captain who gave birth to 19 children, and he had to eat a truffle hen cooked in champagne before sex every time, so he asked the commander of Perigord Military Region to find the best large number of black truffles and hens to do the same thing, and he got the result at one stroke.

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Verb (abbreviation of verb) Wild mushroom planting A fungus grows in my hometown and is a favorite edible fungus in the catering industry. However, artificial cultivation varies greatly due to different varieties, providing you with a successful technology.

Wild mushroom chicken native soil from artificial domestication and cultivation technology, also known as shredded chicken mushroom, umbrella mushroom and bean chicken mushroom, is called termite by Japanese people and is a famous rare wild edible fungus. Mushroom meat is tender, fragrant, sweet and refreshing, which is favored by domestic and foreign markets and is known as the "crown among bacteria".

Coptis henryi is a special fungus symbiotic with termites. Where Coptis henryi grows, termites nest underground, so it becomes a development variety with great difficulty in artificial cultivation. In recent years, through repeated experiments, China scientists and technicians can grow hyphae and mushrooms smoothly without termite nests.

Specific methods: 1, mother seed separation: mother seed culture medium formula: Maling potato 200g, glucose 20g, agar 20g, ant nest 20g, clear water 1000ml. The test tube slant culture medium is prepared according to the conventional method.

The strain can be cut from the wild chicken soil from the fruiting body, a small piece of tissue of the breast cap is cut under aseptic conditions, and then inoculated into the inclined culture medium of the test tube. Culture at 20-24° C, and purifying to obtain mother seed; Then expand the original species and cultivated species.

2. Cultivation season: the pheasant soil begins to produce mushrooms in autumn, so this cultivation season should take September as the boundary, and the countdown is about 60 days, that is, bagging inoculation will begin in June, mushrooms will produce in July-August, and mushrooms will produce in September-10 Autumn. 3. Preparation of culture medium: The suitable formula for chicken soil growth is sawdust 75%, wheat bran 20%, gypsum powder 1%, sucrose 1% and termite nest soil 3%.

Materials and water 1: 1. 1, stew for 2 hours after ingredients, and control the water content at 65%.

The cultivation bag should be 17 * 35cm or 15 * 35cm, packed with solid materials, without cotton bag cover, and sterilized as usual. 4. Inoculation and culture of bacteria: When the feed temperature drops to 25℃, the chicken soil is inoculated with bacteria.

Then put it in a room at 20-25℃ and cultivate it in the dark. Generally, hyphae can grow into bags in 40-60 days. 5, covering the soil to produce mushrooms; The cultivated land is north-south hillside woodland with fertile and acidic soil or in front of the house, and the width of the border is 80- 100 cm, forming a concave shape; Then move the mushroom bag into the mushroom shed, remove the bag film, put it on the bed, cover the soil with a gap of 2-3 cm, and fill it; Cover the surface of the cylinder with 8- 10 cm of soil, and spray water to keep it moist; Build an arched shed at the border for shade, control the temperature at 25-30℃, control the relative humidity of air at 85-95%, scatter light in the mushroom shed, pay attention to ventilation and keep the air fresh.

After 30-40 years of culture, the primordia form mushroom buds and grow into mushrooms. When the mushroom cover is about to be straightened and not cracked, it can be harvested.

At present, the artificial cultivation of chicken soil is still in the development stage, and the technology needs to be studied and improved. It is hoped that edible fungi lovers will carry out in-depth experimental research according to local conditions and find a shortcut to stable production from practice. .