ginseng

The Latin name is Panax ginseng C.A.mey.

Chinese famous ginseng

Latin family name Araliaceae

Chinese name Araliaceae

Protection level 1

Distributed in Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning and Hebei (Wuling Mountain and Dushan)

Endangered species at present. Ginseng, a tertiary relict plant, is also a precious Chinese herbal medicine. It is famous at home and abroad as the first of the "Three Treasures in Northeast China" and has a long history of medicinal use in China. For a long time, due to over-exploitation and resource depletion, the forest ecological environment on which ginseng depends has been seriously damaged. Therefore, Shangdang Codonopsis in ancient Shanxi has long been extinct, and at present, Northeast Ginseng is on the verge of extinction.

Altitude lower limit (m) 400

Upper limit of altitude (m) 1000

Ginseng is mainly divided into three categories.

Ginseng is the dried root of Araliaceae plant Ginseng. In China, ginseng has been eaten for a long time, and it was listed as the top grade as early as Shennong Herbal Classic. People began to buy wild ginseng from North Korea in the Tang Dynasty. Chen Xuepeng, deputy director of the quality control department of Guangzhou Medicinal Materials Company, told reporters that the Chinese herbal medicine industry divides ginseng into wild ginseng, garden ginseng and Korean ginseng according to its quality, origin and growth environment. According to the processing method, all kinds of ginseng can be subdivided into sun-dried ginseng, red ginseng and sugar ginseng.

Wild ginseng

Origin: Wild ginseng is mainly produced in Changbai Mountain and other areas in Jilin, China. Wild ginseng is usually collected from late July to September, because the fruit is ripe and red at this time, so it is easy to be found. Most wild ginseng is sun-dried. After washing it clean, it is smoked with sulfur, then exposed to the sun for four or five times, and finally slowly dried with charcoal fire. Efficacy: The nourishing effect is very good.

Garden ginseng

Artificial ginseng is generally called "garden ginseng"

Origin: It is artificially planted ginseng, mostly planted in Jilin area of China, so it is also called "Jilin ginseng". According to the research, in the Qing Dynasty about 250 years ago, wild ginseng with twigs began to be transplanted and planted in northeast China, and gradually developed into seed planting, and the artificially planted ginseng was called "garden ginseng". Its excavation time is in September, and the garden ginseng is usually excavated for 5 ~ 7 years, because if it is excavated too early, the ginseng slurry is insufficient and the quality is not good. According to the different preparation methods, garden ginseng can be divided into red ginseng and sugar ginseng.

Red ginseng: clean fresh ginseng, cut off twig roots, steam for 2-2.5 hours, take out and dry or dry in the sun to make red ginseng. Red ginseng is divided into two categories. Among them, the shape is better, and the reed is long, the body is long and the lateral roots are long. The others are "ordinary red ginseng". Efficacy: Warming.

Sugar Ginseng: Soak the cleaned fresh ginseng in boiling water until it is about six-ripe, take it out and pierce the hole around the ginseng with a bamboo needle, put it in a basin, pour in syrup, soak in sugar for 24 hours, then wash away the epidermis syrup, and then dry it in the sun or slowly bake it with fire. Efficacy: it is peaceful and can be eaten directly, and its efficacy is not as good as that of red ginseng.

Korean ginseng

Origin: It is the same variety as domestic ginseng, and it is named because it is produced in North Korea and South Korea. Most of the products on the market now are Korean ginseng. When digging, it is usually necessary to choose ginseng strips that are more than 6 years old, full of water and long. Korean ginseng is also divided into red ginseng and white ginseng according to different preparation methods.

Ginseng Rubra: Steam it with high-temperature steam for 2 hours until it is fully cooked, remove the ginseng whiskers after drying, and then press it into irregular square columns. Efficacy: Warming.

White ginseng: Choose short and inferior Korean ginseng, boil it in boiling water for a while, and then dry it. Efficacy: mild in nature.

morphological character

Perennial herbs; The taproot is fleshy, cylindrical or spindle-shaped, and the fibrous root is slender; The rhizome (reed head) is short, with stem marks (reed bowl) and buds on it; Stem solitary, erect, 40-60 cm high. The leaves are palmately compound leaves with 2-6 verticals, which vary with age: there are 3 lobules in L year, 5 lobules 12 in 2 years, 23 in 3 years, 31 in 4 years, 4-15 in 5 years, with the largest 6; Leaflets 3-5, 1 piece in the middle is the largest, oval or oval, 3-1 12 cm long and1-4 cm wide, with wedge-shaped base, tapering apex, fine-pointed serrations at the edge, and the upper part is sparsely setose along the midvein. Umbellies are terminal with small flowers; Flowers are bell-shaped, with 5 teeth; Petals 5, yellowish green; Stamens 5, filaments short, anthers spherical; Below the atrium, 2 rooms, style 1, stigma 2-lobed. Berry drupe oblate or kidney-shaped, bright red when mature; Seed 2, oblate, yellow and white.

trait

Ginseng enjoys a humid and cold climate, with an average temperature of 1 month of-23-5℃ and an average temperature of 20-26℃ in July. It has strong cold tolerance, can withstand the low temperature of -40℃, and the suitable growth temperature is15-25℃, which requires a forest environment with a small temperature difference between day and night, with a cumulative temperature of 2000. The soil is well-drained, loose, fertile brown forest soil with deep humus layer or mountain ashed brown forest soil with pH value of 5.5-6.2. Most of them live in mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forests or deciduous broad-leaved forests dominated by Korean pine, and the canopy density is 0.7-0.8. The main tree species are Pinus koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc., Acer mono Maxim., Tiliamandschurica Rupr. et Maxim., Ulmus laciniata (Trautv.) Mayr, Phellodendron amurense Rupr., Quercus mongolica Fisch., Schisandra Chinensis (Turcz.) Baill., Aralia elata (Miq.) Seem., etc. Ginseng usually blooms in 3 years and bears fruit in 5-6 years. The flowering period is June-July and the fruiting period is July-July.

Protect value

Ginseng is a valuable tonic, which has great medical and economic value for a long time. It has been used in China for about 4,000 years. However, due to long-term over-mining, the natural distribution area has been reduced, and the Central Plains producing areas represented by "Shangdang Codonopsis", namely southern Shanxi, southern Hebei, Henan and western Shandong, have long been extinct. At present, wild ginseng in Northeast China is extremely rare, so it is of special significance to protect the natural resources of this species.

protection measures

Ginseng has been listed as a national rare and endangered protected plant, and Changbai Mountain and other nature reserves have been protected. Other distribution areas should also be protected, and mining is strictly prohibited, so that ginseng resources can be gradually restored and increased. It has been widely cultivated in the three northeastern provinces, and recently it has been introduced in Hebei, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Hubei, Guangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan and other provinces and regions.

Key points of cultivation

Ginseng cultivation should pay attention to the characteristics of special habitat, dormant embryo, slow growth and delicate. 1) ginseng planting should choose slightly acidic soil with a certain slope and rich in humus. 2) Sowing: It is one of the important keys to master the understanding of seed germination characteristics and low temperature stratification treatment before germination. Germinated seeds can be sown in spring, and cracked seeds can be sown in autumn. 3) Transplanting: it can only be transplanted after 2-3 years of sowing. Pay attention to cold protection when planting in autumn and drought resistance when planting in spring. 4) Shading, weeding and disease prevention must be paid attention to after sowing or transplanting ginseng seedlings.