Mushroom cultivation:
Covering soil and management
1. Covering time should be covered immediately after sowing, which is conducive to heat preservation and moisture growth, and can also produce mushrooms early. Generally, mushrooms begin to grow about 25 days after sowing. If the moisture of the material is wet, the soil can be covered after 7 days of sowing, so that the moisture can evaporate on the one hand, and the mycelium growth of the strain block can be seen on the other hand. After sowing, it can be covered with film or grass curtain.
2. The cultivation of Agaricus bisporus by covering the soil must cover the soil, and it is impossible to produce mushrooms without covering the soil. Cultivation in greenhouse and open field is even, and soil is directly taken from the aisle. First, break the excavated part of the walkway, sprinkle a little phosphate fertilizer, slag and lime powder on it, and mix well. The maximum soil particle should not exceed 2 cm, and the soil moisture should be squeezed into a flat by hand and can be rubbed into a ball without sticking to the hands. Cover the soil while sowing seeds. If sowing seeds in the open field, you can directly cover it with a layer of plastic film and straw curtain. The border should be turtle-shaped, and the soil around the material surface should be covered tightly, with a uniform thickness of about 4 cm. By the way, a trench was formed in the walkway, which can release water, humidify, ventilate and keep moisture.
3. Management of sowing in greenhouse after soil mulching. After soil mulching, the material surface can be covered without straw curtain. In order to prevent the soil surface from losing water quickly, a layer of plastic film can be covered. Don't uncover the film for the first three days, then uncover it once a day, and ventilate for 30 minutes each time to increase the fresh air in the bacterial bed. If the soil surface is dry and white, it can be sprayed with a sprayer. If the hyphae under the film have been on the soil for about 15 days, the film can be removed to increase the humidity, so that the aerial hyphae can lodging and thicken, and grow horizontally in a linear way, so that the hyphae in the soil can't get on the soil surface because of the dry soil layer, so it can be managed flexibly according to the soil conditions of the hyphae, and the hyphae are away from the surface soil 1 cm. You can enter the mushroom production period management.
Mushroom production management
When the temperature drops below 20℃ and stays above 13℃, the hyphae filled with materials will soon produce mushrooms. At this time, the key is to keep the moisture in the soil layer. Check whether the mycelium in the soil layer is about 1 cm away from the surface. The mycelium edge is low, the fruiting is slow, the mycelium is on the surface, the fruiting is dense and small, and it is easy to (open) into thin-skinned mushrooms with low yield.
1. Mushroom promotion is to induce hypha to kink and form primordium. The method of mushroom promotion is mainly to use water, and this water spraying is called mushroom water. When the hyphae grow to be 1 cm away from the soil surface, spray heavy water once, with water per square meter 1.5-2.5 kg. Water can be sprayed according to the dry and wet degree of soil, and should be sprayed below 20℃ in the morning or afternoon. After spraying water, the ventilation volume should be increased, and air holes should be opened on both sides of the greenhouse, and both ends should be uncovered, 1-2 times a day, each time for 30 minutes. After spraying water, if the temperature is appropriate, a large number of small white spots of primordia will be formed in the soil. At this time, spraying water can no longer be used to avoid the death of primordia, so pay attention to heat preservation and moisturizing management.
4. Management of the growth time of fruiting bodies. After 2-3 days, the primordia formed by spraying water will differentiate into mushroom buds. When they grow to the size of soybean grains, spray heavy water once to increase the humidity of the soil and meet the water needed for the growth of fruiting bodies. This time, the water is called mushroom water. Spraying water depends on the weather, soil moisture and the size and number of mushroom buds. On sunny days, when the soil is dry and white, there are many mushrooms, and the mushroom buds are big, the amount of water sprayed should be large. Use a sprayer to spray water, or use a watering can to pour water. In rainy days and cloudy days, the soil is moist, there are few mushrooms, and the mushroom buds are small, so little or no water is sprayed. When the surface of the mushroom is smooth, white and without scales, it indicates that the water is insufficient, so it is necessary to spray water in time to increase the humidity. The humidity of the mushroom-bearing soil can still be squeezed flat and rubbed into a circle without sticking hands, and the mushroom cover can be harvested when it is about 5 cm long.
Harvesting and management
1. Harvest When the mushroom buds grow to the cap diameter of 3-5, the membrane is not broken, and the folds are not exposed, they should be harvested. Generally, it can be harvested in 5-7 days at a suitable temperature. When harvesting, pick the big ones and leave the small ones, and pick them by rotation, taking care not to hurt the young mushrooms around. For the clustered mushrooms, use a knife to cut the big mushrooms, leaving the small mushrooms to continue growing. The stalks are left 1 cm, and the incision should be smooth and not broken. When cutting the roots, put the open mushrooms and abnormal mushrooms together, and put the standard mushrooms together, and put them in plastic baskets or barrels with care. At the same time of harvesting, clean up the dead and sick mushrooms on the mushroom bed and fill the mushroom foot pit with soil.
4. Tidal transfer management After each batch of mushrooms is harvested, thoroughly clean up and remove the residual roots and dead mushrooms on the grate bed, repair the covering soil, fill the foot pit of Pleurotus ostreatus, spray insecticide, cypermethrin and acaricide once, and then spray heavy water once, which is called tidal transfer. After 3-5 days, the next wave of mushrooms formed again. Some mushroom beds produce mushrooms continuously, generally 4-5 tidal mushrooms, and the nutrition is basically exhausted. Before the Spring Festival is frozen, if the seeds are sown early and in early September, 2-3 crops can be sown before1February, and only one crop will be sown later, and then three crops will be sown after March in spring. The climate in Guanzhong area is dry, with a high degree of artificial management, and the number of mushroom tides is obvious. In the humid area in the south, mushrooms are continuously produced without obvious tides. The quality of autumn mushrooms is better than that of spring mushrooms.
Overwintering management
When the temperature is lower than 10℃, few mushrooms will grow. At this time, stop spraying water and do a good job in overwintering management. Its practice is: cover the bed with a layer of straw curtain or film, keep warm and moist, uncover it 1-2 times a week, ventilate it 1 hour, and harvest it at noon. If there are mushrooms on the bed, check that the soil on the bed can't be too dry and keep the soil in a slightly wet state.
Spring mushroom management
A list of cool mushrooms in the world (20) After corn stalks are harvested every winter, they can be sent out and sown in11February. Mushrooms grow in winter before winter and spring, which are also called spring mushrooms. Before the spring temperature of autumn mushrooms reaches 12℃, they will enter the spring mushroom management. At this time, remove the film, spray insecticide once, then spray heavy water 1 time, drench the soil and fill the walkway with water. If the soil is dry, it can be divided into two times of flooding until the soil permeates. In spring, the temperature rises quickly and the mushrooms grow fast. In May, it is necessary to pick them twice a day to avoid picking big mushrooms and open mushrooms. After the last two mushrooms come out, they can be sprayed with nutrients and most of them to increase the yield and quality.
extermination of disease and insect pest
In the process of mushroom growth, diseases and pests will occur due to unsuitable environmental conditions, or no fermented culture materials, or failure to clean up in time after mushroom picking, etc. Each manager is required to complete each operation process strictly, hygienically and with sufficient quantity. Lime is often sprinkled on the field in the shed, and the materials must be thoroughly cooked and mixed, and the soil should be covered cleanly. The water should be hygienic, clean water should be used, and the air in the shed is fresh. Once there are flies and nematodes, spray with Mushroom Insecticide, beta-cypermethrin or salt water, and spots will appear on the upper surface of mushrooms. Ventilation should be more, and water should be less. Spray with Kangning or chlorothalonil for early prevention and early treatment, so that the occurrence of pests and diseases can be completely controlled.
Mushroom topdressing has a knack
Generally speaking, the nutrition supply is not timely in the peak period and late growth period of mushrooms, which will cause abnormal mushrooms and seriously affect the yield and quality of mushrooms. Topdressing mushrooms in time can increase the yield of mushrooms. When the mushrooms are sown in the greenhouse, the temperature in the greenhouse should be adjusted below 20℃ and above 13℃, and the hyphae filled with materials will soon produce mushrooms. Agricultural personnel should keep the moisture in the soil layer. It is understood that mushrooms should generally be watered frequently and watered frequently with small water. Generally, each batch of mushrooms should be topdressing 2-3 times per mu. At the same time, it should be topdressing with water, and the dosage per square meter should be 250-500 ml. After the mushrooms are fertilized, clear water should be applied once to wash off the fertilizer solution on the mushrooms in time, which can avoid the occurrence of mushroom spots and yellow spots in time. The application of fertilizer solution and water can make mushrooms fully absorbed.
In order to effectively improve the yield of mushrooms, fertilizers should be applied in time to improve the growth and development of mushrooms. Agricultural personnel strengthen the management of mushroom room, choose urea150g or ammonia water 250ml, add 50kg of water, and spray evenly after dissolving, which can make the mushroom body thicker. You can choose Lvbokang 1∶ 1000 times solution and spray it evenly every 5-7 days during the development of mushroom fruiting body to the size of mushroom soybean, which can avoid the occurrence of abnormal mushrooms and diseases in time and effectively increase the yield of mushrooms by 20-30%. Mushrooms are sprayed with phytobiotics water, diluted with phytobiotics Jindu No.1 powder 1l000 times (2g/m2 mixed with water l000ml) for spraying. Spray once after each mushroom. It can promote the hypertrophy and fruiting of mushrooms, increase the shelf life of mushrooms, and generally increase the yield by 20-30%. At the same time, high-quality decomposed human excrement and urine can be added to mushrooms, and the human excrement and urine can be sprayed with water 10-20 times. After spraying, it can be sprayed with clear water once to promote the normal growth of mushrooms.
Medicinal value of mushrooms
Pharmacological effect 1: antibacterial effect
Mushroom culture medium (cultured at 28 ~ 30℃ for 22 days) can inhibit Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi and Escherichia coli. This culture medium is non-toxic to guinea pigs, and there is no side effect when people take 250 ml orally.
The squeezed juice of AgaricusnebularisBatsch. can still inhibit mycobacteria and mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Pharmacological effect II: Other effects
Its extract (extracted with ethanol for 24 hours, mixed with acetone to precipitate the filtrate, then extracted with ethanol and dried in vacuum) has the function of lowering blood sugar. A nonspecific phytohaemagglutinin was isolated from mushrooms.
pharmacological action
The plant lectin extracted from Agaricus bisporus has anti-tumor activity. When 0.25mg is administered to mice bearing sarcoma S 180, the tumor inhibition rate is 39% after 3 weeks. Mushroom water extract can obviously increase the number of T cells, can be used as a T lymphocyte promoter, stimulate antibody formation, improve the immune function of the body, and promote the nonspecific immunity of the body. The extract contains 45% polysaccharide and 18% protein. Another extract, A, has immune enhancement activity, which can aggregate peritoneal macrophages of mice and enhance the reaction of plaque-forming cells. It is also reported that a polysaccharide extracted from Agaricus bisporus has high anti-complement activity. The ethanol extract of Agaricus bisporus can cause the mutation of Salmonella typhimurium, especially on TA 104. Ames test showed that the agaric acid contained in Agaricus bisporus had mutagenic activity on TA 1537.TA97, and alkaline conditions could enhance its mutagenic activity.
Edible varieties of mushrooms:
Edible mushrooms are ideal natural foods or multifunctional foods. The most commonly eaten mushroom in the world is called Agaricus bisporus.
There is great potential to further screen and domesticate high-quality production strains from wild species. China has domesticated and artificially cultivated Lentinus edodes, Auricularia auricula, Tremella fuciformis, Volvariella volvacea, Flammulina velutipes, Hericium erinaceus, Dictyophora dictyopteris, Agrocybe aegerita, etc. for the first time in the world, and now it has domesticated Tricholoma mongolica, while wild edible mushrooms such as Boletus edulis, Morchella esculenta, red rivet mushroom, Amanita citricola, Boletus viscosus, and so on can also be collected in large quantities and supplied to domestic and foreign markets.