Ginkgo biloba leaves are also rich in mineral elements such as VC, VE, carotene, calcium, phosphorus, boron and selenium, which are more than ordinary fruits and vegetables and edible plant raw materials. Biological antioxidants are a kind of substances with direct and indirect antioxidant function in the body. Ginkgo biloba leaves contain two kinds of antioxidants-nutritional antioxidants and non-nutritional antioxidants. The former mainly contains carotene, VC, VE, selenium, zinc, copper and so on. And the latter mainly contains ginkgo flavonoids, terpene lactones, catechins, polyphenols and so on. Their contents are also very rich, and they play an important role in protecting the body from oxidative damage caused by free radicals. Therefore, Ginkgo biloba leaves have the functions of nutrition, health care and treatment. It is of great significance to develop and utilize Ginkgo biloba leaves, a resource with high nutrition and health care functions, to improve the comprehensive utilization rate of Ginkgo biloba leaves.
Development and Utilization of Ginkgo biloba Since 1930s, Japan and West Germany began to study Ginkgo biloba. With the deepening of modern pharmacological research, it is found that Ginkgo biloba leaves not only contain flavonoids, but also terpenoids, phenols and other compounds, and its excellent pharmacological effects are gradually recognized by people.
Clinical observation proves that Ginkgo biloba leaves have the following functions.
1, reducing the level of cholesterol in human blood and preventing arteriosclerosis. It can significantly improve physical fatigue, rapid heartbeat, chest pain, dizziness and other symptoms of middle-aged and elderly people after mild activities.
2. Lowering blood pressure by increasing vascular permeability and elasticity has a good antihypertensive effect.
3. Eliminate the deposited components on the blood vessel wall, improve the blood flow change, enhance the deformability of red blood cells, reduce the blood viscosity, and make the blood flow unobstructed, which can prevent and treat cerebral hemorrhage and cerebral infarction. It also has certain curative effect on senile dementia caused by arteriosclerosis.
4. Ginkgo biloba preparation combined with hypoglycemic agents has a good effect on diabetes, and can be used as an auxiliary drug for diabetes.
5, can significantly reduce menstrual abdominal pain and backache and other symptoms.
6, used to treat bronchial asthma, also has a good effect.
7, reduce the level of lipid peroxidation, reduce freckles, moisturize the skin, beautiful appearance.
8, laxative, diuretic, detoxification, detoxification.
9. It can obviously improve female climacteric syndrome.
General nutritional components of ginkgo biloba leaves
Table 2- 1 General nutritional components of Ginkgo biloba leaves
Component Puding Zheng 'an Specimen Garden
Protein (%)12.3615.4510.90
Total sugar (%) 8.69 7.38 7.7 1
Reducing sugar (%) 5.34 4.64 5.63
Total acid (%) 2.09 1.95 1.80.
VB 1 (mg/100g)
VB2 (mg/100g) 0.35 0.30 0.45
Carotene (mg/100g)18.0817.3014.52
Vitamin E (mg/100g)
VC (mg/100g)126.70129.20 66.78
Choline (mg/100g) 28.00 39.50 35.58
The results in Table 2- 1 show that Ginkgo biloba contains many nutrients, and the main nutrients are high, especially protein, sugar, VC, VE and carotene. On a dry basis, the leaves contain protein 10.9% ~ 15.5%, total sugar 7.38% ~ 8.69%, reducing sugar 4.64% ~ 5.63%, and VC 66.8 ~129.2 mg/100g.
amino acid content
Table 2-2 Content of Amino Acids in Ginkgo biloba leaves (g/ 100g, dry basis)
Amino acid content Puding Zheng 'an specimen garden
Aspartic acid1.421.731.26
Threonine * 0.55 0.72 0.50
Serine 0.57 0.74 0.55
Glutamate1.391.791.16
Glycine 0.700
Propionic acid 0.83 1.09 0.75438+0
Valine * 0.69 0.99 0.64
Methionine * 0.2 1.240. 18
Isoleucine * 0.45 0.63 0.44
Leucine * 0.89 1. 10 0.83
Tyrosine 0.40 0.56 0.37
Phenylalanine * 0.64 0.83 0.60
R- aminobutyric acid 0.26 0.34 0. 18
Histidine * 0.26 0.34 0.23
Lysine * 0.84 1.0 1.80
Tryptophan * 0.220.2 1.23
Arginine 0.660.9 1.60
Proline 0.92 1.28 0.69
Total amino acids11.9015.4310.73.
Essential amino acids 4.75 6.04 4.45
Essential amino acids/total amino acids (%) 39.9239.1441.47
Essential amino acids/non-essential amino acids (%)66.43 64.4670.86
* Essential amino acids
Table 2-3 Comparison of Essential Amino Acids between High Quality Protein Ginkgo biloba Leaves and WHO Model Ginkgo biloba Leaves (mg /g protein)
Ingredients Ginkgo protein soybean protein egg protein WHO
Threonine 44.5 ~ 50.5 37.0 47.09.0
Valine 55.8 ~ 64.148.0 66.013.0
Methionine14.5 ~17.01.0 57.0 * (1)17.0 (1) *
Isoleucine 36.4 ~ 40.8 49.0 54.0 13.0
Leucine 71.2 ~ 76.177.0 86.019.0
Phenylalanine+tyrosine 84.1~ 90.1.91.093.019.0
Histidine 21.0 ~ 22.0 25.0 22.016.0
Lysine 65.4 ~ 73.461.0 70.016.0
Tryptophan13.6 ~ 21.1.14.017.05.0
(1)- methionine+cystine
As can be seen from Table 2-3, Ginkgo biloba leaves are rich in amino acids, the total amino acid content is 10.73% ~ 15.43% (on a dry basis), and all of them contain 9 essential amino acids, and the proportion of essential amino acids to total amino acids is 39.2% ~ 4 1.5%.
Mineral nutrient element content
Table 2-4 Contents of Mineral Nutrients in Ginkgo biloba Leaves (on a dry basis)
Component Puding Zheng 'an Specimen Garden
Calcium (mg/100g) 2130.001860.00 2360.00
Phosphorus (mg/100g) 30038.003056060605
Iron (mg/100g) 33.43 22.85 63.56
Fluorine (mg/100g) 6.00 7.00 13.00
Copper (mg/100g) 0.56 0.73 0.59
Manganese (mg/100g)
Zinc (mg/100g)1.481.801.43
Chromium (mg/100g)
Cobalt (mg/100g)
Boron (μ g/100g) 30.67 45.78 55.54
Selenium (μ g/100g) 5.45 13.69 15.44
As can be seen from Table 2-4, Ginkgo biloba leaves are rich in minerals and trace elements, especially calcium, phosphorus, boron and selenium, in which the content of calcium is as high as1860 ~ 2,360 mg/100g, phosphorus is 298 ~ 407mg/ 100g, and boron is 30.7 ~ 55g.
Contents of active ingredients such as flavonoid glycosides, terpene lactones, catechins and polyphenols.
Table 2-5 Contents of flavonoid glycosides, terpene lactones, catechins and polyphenols in Ginkgo biloba leaves *(g/ 100g, dry basis)
Flavonoid glycoside terpene lactone catechin polyphenol
Content range accounts for the total content range accounts for the total content.
& gt 1.8 5.5 & gt； 0.8 8. 1 1. 17 1.24
& gt 1.6 9.8 & gt； 0.7 10.5 1.2 1 1.26
& gt 1.4 15.3 & gt； 0.6 15.3 1.24 1.34
& gt 1.2 23.2 & gt； 0.4 27.8
& gt 1.0 34.6 >0.3 35.2
& gt0.8 48.0 & gt0.2 45.9
& gt0.6 75.5 >0. 1 6 1.5
& gt0.4 9 1.7 & gt； 0.05 79.2
& gt0.2 97.9 >0.02 93.5
* Among them, catechins and polyphenols are the determination results of samples from three different regions, and flavonoid glycosides and terpene lactones are the statistical values of the determination results of 327 samples from different regions of the province.
Table 2-6 Contents of Flavonoid Glycosides and Terpene Lactones in Leaves (g/ 100g, dry basis)
Component flavone glycoside terpene lactone
Total amount of quercetin and isorhamnetin in Rhizoma Kaempferiae, origin GA GB GC BB.
Qiannan * 0.37 0.320.060.750.020.020.030.050.12
Fuquan * 0.260.160.090.51.060.040.01.020.13.
Anshun 0.68 0.700.1010.48 0.45 0.210.10/90.96
Dejiang 0.74 0.54 0.081.36 0.28 0.11.060.160.63.
Panxian 0.420.41.130.960.180.120.080.160.57.
Pu 'an * 0.160.52 0.07 0.75 0.140.02 0.04 0.22
Guiyang * 0.120.28 0.09 0.49 0.07 0.02 0.0101.
Longli 0.48 0.69 0.201.37 0.36 0.20 0.06 0.26 0.89
Zunyi 0.69 0.55 0.051.29 0.38 0.23 0.07 0.25 0.94
Zhengan 0.720.71.001.430.330.200.10.250.85
Changshun 0.990.700.091.780.160.090.130.160.54.
Herbarium 0.940.69 0.0910.720.27 0.120.030.400.82
Beijing 969 0.78 0.77 0.01.1.560.09 0.01.1.1.09 0.40.
Shandong 0.500.400.1610.060.040.10.090.070.30
Pu 'an 0.730.450.051.230.140.060.040.170.41.
* Old leaves, the rest are 2-5 years old leaves.
The analysis results of 450 Ginkgo biloba samples in the table show that more than 0.8% accounts for more than 0.3% of the analyzed samples (both flavonoid glycosides and terpene lactones are high, and the highest content of flavonoid glycosides is 1. 17%. Table GA+GB+GC) is higher than ginkgolides (flavonoid glycosides, terpene lactones and their components in old leaves and basal leaves (5 years old) in different regions are very different.
conclusion
Ginkgo biloba leaves are rich in protein. From the quality point of view, the content of essential amino acids in protein of the tested samples exceeded the content of similar amino acids in FAO/ WHO scoring model, and their essential amino acid indexes were all above 100. According to FAO/ WHO standard scoring model, the amino acid composition of high-quality protein is more than 60% EAA/TAA [5]. It can be seen from the analysis results that these two indexes of essential amino acids in ginkgo protein meet this requirement. The quality of Ginkgo biloba protein is better than FAO/ WHO scoring model, equivalent to soybean protein and close to egg protein. Such rich protein and high-quality amino acids can undoubtedly become a good food nutritional additive.
Ginkgo biloba leaves are also rich in mineral elements such as VC, VE, carotene, calcium, phosphorus, boron and selenium, which are more than ordinary fruits and vegetables and edible plant raw materials.
Biological antioxidants are a kind of substances with direct and indirect antioxidant function in the body. Ginkgo biloba leaves contain two kinds of antioxidants-nutritional antioxidants and non-nutritional antioxidants. The former mainly contains carotene, VC, VE, selenium, zinc, copper and so on. And the latter mainly contains ginkgo flavonoids, terpene lactones, catechins, polyphenols and so on. And they are also rich in content. They play an important role in protecting the body from oxidative damage caused by free radicals. The above analysis shows that Ginkgo biloba leaves have nutritional and health care functions. Therefore, the development and utilization of Ginkgo biloba leaves, a resource with high nutritional and health value, is of great significance to improve the comprehensive utilization of Ginkgo biloba leaves.