Indications: Warm diseases and nourishing blood, body heat and polydipsia, red tongue, macula, cough due to bone steaming, fatigue and discomfort, constipation due to body fluid injury, blurred vision, sore throat, excessive phlegm and carbuncle. You can go to Dayouheng Chinese herbal medicine library to inquire and buy.

Chinese name: Scrophularia

Mbth: Scrophularia.

Nicknames: Scrophularia, Scrophularia and Black Ginseng.

Field: the field of plants

Class: dicotyledonous plants

Family: Scrophulariaceae

Distribution: Northeast China, North China, Shandong, Jiangsu, Henan.

1. Land selection and soil preparation. Breeding method 3. Site management. Introduce nutrition knowledge selected from other prescriptions for pest control, harvesting and processing.

Scrophularia-original plant

Xuanshen Xuanshen [source] Shennong Herbal Classic. [Scientific name of Chinese herbal medicine] Scrophularia. (British) Radix Scrophulariae [alias] Radix Scrophulariae, Zhejiang Radix Scrophulariae, Black Radix Scrophulariae, Black Radix Scrophulariae, Ghost Storage, Mazheng, Deer Intestine, Tail, Xu Antai, Salted, Chasing Horse, Vanilla, Black Radix Scrophulariae, Wild Sesame, [Primitive] This product is a dicotyledonous plant of Scrophulariaceae. [Picking] When the stems and leaves wither in winter, dig out the roots, buds, fibrous roots and silt, dry them in the sun or dry them until they are semi-dry, and pile them up for 3-6 days, repeatedly until they are dry. [Chemical Composition] Contains trace volatile oil, phytosterol, oleic acid, linolenic acid, sugar, L- asparagine and alkaloid. [Sexual taste] Sweet, bitter and salty; Slightly cold. Enter lung, stomach and kidney meridians. 【 Efficacy 】 Clearing heat and cooling blood, purging fire and detoxifying, nourishing yin. Indications: warm pathogen entering the camp, pericardial invagination, warm toxin causing spots, fever causing yin damage, red tongue and polydipsia, constipation caused by body fluid injury, bone steaming cough, red eyes and sore throat, lymph node tuberculosis, diphtheria, carbuncle swelling and sore poison. [Usage and dosage] Decoct, 10 ~ 15g. 【 Caution 】 People who eat less loose stool due to deficiency of the spleen and stomach should not take it. Anti-veratrum. [Comparison of similar drugs] Both Radix Scrophulariae and Radix Rehmanniae can clear away heat and cool blood, nourish yin and promote fluid production, and treat diseases such as heat entering blood, fever damaging yin, yin deficiency and internal heat, so they should be combined. However, Radix Scrophulariae has strong ability of purging fire and detoxifying, so sore throat and phlegm fire are more common; Rehmannia glutinosa has a powerful effect of clearing heat and cooling blood, and is often used for blood-heat bleeding and internal heat to quench thirst.

Character; Role; letter

The roots are cylindrical, slightly thicker in the middle or thinner at the bottom, and some are slightly curved, with a length of 6 ~ 20 cm and a diameter of 1 ~ 3 cm. The surface is grayish yellow or grayish brown, with irregular longitudinal grooves, transverse lenticels and sparse transverse cracks and fibrous root marks. Solid, not easy to break, black section, slightly shiny. It smells like caramel, sweet, slightly bitter and salty.

plant morphology

Perennial herbs. Roots are long cylindrical or spindle-shaped. The stem has four edges and grooves. The lower leaves are opposite, and the upper leaves are alternate, elliptic to lanceolate, and the length is 10 ~ 15c.

M, serrated edge, tooth edge rolled back, bony, pointed. Thymus is large and scattered, with glandular hairs on the axis; Calyx 5-lobed, lobe margin septate; Corolla brownish purple, upper lip longer than lower lip; Staminodes are nearly round. Capsule ovoid. The flowering period is July-August and the fruiting period is August-September. Born in streams, hillsides, forests and grasslands. Location: Zhejiang.

Growth characteristics

Scrophularia has strong adaptability and likes warm and humid climate. It can be planted in cold-resistant, drought-resistant and well-drained places. I also like fertile humus and sand. Scrophularia is not suitable for planting in clay and low-lying land, and continuous cropping is prohibited. Scrophularia can only be planted once every 3 to 4 years.

Pharmacological effects of editing this paragraph

1, the effect on cardiovascular system. This product can cause blood pressure drop in anesthetized dogs, cats, rabbits and other animals by soaking in water, alcohol and decocting. Po Scrophularia Decoction 2g/kg, twice a day, has more obvious antihypertensive effect on renal hypertensive dogs than healthy dogs. Asparagine iv contained in this product can reduce blood pressure, dilate peripheral blood vessels, enhance myocardial contractility, slow heart rate and increase urine output. The ethanol extract of Radix Scrophulariae can obviously increase the coronary flow of isolated rabbit heart, increase the intake of 86 rubidium in mouse myocardium, protect experimental myocardial ischemia caused by pituitrin in rabbits, enhance the hypoxia tolerance of mice, and have a certain antihypertensive effect on anesthetized cats. In addition, Scrophularia can also increase the perfusion of isolated rabbit ears and alleviate the vasospasm of rabbit aorta caused by potassium chloride and adrenaline to some extent. Figuerut

2. Central inhibitory effect This product has sedative and anticonvulsant effects on mice. 3. Antibacterial effect 50% decoction is diluted by plate method, which has inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus aureus. The method of fresh leaves of Radix Scrophulariae adopts plate punching method, which has inhibitory effect on Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The soaking agent was diluted in a test tube, and 1: 160 had inhibitory effect on Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Microsporum hirsutum. 4. Other functions This product can inhibit a variety of pathogenic and non-pathogenic fungi. The extract has a slight hypoglycemic effect on rabbits.

clinical application

1, used for fever, such as heat entering the blood, thirst, red tongue, irritability, restless night sleep, unconsciousness or rash. Warming evil enters the blood, injuring yin and robbing body fluid, resulting in thirst, red tongue and pericardial invagination, leading to irritability. Scrophularia can clear away heat and cool blood, and has the effect of nourishing yin and promoting fluid production. It is often combined with fresh rehmannia root, Ophiopogon japonicus, Coptidis Rhizoma, Fructus Forsythiae, Flos Lonicerae and Bamboo Leaves to treat the above diseases. 2, used for sore throat, red eyes, tuberculosis and other symptoms. The sore throat is caused by exogenous wind and heat, and yin deficiency and fire flourishing. Scrophularia can treat these two types of sore throat. If you feel hot and windy, you must prepare spicy and refreshing drugs such as mint and burdock. For patients with deficiency fire and inflammation, Radix Rehmanniae, Radix Ophiopogonis and other nourishing yin drugs are combined, so Scrophularia is commonly used in laryngology, especially for patients with deficiency fire and inflammation. For example, hyperactive fire due to yin deficiency and red eyes, it can be combined with Radix Rehmanniae, Concha Haliotidis, Prunella vulgaris, Qing Xiang and Buddleja officinalis. For chronic tuberculosis, it can be combined with Fritillaria and Oyster. 3. Scrophularia is salty and cold, moistening dryness and promoting fluid production, and has the functions of nourishing yin and reducing fire, detoxifying and benefiting eyes. Use fresh rehmannia root, peony bark, red peony root, etc. It can clear away heat and cool blood; Radix Rehmanniae, Radix Ophiopogonis, etc. Nourishing yin and increasing fluid; Use burdock, isatis root, etc. , detoxification and sore throat; Use radix rehmanniae, concha Haliotidis, Buddleja officinalis, cicada slough, etc. , can improve vision, settle for second best; Match? Oyster, Fritillaria, Prunella vulgaris, etc. Be dispersed and eliminated; Mixed with honeysuckle, angelica and licorice, it can detoxify and reduce swelling. Scrophularia-Chinese herbal medicine

. 4. The effect of Radix Scrophulariae in nourishing kidney yin is similar to that of Radix Rehmanniae, so the two drugs are often used together. However, Scrophularia is widely used in clinic, and is generally not taken as a tonic for a long time. Rehmannia glutinosa is good at tonifying kidney and nourishing yin, which can be used as a long-term yin-nourishing drug.

Edit this paragraph of modern research.

Main ingredients:

Scrophularia contains alkaloids, sugars, sterols and amino acids (L- asparagine, etc. ), fatty acids (mainly oleic acid, linolenic acid and stearic acid), volatile oil, carotene and vitamin A.

Pharmacological action:

1. The animal experiment of cardiovascular effect showed that the liquid extract of Scrophularia ningpoensis had a slight cardiotonic effect on toad, and a slightly larger dose would poison the heart and dilate the blood vessels of toad's lower limbs, regardless of the dose. A lot just lowers blood pressure. Water extract, ethanol-water extract, ethanol extract and decoction have obvious antihypertensive effects on anesthetized dogs, cats and rabbits. Healthy dogs and "renal hypertension" dogs, oral decoction 2g/kg, twice a day, have antihypertensive effect, and the latter has a more significant antihypertensive effect than the former. When the dose is reduced, the antihypertensive effect is delayed. Scrophularia has inhibitory effects on tinea pedis, epidermophyton floccosum and Trichophyton gracilis. The water extract of Radix Scrophulariae (1:3) also has inhibitory effect on Trichophyton odoratum in vitro. The experiment shows that the antibacterial effect of Scrophularia leaves is stronger than that of roots, especially on Staphylococcus aureus. 4. Inject the fluid extract with other functions under the skin of normal rabbits (5g/kg). It can slightly lower blood sugar, but has no antipyretic effect on artificial fever caused by Escherichia coli. Because it contains saponins, it has obvious hemolysis and can cause local irritation. In addition, the total flavonoids aglycone contained in Ocimum basilicum, which is also a plant, has the effects of lowering blood pressure, reducing capillary permeability and benefiting gallbladder. S. nodosa has sedative, antihypertensive, cardiotonic, vasodilatory and some anticonvulsant effects.

Identification of raw medicinal materials

Trait recognition

(1) The roots of Scrophularia ningpoensis are cylindrical, slightly thicker in the middle, or thicker at the top and thinner at the bottom, and some are slightly bent like claws, with a length of 6-20cm and a diameter of 1-3cm. The surface is grayish yellow or brown, with obvious longitudinal grooves or transverse lenticels, and occasionally short fine roots or fine root marks. Solid, not easy to break, slightly flat section, dark black, slightly shiny. It smells of caramel and tastes sweet and bitter. Soak in water, the water is dark black. (2) Radix Scrophulariae is cylindrical with longitudinal wrinkles, grayish brown surface, thin roots and fine root marks. It is best to have a thick one with a solid texture and a black section.

Microscopic identification

Cross section of root: (1) The apparent cortex of Scrophularia ningpoensis is slightly thicker, and the cortical cells are elongated tangentially, which are rectangular or quasi-circular, and only Scrophularia ningpoensis is a stone cell.

Scattered, or 3-5 groups. There are many cracks in phloem rays. The ducts are arranged in a radial discontinuous manner, and there are a few ducts in the center and parenchyma cells. (2) There are no stone cells in the cortex of Radix Scrophulariae. Powder characteristics: Scrophularia is grayish brown. ① Most of the stone cells are scattered in 2-5 groups, rectangular, square-like, round-like, triangular, spindle-like or irregular, with a diameter of 22-94μm(- 128) and a wall thickness of 5-26μm, and some of them have bifurcated holes and larger cavities. ② There are many fragments of parenchyma, and the cells contain nuclei. ③ The wood fiber is slender and the wall is slightly lignified. ④ Reticulate and grooved ducts can be seen.

Physical and chemical identification

Take 50g(40 mesh) of this product powder, reflux 3b with methanol in Shaxhlet extractor, recover methanol, dissolve the remaining extract in distilled water 100ml, extract with n-butanol for 3 times, recover n-butanol under reduced pressure, wash the extract with ether for 3 times, with 50ml each time, dissolve the residue with ketone, pass through activated carbon column chromatography, elute with acetone, and add Godin reagent (65433) to the eluate. Or take phloroglucinol reagent and hydrochloric acid each 1 drop, put them in a dish, and add acetone solution 1 drop; It's blue-green. (check pentacene terpenoid glycoside)

Product specification

Commodity specifications: Zhejiang produces the best, with two kinds of fine-skinned Scrophularia and coarse-skinned Scrophularia, each with three grades. 1, first-class product: within 36 pieces per kilogram, with even branches. No reed heads, cavities, impurities, moth-eaten and mildew. 2. Second class: less than 72 pieces per kilogram, with supporting head. 3. Third class: except 72 pieces per kilogram, the minimum specification is more than 5g, and there are occasional pieces.

Various exhibitions

1. Zhang: Scrophularia, the agent of Cardinal, is used to control the ascending and descending of Qi, eliminating turbidity, and is often used as wind medicine. Therefore, Xuanshen Aso Decoction in Huoshu can cure sweating and vomiting, and the poison will not go away, so it is called the agent of removing cardinal. From this point of view, Scrophularia is the holy medicine for treating dense qi without root fire. 2. "Outline": kidney water injury, true yin falling, solitary yang without roots, is a fire disease. It is advisable to strengthen water control and fire control, so Xuan participated in the work of Rehmannia glutinosa. Its scrofula elimination is also a kind of fire. Liu Shouzhen said that tuberculosis is a kind of fire disease. 3. "Materia Medica": Scrophularia, this thing tastes bitter and sweet, bitter can clear fire, sweet can nourish yin, and its taste is sweet, so the decline is also slow. Materia Medica says that it only enters the kidney meridian, but not the lung, so it can extinguish rootless floating fire and dissipate phlegm and heat all over the body. Figuerut

4. "Medicine Meaning": Dai said that kidney is cold and deficiency is heat. If the essence is excessively consumed and the true yin is lost, causing inflammation of deficiency fire, use Scrophularia to nourish yin and reduce fire. Headache, toxic heat, tinnitus, sore throat, throat wind, scrofula, typhoid fever and yang toxicity, and depression in the heart are all caused by floating fire without roots, and floating fire has the function of clearing away the upper and lower fluids. Where kidney deficiency is treated is very different. Kidney meridian deficiency, cold and dampness, should be warmed up. Kidney deficiency is hot and dry, and it should be cooled; This is the only cool and nourishing kidney, and it is better than Sabina vulgaris, especially tonifying kidney. 5. "Medicinal Solution to Jade": Scrophularia, clear water, sores and carbuncles, thirst in chest and diaphragm, red stool and bladder obstruction are all good. Qingfei is taken with Pericarpium Citri Tangerinae and Semen Armeniacae Amarum, and Shuiporia and Alisma orientalis. 6. "Materia Medica Justice": Scrophularia is yin, specializing in treating fever, and diarrhea when it tastes bitter, so it can treat syndromes such as heat accumulation in viscera. The taste is spicy and slightly salty, reaching the blood and removing blood stasis. The expansion of the radiator can also be eliminated through the tunnel. Cold but not astringent, moist but not greasy, temperament similar to knowledge, cypress and raw, but gentle, evil and light. Scrophularia can dispel pathogenic heat by nourishing yin and cold, but it is not a nourishing product. The word "tonify deficiency and replenish essence" in Bielu is exaggerated, but "Rihua" is actually called "tonify labor", and Jing Yue directly said that he was willing to nourish yin, and Jin Hu said that he had the same merits as Dihuang. So popular medicine used it to treat fatigue due to yin deficiency, so should the rootless fire be straightened and quickly extinguished? At that time, the harm was not obvious, even the floating fire was suppressed by it, and the symptoms of cough and choking were more or less rare. Ignorance is attributed to nourishing yin and reducing fire, but I don't know that the first line of yang has gradually disappeared and has since died. This kind of women's harm is equal to those who misuse knowledge and knowledge, so the word nourishing yin is also wrong. Treat the evil heat of chest, diaphragm, heart and lungs, and clear the accumulated heat of bladder, liver and kidney. Treat wind-heat sore throat, drain liver-yang and red eyes, stop spontaneous sweating and night sweats, and treat hematemesis and epistaxis. 7. Enthusiasm of Western Medicine: Radix Scrophulariae tastes sweet and bitter, and its nature is as cool as water. It was originally a medicine for clearing kidney meridian. It can also enter the lung, clear away heat and toxic materials, and eliminate fire. It is most suitable for tuberculosis and lung heat cough. This classic claims to be able to cure the disease of postpartum surplus, because it is cold in nature, good at nourishing yin and has tonic effect. Therefore, it is most suitable for postpartum blood deficiency and postpartum cold-warm disease, and heat enters Yangming. Fool's life has treated puerperal exogenous fever. In severe cases, Baihushen decoction was used, and Scrophularia was used instead of Anemarrhena asphodeloides. Mild patients can also be cured with Ziyin Qingwei Decoction (Radix Scrophulariae, Radix Angelicae Sinensis, San Qian, Radix Paeoniae, Rhizoma Imperatae, San Qian, and Radix Glycyrrhizae). Sincerely, it is forbidden to use cold medicine after delivery, but if there is exogenous excess heat, it is necessary to clear the cold medicine. But gypsum and radix scrophulariae are obviously used to treat milk production, so they dare to use them boldly. But the plaster must be paved with ginseng, and it is afraid to use it with Anemarrhena asphodeloides. To reuse Scrophularia in Ziyin Wei Qing Decoction, we need to supplement it with Siwu Decoction, which is called being cautious. The classic also says that Scrophularia can improve eyesight, which is based on the liver. Scrophularia can benefit water and nourish the liver, so it can improve eyesight. The reason why the eyes can see is because there is enough water in the pupil, and the essence of water strengthening the kidney is revealed. Xuan participated in the treatment of heat caused by liver and kidney deficiency with cypress and medlar. People who can't see clearly will always have quick results. Exogenous fever has gone, and she is suffering from deficiency of true yin, dry tongue, exhaustion of gastric juice, bitter taste and laziness in eating. Yu Heng used two doses of Radix Scrophulariae, two doses of Radix Codonopsis and San Qian, and even took several doses himself to recover. Classic: cold and heat accumulate in the main abdomen, and women suffer from postpartum diseases, tonifying kidney and benefiting qi, which makes people look good. 8. "Bielu": Sudden stroke, typhoid fever, mania, ignorance, warm malaria, cooling blood, removing the qi in the chest, entering the water, stopping polydipsia, dispersing the neck, swelling and abdominal pain, hard diseases, and collecting five zang. 9. Theory of medicinal properties: It can cure sudden fever, hot wind headache, typhoid fever, swollen poison and lymphoid tuberculosis. 65438+ 1 1. Medical Source: Insomnia can't be cured because of upset mood, unconsciousness and blood stasis. 12. Essentials of tasting: clearing the throat and reducing swelling, diarrhea without root fire. 13. Outline: nourishing yin, reducing fire, relieving spot poison, relieving sore throat, dispersing blood and hematochezia.

taboo

Loose stool with damp-heat of spleen and stomach and spleen deficiency should not be taken. 1. On Leigong Roast: When using, don't choke the bait and lose your eyes. 2. Notes on Materia Medica: Radix Astragali, Rhizoma Zingiberis, Fructus Jujubae, and Fructus Corni. Anti-land separation 3. Classic of Materia Medica: It is not suitable for people with blood loss, dizziness, stopping drinking cold and heat, fullness, abdominal pain due to blood deficiency and diarrhea due to spleen deficiency. 4. outline of medical forest: taboo of deficiency and cold.

cultivation techniques

1. Land selection and preparation

Choose sandy loam with deep soil layer and plant it on barren hills and sunny slopes, and it is better to plant beans and grasses in the previous crop. Scrophularia root is deeply buried and has strong fertilizer absorption capacity, so it needs deep ploughing, full basal fertilizer of 75,000 kg/ha is applied, and then fine harrow is made into a high ridge with a height of 25 cm, a bottom width of 45-60 cm and a top width of about 30 cm. The width is about 120 cm, and the length depends on the terrain and seed quantity.