1 planting
Bergamot is not cold-resistant, but more resistant to shade. Excessive light will cause sunburn or damage shallow roots. The optimum temperature for its growth is 10-3 1℃, and it needs to be moved into a greenhouse for wintering below 0℃, but it can still grow normally at 43℃. It can be planted in the open field in Guangdong and Guangxi, with about 1 10 plants per mu.
Bergamot is not strict with soil quality, and sandy loam with loose, fertile, breathable and good water permeability is the best, followed by yellow and red sandy soil. After the new shoots of seedlings turn green, they can be planted in all seasons, and the best planting period is1-May and August-September.
2. Fertilization
The fertilization of bergamot should depend on the age and growth of the tree. Generally, quick-acting organic fertilizer should be applied once a month from March to August in the first three years; After entering the full fruit stage, topdressing can be done three times a year, and bran cake, compost, human and animal manure and phosphorus, potassium fertilizer or compound fertilizer should be applied in time before flowering, young fruit stage and after fruit picking, especially paying attention to applying winter fertilizer.
Before the fruiting stage, fingered citron should apply the fertilizer for attacking shoots: that is, apply the quick-acting chemical fertilizer and farmyard manure once before spring shoots, summer shoots and autumn shoots 10 day. Generally, each plant should apply about 30g of urea, and after mixing the phosphate fertilizer 100g with 5kg of chicken manure, combine with intertillage weeding, dig an annular ditch with a width of 30cm and a depth of 25cm, and cover it tightly. Fertilization cannot be applied after September to prevent the late autumn shoots from growing in vain.
Bergamot can enter the fruiting period in the second year after planting, and can continue to harvest fruit for about 30 years. Fertilization should be carried out four times a year, the first time before flowering should be applied in mid-March, and 5 kg of decomposed human excrement and urine should be applied to each plant; The second time, in the flowering period, the fertilizer requirement was large, and 5 kg of decomposed chicken cow dung and urea 150g were applied to each plant.
For the third time, we applied strong fruit fertilizer before and after the "Little Summer", and then applied phosphorus and potassium fertilizer again to promote the fruit expansion and increase the yield. Compound fertilizer 1 kg per plant was mixed with 5 kg of decomposed chicken cow dung, and foliar fertilizer was sprayed once with 50 kg of 100g potassium dihydrogen phosphate mixed with water, which was very beneficial to promote the vigorous growth of trees and fruit expansion.
Applying fruit fertilizer for the fourth time; After picking fruits in September 9- 10/October, symmetrical ditches with a width of 40cm and a depth of 40cm were dug in the crown drip line on both sides of the plant, and decomposed chicken cow dung 1 0kg and compound fertilizer1kg were applied to each plant, and then they were mixed and returned to the pit.
3. Planting
After one year's cultivation of cuttings or grafted seedlings, when the seedlings are as high as 50 cm, they can be planted in spring and autumn, and it is better when the temperature starts to warm up in February and new buds are about to sprout. Generally, for cultivated land, the surrounding drainage ditches should be arranged first, and the nests should be dug according to the plant spacing of about 3m each. If the plants are planted in the corner of the field, they can be slightly dense. The diameter of the nests is about 50cm, and the depth is 30cm. The soil in the nests should be fine, and it is best to arrange them in a triangle.
To plant one seedling in each nest, it must be planted upright, with the fibrous roots extending in all directions, and the roots should be topped up with fine soil, and lifted gently several times to make the roots close to the soil, and then covered with fine soil for compaction, and finally covered with soil slightly higher than the ground.
4. Management
During the flowering period of bergamot, redundant flowers and male flowers can be knocked down, and only 1-2 flowers are left in each short branch. Or it is safer to pick it when it bears young fruits. Remove fallen leaves and branches in winter. During the growth period, with the removal of seriously diseased leaves, they are buried or burned intensively to avoid re-infection by germs.
Deep ditches are opened around the ground planted bergamot garden to reduce the groundwater level, maintain appropriate soil moisture and enhance soil permeability. Spraying nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium fertilizer, micro-fertilizer and green fenwei on the leaves, and spraying borax at the beginning and full flowering stages can improve the life span and photosynthetic capacity of leaves, promote branch maturity and nutrient accumulation, enhance plant resistance and increase yield.
Step 5: Trim
Cut the trunk15cm, and leave 3-5 axillary buds under it, so as to promote it to sprout strong branches and expand the crown. When the new plant grows to 5-8 cm, the top buds and lateral buds are removed, so as to cultivate a certain tree shape and promote it to enter the fruiting stage in advance.
In order to ensure the high yield and stability of bergamot, it is necessary to adjust the tree shape and prune the branches of flowers and fruits reasonably. It is not suitable to let the flowers blossom when they are planted in the same year, and the flower buds should be picked as early as possible to promote the rough growth and crown expansion of the tree. Trees entering the flowering and fruiting period are generally pruned after germination in March and fruit harvesting in autumn and winter.
When controlling flowers and fruits, attention should be paid to removing early flowers (that is, flowers that bloom in late spring and early summer, so most of the flowers that bloom at that time are male and cannot bear fruit), and the redundant axillary buds sprouted on the branches of female flowers should also be wiped off to reduce nutrient consumption, improve growth conditions, and achieve the goal of reducing flower drop and bearing more fruits.
Bergamot is rough, fast growing and has many branches, so it must be pruned and reshaped reasonably every year to make the tree vigorous and promote the uniform distribution of fruiting branches. Pruning and shaping are carried out after fruit picking and before germination in March, and cross branches, weak branches, diseased branches and dead branches are cut off to grow branches in vain. Most of the short branches of bergamot are fruiting mother branches, which should be kept as much as possible. All summer shoots that grow in summer should be cut off except for individual needs to expand the crown.
6. Weeding
Flowers began to bloom around the time of the sting (March 6), and 2-3 robust female flowers were selected for a sequence of flowers, and the rest were picked. In terms of fruit preservation technology, it is generally required that one branch should keep 1-2 fruits, and more fruits should be removed. When entering the fruiting stage, pull out the weeds around the plants by hand, and don't use a hoe to avoid damaging the roots. Five years after fingered citron planting, soil should be cultivated 1 time every year, after pruning and clearing the garden, and a thin layer of grass should be covered on the tree tray after soil cultivation.
Growth habits of bergamot:
Bergamot is a tropical and subtropical plant. It likes a warm and humid environment with plenty of sunshine. It is resistant to cold, frost and drought, shade, barren and waterlogging. It is suitable to cultivate in areas with sufficient rainfall and no freezing in winter.
The optimum growth temperature is 22-24℃, the overwintering temperature is above 5℃, the annual precipitation is1000-1200mm, and the annual sunshine hours are1200-1800h. Suitable for growing in acid loam, sandy loam or clay loam with deep soil layer, loose and fertile soil, rich humus and good drainage.
In Guangdong, China, bergamot is mostly planted in open areas of hilly plains with an altitude of 300-500m, while in Sichuan, it is mostly distributed in hilly areas with an altitude of 400-700m, especially at the top of hills.
China is planted all over the south of the Yangtze River. Most southern provinces and regions are cultivated in courtyards or orchards. Zhejiang, Guangxi, Anhui, Yunnan, Fujian and other provinces also have cultivated production. Among them, Zhejiang Jinhua bergamot is the most famous, known as "the fairy product in the fruit, the strange flower in the world" and nicknamed "the golden bergamot".