For many farmers and friends, the potato is perhaps the most common type of crop we grow. Now in the spring warming time, many local farmers have planted or started to plant potatoes, but every potato harvest season, many farmers harvesting will find: the potato planted in different fields in the total yield and quality of a very big difference!
The reason for the difference in yield and quality of potatoes is closely related to all aspects of potato sowing time, sowing methods, seedling treatment, and field management. Therefore, in the current potato planting period, it is necessary to understand the potato sowing and management of the relevant technical methods, in order to realize the potato sowing seedling neat, high yield and high quality at harvest. The following and we introduce the potato high-yield planting management methods, for the majority of farmers and friends reference.
A, potato planting time
Potato is best suited to grow in a temperature environment of 16-18 degrees, when the temperature is lower than 4 degrees, potato seeds generally do not germinate, but the temperature is higher than 25 degrees, high temperature will seriously inhibit the growth of the potato plant and the development of potatoes.
In terms of planting time, potatoes in most areas are generally planted in the spring from February to March, but due to the large differences in temperature between the north and south of China, there are also differences in the specific planting time. From north to south, guangdong, guangxi, yunnan, guizhou and other south China, southwestern China, because near the equator, higher temperatures, generally in October-November can start planting; zhejiang, jiangxi, fujian, chongqing jiangsu, hubei, anhui and other central China, east China, generally in the spring spring after 1-2 months for planting, henan, shandong, hebei, shanxi, shanxi, ningxia, and other provinces, generally in the spring 2 -March for planting, and in Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia and other northern regions with relatively low temperatures, potato planting period will generally be delayed to April-May planting, the specific sowing time to weather the return of temperature sooner or later and high or low.
In terms of sowing temperature, under normal circumstances, as long as the planting of the surface soil under 5-10 centimeters of soil temperature stabilized at 5-8 degrees above for 5 consecutive days, you can carry out the planting of potatoes, when the local temperature reaches 8-10 degrees when the potato seeds can be germinated out of the ground, when the local temperature reaches 12-15 degrees when the seedlings will be able to grow quickly.
Two, potato planting place selection
Potato is not suitable for continuous stubble planting, heavy stubble planting of potato pests and diseases occurs at a relatively high rate, in order to ensure that the growth of potato, yield and quality, so, it is best to choose the last 2-3 years have not planted potato plot planting.
While the potato's adaptability to the soil is relatively strong, but because of its long reproductive period, the fruit is relatively large, the demand for nutrients to consume more, and all the output from the expansion of underground potatoes, so you should choose the soil is loose and permeable, the soil layer of the deep fertile, high organic matter content of sandy soil planting, which is more conducive to the development of the underground potatoes and expansion, and is conducive to improving the late yield.
In addition, the potato is afraid of waterlogging, so planting should choose the higher terrain, drainage and irrigation methods of the plot.
Three, the choice of potato varieties
Quality seed, is to ensure that the potato high yield and excellent yield of the fundamental, in the varieties, should choose to develop full and full, bright and smooth skin color, head size uniformity, neat and consistent appearance, sprouting roots and obvious and no pests and diseases, no frostbite decay of high-quality seed, and it is best to choose the maturity period of the early, stable and high-yielding good, disease-resistant and anti-retroviral strong detoxification varieties. The best choice is to choose the detoxification varieties with early maturity, good yield, strong resistance to disease and adversity.
In addition, before sowing, the seed should be taken out in advance and placed in the sun for 2-3 days, in order to break the seed dormancy, the use of ultraviolet rays in the sun to kill the surface of the potato seed germs; in the sun, but also to eliminate the disease, insect eyes, rot, cracked skin, bud eye necrosis of the poor-quality seeds.
Four, potato seeding before sprouting
Potato can be sprouted seeding, can also not sprouting seeding, but for the planting period of the late plots of the best way to take sprouting seeding. In addition, the potato seed for germination sowing, can wake up the dormant potato seed, so that after sowing early sprouting, seedling fast, seedling flush, seedling strong, but also have to avoid the potato seed sowing after the phenomenon of rotten seed, not sprouting.
Potato seed germination method is also relatively simple:
Picked potato seed flat on the 10 cm thick sand, covered with a layer of 5 cm or so of fine wet sand, or in accordance with the bottom layer of wet sand, 1 layer of potato seed 1 layer of wet sand method of stacking, germination during the period of time to maintain the sand has been moist and 15-20 degrees of the Sprouting environment; sprouting 7-10 days later, until the potato seeds grow buds, and then cut the potato seeds into each piece of 1-2 robust buds of the seed pieces, each seed piece has almost 20-30 grams in size, and then with dilute grass ash, carbendazim, metribuzin, potassium permanganate, copper sulfate solution for seed disinfection sterilization, and put in the sun to dry to promote the healing of the potato seed incision, and finally continue to sprouting to Finally, continue to germinate to about 0.6-1 centimeter bud length can be sown. If the germination is too long, it is easy to break the young shoots of the potato seeds when sowing.
Add to this: potato seed cutting is conducive to promoting the exchange of oxygen inside and outside the potato seed, can accelerate the germination rate and seedling rate after sowing, but pay attention to the cutter to disinfect (you can use alcohol or saline or 0.1% potassium permanganate solution, etc.) to prevent the disease bacteria with the cutter infected with the healthy seed pieces.
Five, potato planting methods
Potato can be sown on the ground, but also can be sown, but it is recommended to use the management of management, less pests and diseases of the ridge mulching sowing method, both furrow sowing, but also according to the hole sowing, general seeding density of each acre can be mastered in about 5000-6500 plants.
In the sowing method, 15-20 days in advance of the land deep tilling, tilling depth of 25-30 centimeters or so is good; and then combined with land leveling, per acre in accordance with the high-nitrogen and high-potassium compound fertilizer 50 kg or rotted organic fertilizer 2,000 kg + 70 kg of potato special formula fertilizer or rotted organic fertilizer 1,500-2,500 kg + 40-50 kg of calcium superphosphate + potassium sulfate 10-15 kg + 15-20 kg of nitrogen fertilizer dosage of bottom fertilizer, in the application of bottom fertilizer should pay attention to the fertilizer and soil mixed evenly after turning into the ground.
Potatoes can be sown at a density of 30 centimeters between rows and rows of rows and 20-25 centimeters between plants (20 centimeters between plants of early-maturing varieties and 25 centimeters between plants of late-maturing varieties); when sowing seeds, the seed buds upward, evenly sown, and then cover the seeds with a fine thin layer of soil of 5-10 centimeters or so, and then drench and water to keep wet after covering them with a thin film or rice straw.
Six, potato seedling management
Seeding film planting of potatoes in the sowing to show buds, generally do not need too much watering too hard fertilization, because the mulch film or straw has a better water retention and moisture retention, sowing fertilizer can be used to fully meet the nutrient needs of the potato in the early stage. Potato sowing to seedling, if there is topsoil knot phenomenon, should be timely shallow hoe loosening, in order to promote seedling. If the buds are weak, soil water shortage, you can also use the right amount of dilute human feces and urine for drenching to promote the growth of seedlings.
In addition, when the seedlings grow to 1-2 leaves, as long as there is no low-temperature cold wave, you should break the film in a timely manner to release the seedlings, in order to avoid film burns seedlings, to promote the seedlings as soon as possible as soon as possible to adapt to the external environment.
Breaking the film release method: Choose a cloudy day or choose a sunny day in the morning at 9-10 am, 4-5 pm, with a sharp object in the growth of seedlings in the plastic film to cut a cross-shaped mouth, and then the seedlings carefully lead to make it leak out of the film can be.
Alternatively, because of the release of seedlings before the potato seedlings have been out in the membrane under a relatively warm and moist environment, suddenly break the film to release the seedlings may not be adapted to the outside ground temperature environment, in order to improve the ground temperature to protect the seedlings, you can break the film to release the seedlings at the same time, by hand with a fine soil to the seedlings around the film sealing pressure firm, in order to prevent the irrigation wind to reduce the ground temperature.
Seven, potato seedling management
Potato field management, mainly including plowing, weeding, soil cultivation, fertilizer and other content, but in order to save time and labor input, these are generally combined with plowing together.
The yield of potato is not only related to the adequacy of water and fertilizer nutrients, but also a very important part of the management of soil cultivation, because soil cultivation is not only able to improve the soil's looseness and permeability and water retention, heat preservation and moisture conservation performance, but also to promote the potato sprouting stolons, and the top of the stolon expansion can be formed into nuggets. Therefore, the potato fine cultivation soil, can promote the potato more long stolon, more knot potato, but also conducive to the potato expansion to create a good soil environment.
Normally, potato fertility generally need about two times of soil cultivation and fertilizer, but to master the timing and depth.
The first plowing time, you can grasp in the flush or in the seedling height of 12 centimeters or so, because at this time the potato stolon has not formed, so you can properly deep plowing, the depth can be mastered in the 8-10 centimeters or so; the second plowing time, you can grasp in the potato plant buds or seedling height of about 40 centimeters or so, because at this time the potato Has formed stolons, and stolon tops began to expand potatoes, in order to avoid the formation of stolons adversely affect the potato, so the plowing should be a little shallow, the depth can be mastered in 4-6 centimeters or so. For the thickness of soil cultivation, it should be no less than 12 centimeters. Early or late, too deep or too shallow, are not conducive to high yield of sweet potato.
In fertilizer management, in addition to sowing sufficient base fertilizer, but also pay attention to the fertility of the sub-soil mulching fertilizer and extra-root fertilizer.
The first fertilization can be in the potato flush seedling or in the seedling height of 12-15 cm or so when the seedling fertilizer (can also be combined with the first ploughing), because the fertilizer is mainly to raise the seedling to help grow, promote the growth of stems and leaves, should be based on fast-acting nitrogen fertilizer, according to the dosage of nitrogen fertilizer per acre of 8-10 kg of fertilizer; the second fertilization can be in the potato bud or seedling height of 35-40 cm or so when the seedling height of the fertilization to promote the growth of the seedling, the fertilizer can be used to promote the growth of the seedling. The second fertilizer can be applied when the potato bud stage or seedling height of 35-40 cm or so to promote potato fertilizer (can also be combined with the second ploughing together), because the fertilizer is mainly for the potato and potato to provide nutrient supply, in order to let the potato more potatoes, potatoes, so it should be potash fertilizer as the main, nitrogen fertilizer as a supplement, according to the dosage of 10-15 kg of potash fertilizer + 3-5 kg of nitrogen fertilizer per acre to follow the application. Wait until the potato after flowering, generally do not need to re-root fertilizer, especially can not use nitrogen fertilizer, but can be foliar spray fertilizer to supplement phosphorus and potassium and trace elements nutrition. It should be noted that: after fertilization must be timely watering.
For the period of potato flowering to potato expansion, appropriate supplementation of magnesium fertilizer, boron fertilizer, zinc fertilizer, potassium dihydrogen phosphate and other foliar fertilizers, not only for the plant to increase nutrients, but also to prevent the plant from premature failure, the potato late to improve yield, improve the quality of the potato has a better help, so you can use the potato flowering period with a solution of 0.3-0.5% of magnesium sulfate, 0.3-0.5% of Zinc sulfate, 0.1-0.2% of borax or boric acid solution spraying, in the expansion period with 0.3% of potassium dihydrogen phosphate aqueous solution spraying, can be sprayed 2-3 times, every 7-10 days spraying 1 time, each acre of each spraying fertilizer liquid amount mastered in 50-70 kg can be.