Chinese name of basic introduction: Collection location of knife coins: No.301Fuxing Middle Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai. Date: Zhou's Museum: Shanghai Bank Museum's area: Shanghai's introduction, history, general situation of knife coins in various countries, Qi's knife coins, Yan's knife coins, Zhao's knife coins, Qi's knife coins, all the knife's knife, Yan's knife, development process, sharp first knife, Ming's knife, round folding knife. Types of Knife Coins, Unearthed Knife Coins, Historical Value, Existing Quantity, Cultural Value, Brief Name Interpretation of Knife Coins in Yan, Qi, Zhao and Zhongshan Countries from the Late Spring and Autumn Period to the Warring States Period. Its types are: 1. Ming-character Dao, sharp-headed Dao and needle-headed Dao in Yan State; Second, Qi's three-character knife (Qi Fa Dao), four-character knife (Qi Zhi Fa Dao), five-character knife (Anyang Fa Dao and Yi Mo Fa Dao), six-character knife (Qi Jianbang Fa Dao), and all the knife and Boshan Dao; Third, the Gandan knife, white knife, white knife, albino knife, Wang Hua knife of Zhao State; Four, Zhongshan City white straight knife and white straight knife. Five, follwed by the new dynasty coins have Jin Cuodao. Scope of use Qi in the east and Yan in the north mainly use knife coins. Knife coins are divided into two types: "Yan Ming Dao" and "Qi Dao Hua". The shape of knife coins is similar to those used by northern nomadic people such as Shanrong and Beidi for fishing and hunting. Because of the word "Hua" on the surface of the knife, it is called "Knife". The back of the knife is divided into arc back, folded back and straight back, and the head of the knife is divided into flat head and pointed head. It is also an early bronze coin in China. The component knife coin is composed of knife head, knife body, handle and knife ring. Knife head is the main basis for dividing the types of knife coins, which can be divided into needle head knife, pointed head knife, truncated head knife, round head knife and flat head knife according to their shapes. According to the back of the knife, it can be divided into chin folding knife and arc back knife. The official name of the historical "knife coin" is "knife coin", which consists of four parts: head, body, handle and ring. The edge of the knife is outlined, and the blade does not face outward, but to the left instead of to the right. The concave-backed convex blade has a head close to three pictographs, and the blade body and handle are two rectangles with similar sizes, and the knife ring is circular. These geometric shapes are skillfully combined to form a stable, full and round image beauty and harmonious beauty. According to the actual measurement, the diameter of the knife ring and the length of the knife head are1:7.5, which is exactly the ratio of human head to height. And the length of the whole "knife coin" (generally about18cm) is almost the length of a human hand. If six knife coins are connected end to end, they can form a ring, which is "Zhou Li? As mentioned in Kao Gong Ji, "building a family is a cut, with a long foot and a wide inch, and it is a six-sided rule." These precise designs and ingenious ideas fully reflect the wisdom of the ancient working people. Later, with the expansion of Qi's territory and the war with neighboring countries, the circulation of Qi's sword coins gradually expanded to Yan and Zhao areas. At this time, the knife coins were formed into three series: Qi Dao, Yan Dao and Zhao Dao because of their different casting places and shapes. General situation of knife coins in various countries The copper coins cast in ancient China in the shape of a ring-shaped knife belong to one of the copper coins in the Warring States Period. "Knife cloth" and "Knife coin" have been mentioned in Guanzi, Geodesy and Yidu, all referring to copper coins. During the Warring States Period, Qi, Yan, Zhao and other countries all made knife coins. Qi Dao coins are about17cm high and weigh about 40 ~ 55g, which is the largest in all countries. There are also a few smaller bodies. The hilt is slightly curved, and there are Qian Wen on the front of the blade, such as "Qi Fa", "Qi Zhi Fa", "Anyang Fa", "Saving Ink" and "Qi Wa State Long Fa". Approaching people or interpreting "legalization" as "broadsword" Handed down from ancient times, Qian Wen has nine characters, which seems to be a forgery. "Anyang" and "Jiemo" are the names of cities in the State of Qi. "Anyang" is not recorded in the literature, and "saving ink" is Jimo, which is the Pingdu of Shandong today. There are three horizontal lines on the upper part of the back of the knife, and there are generally one or two words under the line. Common ones are "Shang", "Gong", "Gan", "Da" and "Anbang", which may be the marks made by the foundry. All knives are made of copper, and the casters are better. After testing, the copper content is about 70%, and the rest is lead and tin. There are many objects left by Qi Dao, mostly unearthed in the south of the Yellow River and east of the Beijing-Shanghai line in Shandong Province, including Jinan, Zibo, Weifang, Changyi, Yexian, Fushan, Rongcheng, Haiyang, Pingdu, Qingdao, Zhucheng, Rizhao, Yinan, Junan, Yanzhou and Pingyuan. There are two kinds of casting patterns of Qi Dao: muddy and stony, especially mud patterns. There are thousands of clay models in Chen Jieqi in Qing Dynasty. In recent decades, there have been many discoveries in the ruins of Qicheng in Linzi. Fan is made of sand and mud, and three molds are printed on each fan, and three pieces can be cast at a time. However, there is only one kind of "homogeneous method" in all clay models, and the rest has not been found yet. Knife Coin The word "Ming" is cast on the sword coin of Yan State, so this kind of knife is commonly called Ming Dao, which is lighter and smaller than Qi Dao, and its overall height is about13 ~14 cm. In the early stage, the shape was large, the back of the knife was slightly curved, the blade was wide and narrow, the overall height was about14cm, and the weight was about13g. The word "Ming" was "Qi" and "Qi", and the back text was mostly one word. The shape of the middle stage is slightly smaller than that of the early stage, and the word "Ming" is "Wei"; In the later period, the blade was equal in width from top to bottom, the back of the blade was straight, the handle flexed inward obviously, and the weight of the blade was reduced to about10g. The word "Ming" was written as "debt", and some people misinterpreted it as "Wei" or "Yi". In the middle and late period, there are generally more words in the back essays, which are usually numbered under "left" or "middle" or "right". Open-cut casting technology is slightly inferior to that of Qi Dao, especially in terms of copper content, which is generally only 35-45%, and sometimes the content of lead and tin is as high as 45-58%, which may be related to the different economic development levels of Yan and Qi. In the site of Yanxiadu, Yixian County, Hebei Province, the remains of a coin-casting workshop were found. In addition to Ming Dao, there were many clay models, which were rectangular, and five models were juxtaposed on one model. A stone casting model was also found in Chengde, Hebei Province. It can be seen that there was more than one kind of casting model at that time, and there was more than one casting place in Yanxia Capital. Ming Dao is one of the most issued Dao coins in the Warring States period, and it is often unearthed, sometimes reaching hundreds or thousands at a time. Most of the unearthed areas are in Hebei Province, Liaoning Province, Beijing and Tianjin. In addition, such as central and northern Shanxi, eastern and southern Inner Mongolia, Ji 'an and Naiman Banner in Jilin Province, Linzi, Changyi and Pingdu in Shandong Province, this kind of knife coin has also been unearthed. These phenomena show that the circulation scope of Ming Dao is not limited to Yan State, but even can be circulated in Zhao, Qi and other countries. Most of the Ming Dao unearthed now come from cellars, and a few are found from tombs. There is also a sharp knife in the knife coin, which seems to belong to a currency of Yan State. The height of this knife is about16cm, and the weight is11~15g. From the back of the knife to the handle, an arc line is formed. The handle is thin and the head of the knife is sharp, so it is commonly known as the pointed first knife. Some tips are as long as a cone, commonly known as needle head knives. The characteristics of these two kinds of knives are that they have no certain facial expressions, or even no characters. Qian Wen generally has only one word, such as "Wang", "Gong", "Wu" and "Shang Dao", and these words may be symbols. This kind of Dao was unearthed in the northern and central parts of Hebei Province, including Zhangjiakou, Baoding, Yixian, Xu Shui, Anguo, Hejian, Lingshou, Gaocheng and Shijiazhuang. In the north, such as Lingyuan in Liaoning Province, and in the south, such as Linzi in Shandong Province, they have also been unearthed. Judging from the unearthed sites, most of them are in the territory of Yan State, so it is more likely that this Dao is a Yan coin. Sometimes this Dao comes out with Ming Dao, but the quantity is very small. Perhaps it is a kind of swallow coin earlier than Ming Dao. When Ming Dao is used in large quantities, this kind of Dao is few. In Zhaoyuan and Shouguang areas of Shandong Province, some sharp-headed knives with their heads cut off have been unearthed in the past, and their intentions are still unclear. Zhao Dao coins are small in size, with a height of about13 ~14cm and a weight of about 5 ~15g. The blade and the head of the knife are rounded, which is quite different from the sharp corners of the heads of Qi and Yan Dao coins. The handle and the body are close to vertical, and the front of the knife has inscriptions such as "Handan", "White Man" and "City White". Handan is the capital of Zhao, and the "white man" is a Berber and a land of Zhao. It can be determined that this kind of Dao is the coin of Zhao State. Zhao Dao was mostly unearthed in Lingshou, Shijiazhuang, Handan, Xu Shui, Yixian, Luanping and Beijing. In addition, it has also been unearthed in northern Shanxi and Liaoning Province in southern Inner Mongolia. From the location of the excavation, it can be seen that Zhao Dao can also be used in the territory of Yan State, and it often comes out with Ming Dao or Yuan Qian in the late period, indicating that its passage time is in the late Warring States period. A stone casting model of Chengbai Dao was unearthed in Lingshou, Hebei Province, which provided clues for understanding the casting areas of some Zhao Dao. There are even smaller ones in Zhao Dao, the height of which is less than 1 1 cm, and the width of the blade is only 1 cm, with the word "Lin" on the front, which is supposed to be made by Lin (now Lishi, Shanxi Province). There is also a Yanyang Dao, which is smaller than Lin Dao, with a height of only 9.5 cm, and the inscription is "Yanyang New Dao". The word "Yan" was often mistaken for the word "Jin" by predecessors. The suspicion of "Yanyang" is the entrance of Xihe County in the Western Han Dynasty, which belonged to Wei in the early Warring States period and later to Zhao. The shape of this Dao is similar to that of Lin Dao, and it is suspected that it was made by Zhao. The above two kinds of knives are extremely rare. Qi Dao Qi Dao, casting in Qi State, mainly circulated in Qi State, which is today's Shandong Peninsula area. Qi Dao is relatively heavy, famous for its thick and exquisite shape. Its basic shape is pointed head, curved back and concave blade. There is a ring at the end of the Dao, and there are characters or decorative patterns on the face and back. Qi Dao is divided into three-character Dao, four-character Dao, five-character Dao and six-character Dao. At present, Qi Dao has been found and recorded as Qi Fa, Qi Zhi Fa, Anyang Fa, Saving Ink Fa, Ba Bang Fa and Qi Jian (Made). Among them, "Jiemo", "Anyang" and "Qi" are all place names. "Jiemo" is now Jimo, Shandong Province, "Anyang" is now Caoxian, Shandong Province, and "Qi" refers to Linzi, the capital of Qi State. According to the actual measurement, Qi Zhi's method is generally18.3-18.5cm long, 2.87cm wide and 44.5-50.5g heavy; The method of ink saving is generally18.5cm long, 2.8-3cm wide and 59-6 1 g; Anyang Fahua is18-18.5cm long, 2.8-2.9cm wide at most and weighs 44.5-47g; Qi Jian (Zao) Bangchang Fa Hua is about18.2-18.5cm, 2.6-2.9cm wide and weighs 42.3-47g; Qi Fa Hua is about 17.8- 18.7 cm in length, 2.6-2.9 cm in width and 40.8-50.4 g in weight. The latter two are knife coins cast by Tian Qi in the Warring States Period, which are characterized by the continuous outer edges of knife coins, and the characters on the face of the coins are only "Fa Hua". The legalization of Qi Jian (made) state governor is a six-character knife. It is said that it was a commemorative coin at that time, which was handed down very rarely and was very precious. Between 378-324 BC, that is, during the period from Qi Weiwang to Qi Xuanwang, the State of Qi unified all kinds of sword coins by standardizing the law. Knife currency Qi is the main country that uses knife currency. Qi's knife coins are vivid and beautifully made. There are mainly "making a country prosperous by law", "making a country prosperous by law", "making a country prosperous by law" and "all the knife". The six-character Dao, also known as the Fa-Hua Dao of Qi Dynasty, was cast at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period. It was the founding commemorative coin cast by Jiang Qi on behalf of Tian's family and was named as the Qi Hou's time. This Dao is elegant in shape, excellent in casting and rare in the world, and it has been valued by collectors in past dynasties. All the knife was named after the word "Ming" on the blade. Its back text is very rare, such as "Ju Ye Qi Hua", which was cast by Yan Jiang Le Yi in five years, occupying more than 70 cities such as Linzi. This Dao was first discovered in Boshan, Shandong during the Jiaqing period of Qing Dynasty, so it is also called "Boshan Dao". All the knife, also known as Boshan Dao, was first discovered in Boshan, Shandong Province, so it is commonly known as Boshan Dao. Boshan is an old county name, located in the middle of Shandong Province. It was revoked in 1958 and merged into Zibo City. The source of Kaobo Mountain Dao, Jin Shi Suo, states that "Boshan Dao was carried by Sun Xingfang, and hundreds of pieces were dug out of a cellar in Xingyu Village of Yunbo Mountain, and the text can't be distinguished", and "This Dao has a cellar with the former Dao, although the boat was carried from Boshan". This knife coin was unearthed in Qi Dynasty, and its Qian Wen has the word "Ming" (or "Zhao" and "Yi"), so people nowadays call it "all the knife". All the knife's characteristic is that the blade is thinner and narrower than that of Yan Ming's Dao, and the character "Ming" in seal script is long and square-folded, which is different from the arc-folded shape of Yan Ming's Dao. The back of the knife has more than a dozen words with different numbers, such as Qi, Qi, Qi * * Gold, Ju Metallurgical, Ju Metallurgical Qi, etc., and most of them are plain or symbolic. This Dao coin is rough, slightly lower in copper content, slightly higher in lead content, and also lead. This Dao has both Qi and Yan. It must have been minted in the pre-Qin and Warring States periods. The author would like to analyze its background, ownership and other issues as follows. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, due to the hegemony of the princes, each casting its own currency, a special era with the most forms in the history of Chinese currency was formed, resulting in four major monetary systems: shell, cloth, knife and round money. All the knife was cast late, and it is also one of the knife coin systems. Knife coins are evolved from tool knives, including large and small sharp first knives, large and small needle first knives, cutting first knives, small sharp knives, small straight knives, large and small round first knives, Yanming knives, all the knife, Qi broadsword and other currencies. These knife coins have become the main currencies of northern and eastern countries (ethnic groups) in China. The tribes that once forged and used knife coins in parallel were Xianyu, Zhongshan, Yan, Qi, Zhao and Shanrong. Under what background was all the knife formed? In the first 3 14 years, the prince of Yan gave way to the country's prime minister, and there was civil strife for three years. Qi Xuanwang took the opportunity to cut down the swallow, and the son was killed, and the swallow almost died. In the first 3 1 1 year, Taizi Zhao ascended the throne. According to "Seeking Scholars in Yan Zhaowang", after 28 years of diligent work, Yan returned to the country and ordered Le Yi's unified army to cut more than 70 cities in the first 284. "When I entered Linzi (Qidu), I took all the treasures and burned its palaces and temples." When King Zhao died in the first 279 years, King Yan Hui acceded to the throne, China and Qi made a deviance, abandoned Le Yi as a general by riding a robbery, and set up a fire bull array to break the swallow less and recapture all the lost land. All the knife started cutting Yan Qi in the first 284 years and broke Yan Qi in the first 279 years. Why does all the knife have a short working time? The reason is: 1. The people don't want to cut the Yan national currency. The tug-of-war was a common thing in the Warring States. When the victorious country arrived today, the people used Yan coins, and Ming Yan withdrew and then made Qi coins. Yan coins were worthless and risky, so people had rebellious and repulsive psychology and behavior. 2. The victorious country needs social stability. The war between Qi and Yan armies will inevitably cause the currencies of the two countries to repel each other. Facing the people's rejection, the victorious country needs a "compromise" currency to clear the circulation channels; 3. Businessmen cater to the military and public opinion. Local businessmen seize business opportunities and quickly coin coins at low cost to meet the needs of society, which can be used and retired. Let's look at the characteristics of its back text. First, it is necessary to cast Yan's occupied land as Qi and Qi, and then it is necessary to cast Qi Yucheng and Ju Metallurgy. Exclusivity is small, recognition is high, so it works; 4. Complete the mission and die naturally. With Qi regaining lost territory, the regime was stable, and the national currency rejected the free commercial currency. This is the war that determines the short life of this coin, and it is also the original historical value of this coin. Yan Dao's development process: Knife coins entered the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, expanding its scope. First of all, "sharp first knife" (including "needle first knife") appeared in Yan State. Yan's appearance of knife coins should be influenced by Qi. Yan Zhaowang was able to accept talents. During his reign, he opened up territory and established Shanggu, Yuyang, western Liaoning and Liaodong counties. There are "needle first knife", "sharp first knife" and "Ming knife" in Yan State. Needle-headed Dao (with a sharp tip) has a similar body to a sharp-headed Dao, but the tip of the blade is longer, the handle has straight lines, two on the front and one on the back, the copper is not refined, the production is also very rough, and the text is simple or unwritten, which is mainly circulated inside and outside the Great Wall, so it is also called "Xiongnu Dao". "Xiongnu Knife" was unearthed in Chengde and Zhangjiakou during the Japanese Puppet War, and was acquired by the Japanese. Now it is mostly hidden in Japan. At first, sharp-headed knives and needle-headed knives were popular in Yan State, but in the Warring States period, they developed into cutting-headed knives and Yan Ming knives. The word "Ming" on Yan Ming's sword is eye-shaped, which is obviously different from that of all the knife. Yanming Dao is not expensive because of its large number of unearthed objects. Zhao Dao coins appeared late, about the late Warring States period, and were mainly small and round-headed straight knives, with many names cast on the blade, such as "ganden, Bai Ren" and so on. The number of Zhao Dao unearthed is very small, and they are all very rare. Knife coins are named after their shapes like knives. Qi in the east and Yan in the north mainly use knife coins. Knife coins are divided into two types: "Yan Ming Dao" and "Qi Dao Hua". The shape of knife coins is similar to those used by northern nomadic people such as Shanrong and Beidi for fishing and hunting. Because of the word "Hua" on the surface of the knife, it is called "Knife". The back of the knife is divided into arc back, folded back and straight back, and the head of the knife is divided into flat head and pointed head. It is also an early bronze coin in China. The official name of "knife coin" is "knife coin", which consists of four parts: head, body, handle and ring. The edge of the knife is outlined, and the blade does not face outward, but to the left instead of to the right. The concave-backed convex blade has a head close to three pictographs, and the blade body and handle are two rectangles with similar sizes, and the knife ring is circular. These geometric shapes are skillfully combined to form a stable, full and round image beauty and harmonious beauty. The sharp head knife "sharp head knife" (the head of the knife is at an acute angle) has a length of15-18cm, a width of1.8-2.6cm and a weight of15-16g. Its shape is similar to that of Qi Dao, with concave arc back, extremely thin blade body and extremely thick blade back, but they are all named because the upper end of the blade looks sharp, with two straight lines on the back of the handle and a knife ring at one end. At first, there were no words on both sides, and then most of them only had words on one side, mostly single words. In the past, most of the "sharp first knives" were known to come from Hejian, Baoding and Liaocheng. Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, 943 complete "sharp first knives" have been unearthed by the technical repair brigade of Xiaochengzi Commune in Lingyuan County, Liaoning Province in 1974, and the inscriptions on coins are one, six, seven, eight, nine, already, sea, line, jade, hill and work. 1975 A batch of "sharp-headed knives" were unearthed in Shi Qiaocun, the ancient city of Qi in Linzi, Shandong Province, and there are 80 complete knives; 1978 A batch of "sharp-headed knives" were unearthed in Yanxiadu Military Camp, Hebei Province 1845, with the widest 1.8-2.2 cm. The inscriptions are: Da, Ji, Yang, Sun, Xing, C, Shang, Gu, Ya, etc./kloc-. 1979 During the site exploration of Lingshou City in Zhongshan during the Warring States Period, a "sharp-headed knife" was unearthed in the cultural layer of the site from the Spring and Autumn Period to the early Warring States Period. The outer edge of the blade was raised and broke at the handle, and the handle had two ridges, one of which was a ridge, but the head of the handle did not extend into the face of the knife. Its inscriptions were one, three, five, eight, work, union and transformation. The length of the knife is about16.2-17.4cm, the width of the head is 2.2-2.8cm, and the weight is1-15g. Judging from the stratum, the "sharp first knife" coin was earlier than other knife coins found in the city, but the sharp first knife was unearthed alone, and there was no phenomenon that other knife coins were mixed together. Therefore, the "sharp first knife" was earlier than that of Zhongshan. Judging from the sharp-headed knives unearthed in various places, there is a very close relationship between the sharp-headed knife and the swallow knife. The shape of the "sharp-headed knife" was finally changed, and the tip of the knife was reduced to a slope shape, and the word "0D" was cast on the face. It can be seen that the "sharp-headed knife" was not the "legalization" of the Yan State, but the currency cast by some local ethnic groups in the Yan State for commercial needs. Ming characters appeared on the late "sharp first knife", which was the forerunner of Ming knife. Ming Dao Yan's main knife coin is Ming Dao. Because there is a "0D" character number cast on the face of this coin, the shape of this word changes greatly. There are different explanations for it, such as Ming, Yi, Yan and Zhao, so it is also called Yi Dao, Yan Dao and Ming Dao. Words or symbols are often cast on the back of the knife coin "Ming Dao", and now there are more than hundreds of them, which are generally the signs of casting land or casting heat. Among them, those with the inscription "Qi" on the back are usually considered to be made by the State of Qi, but they are called "all the knife", while others are mostly called "Yanming Dao". "Ming Dao" may be earlier than the founding of Yan, and Yan people should cast empty cloth or shells when casting coins, and they will not cast "Ming Dao" at the beginning. Because the Yan people used cloth and shells in Guanzhong, it was not until the land of Yan that Yan Zhaowang cast Ming Dao after the restoration of the country. Its head is narrow, the tip is blunt, and the arc of the back of the knife is small, which is interrupted. It is famous for the word "Ming", which is about14-17cm long, about1.3-2.2cm wide and weighs15-/kloc. It was once unearthed in Yanxiadu site in Yixian, Hebei, Hejian, Baoding, Lingyuan, Liaoning and other places. It is an early form of Yanming Dao. "Ming Dao" can be divided into "round folding knife" and "Qing folding knife" because of its tortuous state. Circular folding knife "Circular folding knife" is generally a large knife, with a length of about12.8-13.5cm, a width of1.6-1.9cm and a weight of about14g. Its style is the same as that of the "pointed first knife", except that the face of the knife has a word "Yan", and the back text has left, right, inside, outside and middle respectively, and other characters are matched, which may be Ji Fanwen. The connecting line between the blade body and the handle is circular. The back text is more complicated, mostly with Yi characters and left and right characters, such as left, left, left, left Yi, Yi Yi, right, right and right six. The "chin folding knife" (also known as the square folding knife) is generally small in size, about12.4-13.3cm long,1.5-1.7cm wide and weighs/kloc-. The connecting line between the blade and the handle is a square fold, which is called "parallel fold" by ancient money makers. Its font grows up, majestic and bold, and its style is close to that of Jimo Dao, with a left back. #93; Down, right, and? #93; Eight,? #93; Outside the city, there are words such as work, line and culture. Yan Zhaowang sent Le Yi to cut Qi and occupied its seventy-two cities for six years. The "knife coins" cast in the State of Qi are also round and thick, and are usually regarded as treasures in Yan Dao. The "round folding knife" has a weight loss phenomenon, the difference can be more than three centimeters, which is about the time when Huiwang came out. During this period, on the one hand, the territory of Qi State was completely lost because of the failure of Tian Dan, the general of Qi State, on the other hand, it was out of harmony with Zhao State, and successive years of war caused economic difficulties and contributed to the phenomenon of currency weight loss. Since then, Yan may have carried out a currency reform, abolishing the round folding knife and switching to the square folding knife, with the same style and reduced weight. After the reform, it seems to have settled down for a period of time and started to lose weight. The square folding knives at the end were narrow and short, and the casters were rough, but the number was not as much as at the beginning. Scholars concluded that it might have been cast by the prince of Yan in Liao, but it was soon destroyed, so there were not many. This kind of outer edge is square and drooping? #93; Knives are mostly unearthed in Shandong Peninsula and Jinan, Yidu, Feicheng, Juxian, Changyi and other places. There are many place names such as Ju, Anyang, Qi, etc. in the back, and some of them are numbered and the number of unearthed words is small. Yan's use of "knife coins" should be more than a thousand years, and it has been reformed five times before and after, which is much more stable than other regions. It's just that it's remote and backward in technology, and its knife currency is a little rough, but it has a profound local style, which is straightforward and vivid, which is not as good as that of Qi and Zhao. Types of Knife Currency Knife currency used in Yan, Qi, Zhao and Zhongshan countries from the late Spring and Autumn Period to the Warring States Period. Its types are: Dao Coin A, Ming-character Dao of Yan State, sharp-headed Dao and needle-headed Dao; B, Qi's three-character knife (Qi Fa Dao), four-character knife (Qi Zhi Fa Dao), five-character knife (Anyang Fa Dao and Yi Mo Fa Dao), six-character knife (Qi Jianbang Fa Dao), and all the knife and Boshan Dao; C, Gandan knife, white knife, albino knife, albino knife, Wang Hua knife, etc. of Yue State; D, Zhongshan City's white straight knife and white straight knife. E, follwed by the new dynasty coins have Jin Cuodao. Knife coins unearthed 19 18, a large number of ancient knife coins were unearthed in the north of Chejiaohe Village, Shidao Town, Rongcheng City, Shandong Province. 1930, a knife coin was unearthed in the southwest of the old city of Ping Ling, Shandong Province, with the word "Jubang" on it, which was called Tan Bangdao. 197 1 unearthed in Han Jiahu's dwelling house when digging an air-raid shelter, it was about a currency circulating in Yan State and its vicinity in the late Warring States period. Historical value Rare ancient coins are the physical objects of monetary history, but also the witness of history. Therefore, it is necessary to find out its position in history before collection. For example, "Chengdu Jiaozi" and "Ten-text-unified Yuanbao Jiaochao" discovered in Hohhot are the earliest banknotes discovered in China so far, which are regarded as priceless by academic circles. Jilin's "Guangping Silver Coin" is considered to be the first mechanism coin in China. 1985 The "Cheng 'an Treasure" unearthed in Acheng County, Heilongjiang Province is a rare product of "one and a half counting white silver coins" in China. Short-lived regimes also have a high value in coin collection. Coins made during the short-lived dynasty or peasant uprising have a short circulation time and a small circulation, which is a rare treasure. For example, "Jingkang Tongbao" and "Jingkang Yuanbao" were cast during Song Qinzong's reign, and he was taken into exile to the north within 0/6 months of his reign. Therefore, the amount of "Jingkang" money is very small, and "Jingkang Tongbao" is even rarer, belonging to the national first-class cultural relics. After the establishment of Dashun regime in Li Zicheng, "Yongchang Tongbao" was cast. This coin is rare because of its small casting quantity and short circulation time. There is also a coin called "arhat money" which has a high collection value. Emperor Kangxi borrowed a bronze Buddha and a 18 golden arhat from the local Lama because of insufficient military pay, and the bronze and gold were melted and cast into coins. At that time, a sign was printed on the front of the coins, that is, the word "Xi" of "Kangxi Tongbao" was missing, so as to identify and recover it in the future. Because the money was cast by molten arhat, the people called it arhat money. The existing quantity follows the principle of "rare things are precious", which depends not only on the age, the length of circulation time, but also on the amount of the world. China's coins have a history of nearly 5,000 years, which can be roughly divided into knife coins, cloth coins and ant noses in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, external coins in the Qin Dynasty, Tongbao in the Tang Dynasty, annual coins in the Song Dynasty and Xuantong Tongbao in the late Qing Dynasty. There are tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands of varieties. Knife coins in Qi, Yan and Zhao countries, cloth coins in Korea, Wei and Qin countries, etc. are very old, which are rarer than round money and more expensive. There are a few coins left in the world, such as "Deyi Yuanbao" which was cast after the rebel Shi Siming occupied Luoyang in the Tang Dynasty. Later, it was found that the word "Deyi" was unlucky, so it was changed to "Shuntian" and cast "Shuntian Tongbao". These two kinds of coins are rarely handed down from generation to generation, especially the "Deyi Yuanbao", which is a rare treasure. In addition, such as 1972, the "six years of Dakang" commemorative copper coin excavated in a Liao tomb in Kulun Banner, Jilin Province is also a rare treasure; 1984 The Xixia "Guangding Yuanbao" seal and real calligraphy unearthed in Helan Mountain, Yinchuan, Ningxia, caused a sensation in Tibetan circles; Up to now, only one "Daqi Tongbao" in Nankang and "Ten Thousand Coins in a Golden Chamber" in the Western Han Dynasty have been found, all of which are "orphans" in coins and have high collection and investment value. Some categories of cultural value that have been handed down from generation to generation are favored mainly because of their high cultural taste and artistic value. For example, coins such as "Huoquan" and "Buquan" in Wang Mang's new dynasty in the Han Dynasty used vertical needle seals; The nine-fold seal script "Quanti Tongbao" cast in Renzong of the Northern Song Dynasty is the earliest artistic word in China, and it is a collection of treasures. Tang Gaozu Wude's four-year "Kaiyuan Tongbao" is the handwriting of Ouyang Xun, a great calligrapher. Its book style is correct and simple, and its statutes are strict, vigorous and subtle. "Chunhua Yuanbao" was written by Zhao Guangyi, Song Taizong, with three characters: script, line and cursive script. The script is vigorous and dignified, the running script is meaningful and lingering, and the cursive script is unrestrained and smooth, which makes the art of coin writing in Song Dynasty reach an unprecedented position. There is also a pair of money in the Song Dynasty. The original cursive script was written by Sima Guang and Su Dongpo respectively. It is elegant and vigorous, and it is a must in ancient and modern times and has high collection value. In addition, the ancient coins that enjoy "the unique seal cutting method, the crown of the Six Dynasties", "the three products of the Northern Zhou Dynasty" and "the treasures" all belong to this category. It is very important to master the ornamental appearance. The investment value and increase of ancient coins are closely related to the appearance. If the same coin has the appearance difference, the price difference is often as high as ten times or even dozens or hundreds of times, which shows the importance of its appearance. No matter whether the coins are rare or not, those with vague faces, defective outlines, serious corrosion and poor physiognomy should be avoided as far as possible. When collecting ancient coins, we should also pay attention to whether there are signs such as moon patterns and star patterns. The identification of ancient coins distinguishes the casting age and address by the back text, and evaluates its rarity. Generally speaking, coins with moon and star marks on the back are more collectible than those with smooth back. Among the coins worth collecting, the palace coins refined from gold, silver and white copper are precious cultural relics with little casting quantity and good quality.