In our study and life, we often encounter three terms: "interaction design", "human-computer interaction", "user experience Design". Do these three terms mean the same thing, and if not, what are their similarities and differences. In this paper, we try to analyze this interaction design, human-computer interaction, and user experience design from three aspects: history, existing situation, and future development.
Interaction design has its roots in web design and graphic design, but it has grown into a separate field. Nowadays, interaction designers, far from just being responsible for text and images, are responsible for creating all the elements on the screen, all the things that a user might touch, tap, or type: in short, all the interactions in the product experience.
Interaction design is about defining interfaces that relate to the way artifacts behave (the "interaction", i.e. the way artifacts react in a given scenario). Interaction design as a focus on the interactive experience of the new discipline in the 1980s, it is a founder of IDEO Bill Moggridge (Bill Moggridge) in 1984, a design conference, he initially named it "soft face (Soft Face)", because the name is reminiscent and easy to use. Since this name is reminiscent of the toy "Cabbage Patchdoll", he later renamed it "Interaction Design".
In 1959, American scholar B. Shackel started from how people can reduce fatigue when manipulating computers, and put forward a paper on the ergonomics of computer console design, which is considered to be the first literature on human-computer interfaces. 1960, Liklider JCR put forward for the first time the concept of a human-computer close symbiosis (Human-Computer Close Symbiosis). In 1960, Liklider JCR first proposed the concept of Human-Computer Close Symbiosis, which is regarded as the enlightening viewpoint of human-computer interface. 1969, the first International Conference on Human-Computer Systems was held at the University of Cambridge, UK, and the first professional journal International Journal of Man-Machine Studies (IJMMS) was founded in the same year. It can be said that 1969 is a milestone in the history of human-machine interface science.
In 1970, two HCI research centers were established: one was the HUSAT Research Center at Loughbocough University in the United Kingdom, and the other was the Palo Alto Research Center of Xerox Corporation in the United States.
Four computer-related ergonomics monographs were published between 1970 and 1973, pointing the way for the development of HCI.
In the early 1980s, academics published six monographs to summarize the latest HCI research results. The discipline of human-computer interaction has gradually formed its own architecture of theoretical system and practical scope. In terms of theoretical system, it is independent from ergonomics and emphasizes more on the theoretical guidance of cognitive psychology as well as certain human sciences such as behavioral science and sociology; in terms of practical scope, it is broadened from human-computer interface (HMI) and emphasizes the feedback and interaction of computers for human beings. The term human-computer interface was replaced by human-computer interaction, and the I in HCI was changed from Interface to Interaction.
The term user experience was first widely recognized in the mid-1990s, when it was coined and popularized by user experience designer Donald Norman. An electrical engineer and cognitive scientist, Don
Norman joined Apple after helping the legendary company research and design their human-centered product line. His role was named User Experience Architect, the first UX role of its kind.
From the above information, it is easy to see that the term interaction design originated in the field of computers, where software experts found that human-computer interactions created many problems, and the term interaction design was born. Human-computer interaction, on the other hand, is developed by ergonomics, which is the relationship between human and machine as the starting point for research. Unlike the terms interaction design and human-computer interaction, user experience is based on psychology and cognitive science, and explores the relationship between people and the external environment from the perspective of psychology and cognitive science.
Here, first of all, we organize the authoritative definitions of interaction design, human-computer interaction, and user experience.
Interaction Design: Interaction Design
Interaction design refers to the design of a mechanism for interaction between people and products or services, and human-computer interaction design based on user experience takes into account the user's background, experience, and feelings during the operation process, so as to design a product that meets the end-user's needs, and makes it pleasurable and consistent with their own experience when using the product.
Interaction design based on user experience is to take into account the user's background, experience and feelings in the operation process, so as to design products that meet the end-user's needs and make the end-user enjoyable, consistent with their own logic, and effective and efficient use of products.
The goal of interaction design is to make a product easy for users to use. The functionality of any product is realized through the interaction between humans and machines. Therefore, the human factor should be represented as the core of the design [1].
Human-Computer Interaction: Human-Computer Interaction (HCI): refers to the process of exchanging information between a person and a computer using some kind of dialog language, in a certain way of interaction, for the purpose of completing a defined task. There are many famous companies and academic institutions are researching HCI. In the history of computer development, little attention has been paid to the ease of use of computers. Nowadays, many computer users complain that computer manufacturers do not put enough effort into making their products "user-friendly" [2].
User Experience: User Experience, abbreviated as UE, or UX.
It refers to the total experience a user has when visiting a website or using a product. Their impressions and feelings, whether it was successful, whether they enjoyed it, whether they want to come back/use it again. The extent to which they can tolerate problems, doubts and bugs[3].
From the definitions of interaction design, user experience, and human-computer interaction, it can be concluded that at this stage, interaction design, user experience, and human-computer interaction all have the meaning of studying the relationship between human beings and the external environment. However, relatively speaking, interaction design studies the mechanism of human-product interaction. Human-computer interaction studies the dialog process between human and computer. User experience is the study of the user's experience when accessing the product. In terms of the breadth of research objects: user experience, human-computer interaction, interaction design. These three have both similarities and differences can be derived from the analysis of the chart as follows:
From Figure 2.2, it can be seen that from 2011 to September 2018, in the three words of interaction design, human-computer interaction, and user experience, the term that has received the most media coverage is user experience, followed by human-computer interaction, and finally interaction design. As an Internet term, UX is the most widely spread and people are more aware of it. Human-computer interaction and interaction design, on the other hand, are to a certain extent specialized terms that are not yet well known.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a new term in recent years, and the development trend of interaction design, human-computer interaction, and user experience is analyzed here in the context of AI.
To analyze the development trend of interaction design, human-computer interaction, and user experience with artificial intelligence, we need to look at which of the three terms has the highest correlation with artificial intelligence. When users search for "artificial intelligence" and "user experience" at the same time, it means that there is a correlation between "artificial intelligence" and "user experience". Here we collect the results of users searching for "artificial intelligence" and "interaction design"; "artificial intelligence" and "human-computer interaction"; "artificial intelligence" and "human-computer interaction"; "human-computer interaction" and "human-computer interaction"; and "user experience".
The data from searches for "artificial intelligence" and "interaction design"; "artificial intelligence" and "human-computer interaction"; and "artificial intelligence" and "user experience" are collected here to investigate the correlation between artificial intelligence and these three.
Figure 3.1 shows that the correlation between AI and interaction design is the strongest (the highest number of users searching for interaction design while searching for AI), followed by user experience, and finally human-computer interaction.
The following side analyzes the change of correlation between AI and the three terms from the time dimension
As can be seen from Figure 3.2, the correlation between AI and UX, HCI, and Interaction Design is becoming more and more obvious over time (when the number of searches for AI increases, the number of searches for UX, HCI, and Interaction Design also increases).
The correlation between artificial intelligence and user experience, human-computer interaction, and interaction design has gradually increased over time. Of these, AI has the strongest correlation with interaction design.
References:
[1] Yuefeng Wang. Research on Feedback Mechanism in Interaction Design of Internet Products [D]. Jiangnan University, 2012.
[2] Deng Tao. Research on the design of feedback mechanism of internet products based on metaphor cognition [D]. Hunan University, 2016.
[3] Gao Lu. Exploration of user metaphor cognition mechanism based on web interface symbol system[D]. Nanjing University of Technology, 2009.