In the eyes of ordinary people, Hakkas are immigrants, and they are a branch of immigrants from the north. In the long years, they have been wandering from place to place and experienced hardships, and they have been formed, evolved and developed with tens of millions of people by constantly integrating with local indigenous residents.

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Distribution map of Hakka world

Distribution map of Hakka people in China

The migration of Hakka people includes the southward migration of Hakka ancestors and the domestic and international migration of Hakka people.

As far as migration behavior is concerned, there are active and passive points, corresponding to the history of migration process, and the reasons for migration are different in different periods.

Generally speaking, there are four aspects of various migration factors:?

? A. factors related to the place of emigration, that is, push factors. ?

① The reverse development of cultivated land area and population is the fundamental factor that often plays a role.

2 war.

The brutal war reduced prosperous cities and rich villages to ruins, and millions of people were killed in the war. The survivors were forced to leave their homes and migrate to various places in order to seek a stable social environment, which was the root cause of large-scale sudden migration.

(3) official relocation and settlement.

4 study tour and business.

⑤ Struggle, including political struggle and economic struggle.

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B. factors related to the place of migration, namely "pull". ?

The northern development is early, while the southern development is late.

The vast, sparsely populated and war-torn south has good conditions for moving south to settle down and develop agriculture.

For example, in Meizhou, Guangdong Province, in the Southern Song Dynasty, "the land was barren and the people were lazy, but the farmers were fresh, and those who lived in Tinggan and overseas Chinese cultivated, so the old people did not suffer from no fields, and every field was not wasted with labor." In addition, during the Tang and Song Dynasties, the policy of "no tax" was implemented in Baiyue area in the south.

These * * * who fled to the north seem to be "Xanadu" and have settled in Jiangnan and Lingnan areas.

C. Factors related to barriers to intervention, namely "intermediary factors".

Hakka ancestors moved from Heluo and the Central Plains to Jiangnan and Lingnan areas. Although the traffic conditions were extremely difficult, it was not without a way out.

Since the Qin dynasty, there have been post roads; Since the Sui Dynasty, there have been canal waterways, especially the southeast roads and Lingnan roads. Since the Song Dynasty, there have been "Tangpu" and so on.

The southeast road is mainly based on the Grand Canal, connecting Guanzhong, Huainan and Southeast, and extending to Jiangxi, Fujian and other places.

There are 4 roads into Lingnan:

1, one goes south to Hunan from Jingxiang Road and enters the Pearl River Delta via Xiangshui, Lingqu, Gui Jiang and Xijiang; ?

2. First, from Gengling, Yueda, Hunan, along Zhenjiang and Beijiang;

3. First, from the Yangtze River and Ganjiang River to Gengling along Zhenjiang River and Beijiang River;

4. First, from Fuzhou to Guangdong along the southwest coast.

The smooth roads provided convenient traffic conditions for Hakka ancestors to move south in the past dynasties.

The feudal reclamation, such as "moving to the sea to restore the boundary" in the 23rd year of Kangxi, and "Huguang filling Sichuan" in the 5th year of Kangxi1year, also provided opportunities and conditions for the Hakkas to move again.

D. factors related to personal psychology and physiology, that is, "self-cause". ?

Migrants are people with special characteristics, not the average people who move out, which are embodied in adventurous spirit and dissatisfaction with the status quo, which is closely related to personal factors.