First, the growth and development of radish and the environmental conditions required

1.

(1) Nutritional growth period

Germination: from seed germination to the two cotyledons unfolding for the germination period. Depending on the nutrients stored inside the seed to make it sprout, cotyledons out of the soil. Requires sufficient water and suitable temperature. For alpine plantings, this period takes about 3-4 days.

Seedling stage: the first true leaves of the seedling unfold to? break the belly? for the seedling stage. Large and medium-sized radish has generally appeared 4-7 days piece of true leaves. Require higher temperatures and stronger light, seedlings to fully develop; this period takes about 15 days, due to the growing roots, and the external primary cortex can not correspondingly grow and pescetarian, causing the primary cortex rupture, known as ? Broken belly? The growth of the fleshy root is accelerated later, this period must prevent seedling crowding, to timely inter-seedling, seedling. Cultivation with mulch cover 1 seed per hole, do not need to inter-seedling, but should be cultivated.

Fleshy root growth period: from the fleshy root belly to harvest are fleshy root growth period. In this period, the fleshy root secondary growth, cell gap is also increasing, the formation of lateral growth, and thus the fleshy root from the slender shape of the seedling stage gradually thickened, showing the characteristics of varieties. This period of growth is different, and can be divided into leaf growth and fleshy root growth period, can be used in conjunction with the spraying of ground fruit strong tilling to improve radish yield.

(2) reproductive growth period

Radish is a biennial vegetable, in the winter under low temperature conditions through the vernalization stage, the following spring under long sunlight conditions through the light stage, the plant through the stage of development after the flower bud differentiation, moss, buds, flowering and fruiting, to complete its life cycle. It usually takes 20-30 days, and the flowering period is extremely variable, usually about 30 days, the longest up to 40 days, to seed maturity, it takes about 30 days. Since the moss flowering, the nutrients produced by the assimilative organs and the nutrients stored in the fleshy roots are all running into the moss, supplying the moss flowering and fruiting. After mossing and flowering, the fleshy root of the radish becomes hollow and loses its edible value. In order to keep good seeds, it is necessary to supply sufficient water and fertilizer during this period, and dry the seeds when they are close to maturity, so as to facilitate seed maturity. Radish new varieties of selection and breeding can be carried out in the high mountains, but Meshaw just produce fresh vegetables without seed production, so do not let the plant through the reproductive growth stage.

2. Radish growth requirements for environmental conditions

(1) temperature: radish seed germination optimal temperature 20-25 ℃, the beginning of germination temperature of 2-3 ℃. Seedling stage can tolerate a higher temperature of 25 ℃, can also tolerate a short period of time -2 to -3 ℃ of low temperature. The appropriate temperature for leaf growth is 18-22 ℃, and the optimal temperature for endophyte root growth is 15-18 ℃. Higher than 25 ℃ plant growth is weak, poor product quality, so the appropriate temperature of radish growth is high in the early late low, alpine radish cultivation is often low before high, if the use of mulch cultivation, can not be affected by the temperature of the current, the selection of Korean cold-resistant varieties, adapt to a wide range of temperatures in the early stage of the temperature is slightly lower as long as it is not less than 10 ℃, the growth and quality are also unaffected. Summer and fall daytime temperature is high, low temperature at night, also conducive to the accumulation of nutrients and the expansion of endogenous roots.

(2) light: can be in a sunny environment, strong plant growth, product quality. Insufficient light is weak growth, thin and light-colored leaves, fleshy root shape is small, poor quality.

(3) moisture: in turnip growth which, such as insufficient water, not only lower yields, and fleshy roots are easy to chaff, bitter taste, spicy, rough quality; too much water, poor soil permeability, affecting fleshy root expansion, and easy to rot the roots; uneven supply of water, and often lead to cracking of the roots, only in the soil maximum water holding capacity of 65-80%, air humidity of 80-90% of the conditions, it is easy to Obtain high-quality high-yield products, mulch cover cultivation can save water and water retention, is a better method of alpine planting.

(4) soil and nutrition: radish is suitable for deep soil, rich in organic matter, water retention and good drainage, loose and fertile sandy loam is the best. Soil layer is too shallow, the heart of the soil is tight, easy to cause taproot divergence; soil is too sticky or poor drainage, will affect the quality of radish. Radish absorbs fertilizer capacity, fertilizer should be late-effective organic fertilizer, and pay attention to nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium cooperation. Especially the fleshy root growth period, increase the application of potash can significantly improve the quality, in addition to the three elements of fertilizer, more organic fertilizer, supplemental micronutrient fertilizer is a necessary nutrient component of radish.

Second, the cultivation season and supply period

In accordance with the radish cultivation season, sub-fall radish, generally sown in mid to late July. harvested in mid-September, such as the climate is suitable, the yield is high, good quality; summer and fall radish, May-June sowing, July-August harvest, sowing too early, easy to preemptive moss, the main autumn light supplement.

As anti-seasonal radish cultivation, depending on the variety, generally 800?1200m in the middle altitude of April-May start sowing, June-July harvest, high-altitude areas in May-July sowing July-September harvest. Alpine radish cultivation utilizing winter varieties, planting two mature, can be listed from June to the end of October.

Third, variety selection

Radish varieties suitable for semi-alpine and alpine cultivation, the selection of varieties should be based on the principle of early maturity, cold hardiness, high yield, high quality. Due to the small market demand for carrots, so the summer and fall cultivation of white radish-based.

Fourth, cultivation techniques

1. land application of fertilizer

According to the different varieties of choice of cultivation plots, generally large varieties of radish deep into the soil, to choose a deeper soil, water resources, small and medium-sized varieties of choice of shallow soil plots, planting of radish land shall be early deep plowing and more turned, broken and raked, arable land depth of more than 26?40cm turned. The way of making beds, take deep ditch high bed, in order to facilitate drainage. Radish fertilizer should be based on the base fertilizer, and pay attention to the phosphorus fertilizer with, generally in the land or sowing before the application of livestock and poultry pen manure 2500-4000kg, fire soil fertilizer 5000kg, calcium superphosphate 15-20kg. Hubei Province, Yichang, Enshi and other places in the alpine vegetable base planting summer and autumn radish, general 666.7m2 (acres) of farmyard manure (pigs, goats, cows fertilizer) 3000kg, the application of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium Compound fertilizer 100kg as base fertilizer, the effect is very good. Pollution-free production, should be fertilized with bio-organic fertilizer, can improve soil structure, improve. Such as Hubei Province, Yichang? Wo Run? Brand bio-organic fertilizer, 100kg of base fertilizer per mu, plus Beijing? Mouhe? brand bio-fertilizer 3kg, small investment, high benefit.

Alpine and semi-alpine for summer and autumn cultivation of radish, different seasons to choose different cultivation methods, April-May sowing, at an altitude of 800-1200m area, the use of mulch cultivation, generally 2.2 feet a band, i.e., ditch 1 feet, compartments 1.2?1.4 feet, ditching, fertilizer, ridging (raised beds), to be rained on enough moisture to cover the film quickly, the film using 1.8 feet wide corn mulch. The film is 1.8 feet wide corn film. In the altitude of 1300-1800m zone planting, June-August sowing can not cover the film, in the altitude of less than 700m zone May-July planting radish, its high temperature caused by low yield, poor quality.

2. Sowing

Radish sowing amount varies according to different varieties, seed fullness, germination rate, sowing method and cultivation season. Before sowing, the seed quality should be strictly checked. Imported white radish varieties or South Shore State white radish varieties spot sowing, 1 or 2 seeds per hole, about 7600?8000 holes per 666.7m2 (mu), with a seed amount of 90-100 grams.

Spot the field, should first be in the film rows in the eye, generally a compartment planting 2 rows, row spacing 7-8 inches, plant spacing 6-7 inches, a hole to stay in a plant, hit the eye half an inch deep, and then put the seed, put the seed, cover the nutrient soil (equipped with fine fertilizer soil according to local conditions), to the film flat mouth, the whole field sowing application of the sprayer, uniformly will be the hole surface masked on a small amount of soil spray water to achieve the cover soil wet appropriate. The open ground is not covered with film planting, take 2?2.1 feet a band, other operations with the same film cover cultivation.

3. Field management

(1) timely seeding: should grasp the early seeding, sub-seeding, late seeding principle. Spot sowing varieties to stay 1 seedling, seedlings should be subjected to pests and diseases, weak growth, deformed, not with the original varieties of characteristics of the seedlings pulled out. After the seedling will be fine soil between the rows or specially formulated fine fertilizer soil carefully cultivated seedlings, do not make the seedlings bend.

(2) fertilizer and watering: the correct application of fertilizer, so that the above-ground part of the underground part of the growth of a balanced, is the key to obtaining high-quality and high-yield radish. In management, the early stage should promote the robust growth of leaves and absorbing roots, laying a material foundation for the later expansion of fleshy roots. But when the nutrient growth to a certain extent, and must be controlled to promote the timely transfer of nutrients to the storage organs. The period of rapid expansion of fleshy roots, must ensure that the leaves have a long life and strong vitality, so that it makes more nutrients to ensure that the fleshy expansion.

Radish in the growth, fertilizer requirements, in addition to the application of basic fertilizer, but also need to look at the seedling to apply fertilizer, in the taproot growth of the early stage, the application of a fast-acting nitrogen fertilizer, with the foliar spraying 1?2 times of bio-fertilizer. Promote assimilation of leaf and absorption root growth, in the fleshy root began to expand period, that is? Broken belly? Later, should be reapplied fertilizer, can be combined with watering into the rotted human urine, and increase the application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, to promote the transfer and accumulation of nutrients. Poor ground or insufficient base fertilizer, can be applied in the seedling period a small amount of fast-acting nitrogen fertilizer, the effect is better, the short growth period of small varieties can be less fertilizer. When applying fertilizer, be careful not to traumatize the seedlings, after making a small hole between two holes, put in the fertilizer and then cover the soil. In production, the base fertilizer is sufficient, the best use of foliar fertilization.

Radish in different stages of growth on the water requirements are different, sowing seeds to supply sufficient water in order to germinate quickly, seedling neat, seedlings to ? The seedling to? The first period of time should be less watering, in order to facilitate the taproot y rooted into the soil layer, the leaf exuberant growth period, to moderate watering, in order to ensure the growth of the leaves. To the fleshy root growth period, to ensure that the soil is moist, to prevent suddenly dry and wet. At this time, if the water supply is insufficient, it will not only affect the expansion of the fleshy roots, but also increase the fibrous roots, rough texture, resulting in chaffing, excessive soil moisture, drainage should be carried out in a timely manner to prevent the occurrence of rot disease. Mulch cover cultivation is one of the good ways to liberate the uneven moisture.

(3) Plowing and weeding: open-ground cultivation of radish, sowing seedlings, if the rain or watering caused soil sloughing, should be timely plowing and weeding, for large and medium-sized radish, the seedling period to seal the line before, generally 1 plowing, so that the soil to maintain a loose state. Plowing combined with weeding should be combined with root defense soil cultivation in the later stage. Mulch cover cultivation of radish, only need to rip off the rows in time, ditch weeds, do not have to plow.

a radish white rust

Pathogenesis:

Mainly affects the leaves; the onset of the two sides of the leaf blade is now the edge of the inconspicuous yellowish spots, after the spot white slightly raised blisters, the size of about 1-5 mm, the epidermis rupture after maturity, dispersal of white powdery material, that is, the sporocarp of the pathogen. When there are many spots, the diseased leaves withered and yellowed. The pedicel of the seed plant is infected, the flower axis is enlarged, distorted and deformed.

Pathogenesis:

Mycelium and oospores overwinter in the diseased residue and seed plants. In cold areas, the fungus to oospores as the first invasion of inoculum spread with the help of irrigation water, direct germination bud tube infestation. In warm areas, the pathogen mainly takes the asexual sporangium and the free spores produced by its germination as the primary invasive inoculum and spreads with the help of rainwater, and there is no obvious overwintering period of the pathogen. High humidity and rain are conducive to the development of the disease, and the disease is aggravated in plants with partial application of nitrogen fertilizer. Differences in disease resistance between varieties are not known.

Control methods:

(1) Crop rotation with non-cruciferous vegetables in alternate years;

(2) After the harvest of the previous crop, remove the field debris to reduce the source of the fungus in the field

(3) Pharmacological prevention and control, the onset of the disease began to be sprayed with 25% mefenamic acid wettable powder 1,000 times liquid, or 58% mefenamic acid. Manganese zinc wettable powder 500 times solution.

b Radish chaffing disease

Characteristics of the disease:

Mainly affects the radish underground fleshy roots. The performance of the radish fleshy root center lesions or even the emergence of hollow phenomenon, commonly known as chaff heart. Early symptoms for the fleshy root ring or radiating brown lesions, to reduce the commercial value or inedible. If there is a hollow phenomenon, the almost complete loss of commercial value, the loss is even greater.

Pathogenesis:

Radish fleshy root chaff belongs to the physiological non-infectious disease. The cause is quite complex, at least with the following six aspects:

(1) variety ripeness. It is generally believed that different maturity of radish varieties chaff heart performance: early & gt; hot & gt; late.

(2) sowing period. Sowing too early, the nutrient area is too large, easy to cause radish fleshy root chaff heart.

(3) weather and water management. Radish pre-growth water supply is too much, the growth of late fleshy roots rapidly expand when the water supply is insufficient or the weather is dry, easy to induce chaff.

(4) Nutrient transportation. When radish shoots, the nutrients in the fleshy roots are easily transferred to the growing point to cause chaffing.

(5) fleshy root organization. It is generally believed that large radish varieties with looser fleshy root tissue are prone to produce chaff.

(6) storage environment. Storage radish in a hot and dry environment is prone to produce bran heart. There are also differences in disease resistance between varieties.

Control methods:

(1) Choose radish varieties that are not prone to chaffing according to local conditions.

(2) to strengthen the management of fertilizer, to achieve sufficient fertilizer, to avoid the soil suddenly dry and wet, and timely spraying of foliar fertilizer.

(3) pay attention to radish storage period of temperature and humidity control relative humidity 90% ~ 95% appropriate.

(4) pay attention to the right time to sow, the right time to harvest.

Healthy life tips: radish segmented eating, nutrition is different: the top contains the most vitamin C, suitable for stir-fry and cooking soup; middle section of the higher sugar content, can be shredded cold; tail spicy, containing amylase and mustard oil, suitable for drowning.