The open field cultivation of knuckle gourd has a large area in North China. Generally in mid-March in the wind-blocked beds or plastic greenhouses in the seedlings, planted in the open ground in mid- to late-April, and began harvesting in early June. This kind of cultivation is more than 20 days earlier than the winter melon on the market, filling the gap period of winter melon supply, the economic benefits are significantly higher than the winter melon cultivation.
The nursery period of open-ground cultivation is in March to April, the outside temperature is high, but occasionally there will be frost at night. Therefore, in the seedbed should also strengthen the temperature management, pay attention to ventilation and cooling during the day to prevent high-temperature prolongation, and pay attention to the night not to be harmed by frost. Before planting 7 to 10 days, gradually increase the amount of ventilation, and finally remove the plastic film, so that the seedlings are in the open ground conditions, to enhance their adaptability. Seedling management of other matters with the spring early cultivation.
When the seedling age of 30 to 35 days, 3 to 4 true leaves, the outside world late frost has passed for planting.
Field management and other reference to the spring early cultivation. A few vegetable farmers in Shandong Province have succeeded in overwintering cultivation of zucchini by using sunlight greenhouse. Overwintering cultivation is September seedlings, planted in October in good insulation performance in the solarium, before New Year's Day to start harvesting market, has been continued to the following year in February to March. This way of growing period in the cold winter, management is very difficult, but the market price is very high, the economic benefits are very high, so the production has a tendency to develop.
The nursery period of overwintering cultivation is in the warm season of fall, so it can be done in the open ground. Later, if there is frost, should be protected. The management of the nursery period refers to the spring early cultivation.
When planting, generally early frost begins to fall. Daylight greenhouse should be fastened with plastic film to prevent frost. As the outside temperature drops, reduce the vents and add straw thatch at night to keep the temperature in the daylight greenhouse. Throughout the winter, the daytime should be maintained at about 25 ℃, and at night about 15 ℃. Flowering stops when winter temperatures are too low. Raising the temperature in the greenhouse is the focus of winter management.
Low temperature in the greenhouse in winter, evaporation is small, can reduce the frequency of watering. As long as the soil is moist, there is no need to water. Generally, no watering is needed from December to January. after February, as the outside temperature rises, the frequency of watering will increase.
Winter field management can refer to the spring early cultivation field management. Cultivation facilities and time to cultivate the different facilities utilized in the cultivation, cultivation time is also different. Shandong Province in the use of insulation performance is slightly worse than the solar greenhouse cultivation, generally in December to the next year in early January in the greenhouse seedlings, late January to mid-February planting, early April can be harvested on the market.
Use of plastic large, medium and small greenhouse cultivation, in mid-February in the wind-blocked beds or solarium seedlings, planted in mid-March, early May can be harvested on the market. Seedling bed watering, water seeped down, with a long knife according to the spacing of 10 centimeters, in the bed longitudinal and transverse cut into 10 centimeters square square square, 10 centimeters deep. After the center of each square of soil point seed 1, covered with fine soil 1 ~ 2 cm.
Before sowing, soak the seeds in 1% potassium permanganate solution for 15 minutes, then rinse with water and soak the seeds in water for 8 to 10 hours. Fished out, washed, wrapped in gauze and germinated at 30 ℃. When the seeds "white" to be sown.
Sowing seedling nursery beds in 15 to 20 days before sowing buckle tight plastic film, night cover grass thatch, try to raise the ground temperature of the seedbed. Seedling beds per hectare of rotting organic fertilizer 45000 kg, shallow turning, made of flat beds.
With plastic nutrient bowl, or paper tube made of nutrient bowl, 8 to 10 centimeters high, 6 to 8 centimeters in diameter. Inside the nutrient soil (6 parts of the field soil and rotted stable fertilizer 4 parts, plus diammonium phosphate 2 kg per cubic meter of soil, 5 kg of grass ash, 80 grams of carbendazim). Before sowing spray watering, water seeped down, point 1 seed in the center, covered with soil 1 ~ 2 cm. Immediately after sowing, fasten the plastic film tightly, and cover the straw thatch at night to raise the temperature of the seedbed. Maintain 30 ℃ before seedling emergence, to promote seedling emergence. After the emergence of seedlings appropriate ventilation and cooling, daytime control 23 ~ 25 ℃, the night is not less than 15 ℃.
January seedlings, because the outside temperature is very low, evaporation is very small, generally do not need to water. February seedlings, such as soil drought, can be in the morning on a sunny day watering small, has been to keep the soil moist. After watering, timely ventilation at noon to discharge moisture.
If the base fertilizer is sufficient, the seedlings do not need fertilizer. If the lack of fertilizer, in a true leaf period, combined with watering, 100 to 150 kg of urea per hectare.
Five to seven days before planting for low-temperature seedling refining, increase the ventilation, the seedbed to maintain about 20 ℃ during the day, 13 to 16 ℃ at night.
When the seedlings 3 to 4 true leaves, seedling age 30 to 35 days, can be planted. Fixed planting 15 to 20 days before planting, the protective facilities should be closed plastic film, night cover grass thatch, try to raise the ground temperature. Each hectare of rotted organic fertilizer 60,000 to 75,000 kg, 750 kg of calcium superphosphate, after deep turning, harrowing. General use of small high ridge cultivation, ridge height 10 ~ 15 cm, ridge distance 60 ~ 70 cm. You can also use flat bed cultivation.
The planting density is 35-40 cm × 60-70 cm.
After planting, watering immediately, buckle on the film, buckle tightly to protect the facilities of the plastic shy, night cover grass thatch, to improve the temperature of the facilities. (1) temperature, light regulation after planting to maintain 28 ~ 32 ℃ during the day, 15 ~ 20 ℃ at night to promote slow seedling. 5 ~ 7 days after seedling slowing, appropriate cooling, daytime control 23 ~ 25 ℃, night 12 ~ 15 ℃. After flowering and melon sitting, keep 25～30℃ during the day and about 15℃ at night. In January to February, the sunshine time is not enough, straw thatch should be early mortgage, late cover, try to extend the light time. Early planting, the outside temperature is very low, should take covering measures to maintain a suitable temperature in the facility, do not freeze, cold damage. In the event of cloudy days, at noon should also be a short period of time to uncover thatch to see the light, do not because of the long-term lack of light and lead to leaf yellowing.
Entering March to April, the outside temperature gradually high, daytime ventilation should be timely cooling. Do not make the temperature more than 35 ℃. When the outside night temperature is stable at 15 ℃ or more, the night should also be ventilated, and gradually remove the straw thatch, remove the plastic film, into the open field cultivation.
(2) water and fertilizer management after planting watering. Because of the low outside temperature, until the vine is not watered. You can plow the soil more, increase the ground temperature, and promote the growth of the root system. Vines began to water, and fertilizer, 750 kg of diammonium phosphate per hectare. When the first melon sat, grow to 10 ~ 15 cm long, to frequent watering, keep the soil moist. When the second melon appears, apply 750 kg of diammonium phosphate and 300 kg of potassium sulfate per hectare.
(3) frame, tie trailing knobbly melon on the frame or climbing ground growth can be. In the protected area in order to improve yield, enhance resilience, generally use the hitching method. In the solar greenhouse generally use plastic flat wire as a stent, 1 per plant, can also be made into a hedge with bamboo poles. Melon vines 30 centimeters, tied vines. After every 30 centimeters long, tied trailing once. Make the stems and leaves evenly distributed on the shelf.
Pre-growth to the main vine results-oriented, remove all side vines. Collection of young fruit-oriented, the main vine of the first melon sitting, retaining two side vines, each side of the vine knot a melon after the top. The old melon collection, you can hit all the side vines, so that the main vine knot 2 ~ 3 melon.
(4) artificial pollination spring early cultivation, flowering very early, in early spring without insect pollination season. In order to improve the rate of sitting melon, artificial pollination should be carried out. Daily in the morning 6 ~ 10, pick the day open male flowers, remove the corolla, aligned with the female flower stigma can be applied a few times. Prevention-oriented, when the density of insect population on each melon plant is 3-5 heads should be immediately applied. Available 40% thrips aphid clear wettable powder 1000 times, or 10% high efficiency big Gongchen wettable powder 1500-2000 times, 20% good year winter emulsion 600-800 times, 1. 8% baclofen emulsion 2000 times spraying, alternating, every 7-10 days once, 2-3 times in a row. You can also use 18% insecticide double water 400 times liquid plus 98% Batan 1500 times liquid root or cause poisonous soil in 3 times applied to the roots.