Kyoho grape is one of the main varieties in production, which has strong adaptability, good disease resistance and cold resistance, and likes fertilizer and water. Since 2003, due to the one-sided pursuit of output and the lagging management, the quality has declined, affecting its commodity value and market competitiveness. Therefore, we should start with limiting production and improving quality, and pay close attention to comprehensive management, so as to improve the quality of Kyoho grape. The technical measures are as follows:

Fertilization and irrigation

Kyoho grapes have high requirements on fertilizer and water conditions, and strict requirements on the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Generally, for every 100 kg of berries, it is necessary to increase 1 kg of nitrogen, 0.3 kg of phosphorus and 1 kg of potassium. Therefore, it is advisable to apply more organic fertilizer in winter and topdressing foliar fertilizer is beneficial to improve fruit quality. Kyoho is growing vigorously, so it is necessary to control the amount of nitrogen fertilizer in the growing season. Excessive nitrogen fertilizer will easily cause plants to grow in vain and drop flowers and fruits, and at the same time affect the yield in the coming year. Appropriately increase phosphorus and potassium fertilizer. At the early stage of berry growth,1-2 quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer can be sprayed on the leaves; At the end of May, 0.2 kg of potassium sulfate was applied to each plant in combination with irrigation; Spray 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate 1 month and 2 weeks before mining. Adequate water supply should be ensured from grape germination to berry coloring, and irrigation should not be done 2-3 weeks before harvest.

Plastic pruning

Use hedge frame and T-frame to keep 2-3 main vines per plant. When pruning in winter, mainly use medium and long shoots, and use short shoots as little as possible. Keep 6-8 fruiting branches per square meter of frame surface, and pay attention to staggering up and down. Pay attention to summer pruning, and the interval between new shoots is 8-10 cm to ensure ventilation and light transmission. Core the new shoots in time, and keep1-2 leaves on the secondary shoots for repeated coring.

blossom and fruit thinning

One of the main reasons for the decline in the quality of Kyoho grape is the high yield. Therefore, it is necessary to limit the output, 2000-2500 kg per mu. Through reasonable load, thinning flowers (sequence) and fruits (ears), adjusting the tree growth, keeping the tree growth moderate, and achieving the goal of high yield, stable yield and high quality. Generally, the extended branches and weak branches leave no ear, the moderate branches leave 1 ear, and the strong branches leave1-2 ear. Make the ratio of effective leaves to ear15-20:1. Pinch off the inflorescence tip1/5-1/4 and the first ear before flowering. After the fruit is expanded, the small grains, pests and diseases and cracked fruits are removed in time.

Fruit bagging

Bagging can effectively reduce the occurrence of grape diseases and insect pests, ensure that the fruit is not polluted by pesticides and endangered by birds and bees, make the peel bright, bright in color and improve the quality. Bagging is generally carried out after physiological fruit drop of grapes. When grape mung beans are large, the whole tree is sprayed with 70% thiophanate methyl 1000 times solution after whole fruit thinning, and bagging can be carried out after the medicine is dried, and then the bag mouth is tied tightly to the new shoots or adjacent branches and vines with fine iron wire or string. Remove bags 2 weeks before fruit harvesting. Use special bags for grapes or homemade paper bags. Greenhouse grape cultivation, due to the change of the growth and development environment, can produce high yield in one year, but the flower bud differentiation is poor, and the flower amount is seriously insufficient in the second year, and some even fail to produce, which seriously restricts the development of greenhouse grape cultivation. In view of this, we take high-yield cultivation techniques in successive years as an important topic to tackle key problems. Since 20 13 years, through repeated research and continuous exploration, the supporting cultivation techniques for high-yield in greenhouse conditions have been basically improved.10/09.68 kg of output per mu and 3 109.68kg of winter warm greenhouse with continuous shed for 2 and 3 years were accepted on May 25, 1997.

Materials and methods

The tested variety is Jufeng, which is 3-year-old and 4-year-old. The greenhouse is mainly planted from south to north, with hedgerow fan-shaped pruning, and the planting density is1.5m× 8 ~1m. The site conditions are sandy loam with organic matter content of 0.8% and P2O535× 10-6(ppm). K2O90 ~ 100× 10-6, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen100×10-6. The local average annual temperature 1 1.5℃, precipitation 600 ~ 800 mm, sunshine 28 18 hours, frost-free period180 ~190 days. All the test sheds are warm greenhouses in winter. Among them, the shed was buckled for two consecutive years from the second year after planting, with a length of 55m, a width of 7.2m and an area of 396m2；; The greenhouse that has been shackled for three consecutive years is also shackled for two years after planting, with a length of 74m, a width of 9m and an area of 666m2. Tent-closing time 19961Feb. 9. Demining time1June 30, 997. The film covering material is polyethylene drip-free greenhouse film, and the thermal insulation material is straw curtain with a thickness of 2 ~ 2.5 cm.

Yield and benefit analysis

When the two greenhouses were checked and accepted on May 25th, they began to mature. Because the flowering period of greenhouse cultivation is prolonged, the harvesting period is also prolonged by about 10 day compared with that of the field, and the harvesting in both greenhouses ends in early June (and the harvesting time is limited by other sales factors). The local selling price is 30 ~ 36 yuan per kilogram in the early stage of wholesale, 24 yuan per kilogram in the middle stage and Kloc-0/6 yuan in the later stage, and the average unit price is about 20 yuan. The equivalent income per mu is more than 60,000 yuan, and the economic benefit per mu is more than 45,000 yuan after deducting the cost (calculated by new shed13,000 yuan and fertilizer and pesticide 2,000 yuan). According to the actual investigation, the average fruit weight is 9 ~11g, the fruit is well colored, and its appearance and endoplasm are similar to those of Kyoho cultivated in the open air. Especially the color is obviously better than that planted in the field. The main reason is that the temperature difference between day and night in mature period is larger than that in open field cultivation, which is beneficial to the formation of anthocyanins. According to the measurement, the temperature difference between day and night in field cultivation maturity is generally 6 ~ 10℃ (not exceeding10℃), while the temperature difference between day and night in greenhouse cultivation maturity is13 ~15℃, so the coloring is good.

Main techniques of grape cultivation in greenhouse

Temperature management

The control of temperature is the key to the success or failure of fruit tree cultivation in protected areas. Therefore, the 3 ~ 5 days at the initial stage of film-buckling is the full curtain-covering period. After the ground is completely thawed, after natural preparation and short-term adaptation, the grapes begin to open the curtain and heat up during the day. According to the different growth stages, the temperature rise can be roughly divided into three stages. In the early stage, from germination to flowering, the temperature in the shed can be quickly increased to 23 ~ 25℃ during the day. The greenhouse with good lighting and heat preservation can be raised to 27 ~ 28℃. It should be noted that when it exceeds 25℃, the headwind should be put down in time to control the temperature.

The early temperature is too high, and the growth and development are often irregular. In addition, it can supplement CO2. At this time, heat preservation should be paid attention to at night to keep the temperature at 7 ~ 8℃.

In the middle stage, before and after flowering, because flowering and pollination are extremely sensitive to the requirements of light, it is necessary to increase the sunshine as much as possible during the day, raise the temperature, and breathe in time. The temperature control range is 25 ~ 28℃. When the temperature exceeds 30℃, attention should be paid to opening the headwind and taking a breath to cool down. Keep warm at night to keep the temperature above 14℃, so as to facilitate pollination and fertilization and improve the fruit setting rate.

At the later stage, the berries expanded to maturity, and the natural temperature began to rise. The temperature difference between the inside and outside of the shed was small, so it was easy to control the temperature in the shed, which could be maintained at 28 ~ 32℃ during the day and15 ~17℃ at night. The temperature difference between day and night is controlled above 10℃, which is beneficial to berry coloring.

Humidity management and irrigation

According to the characteristics of water demand for Kyoho grape growth, there are also different requirements for humidity management: the relative humidity should be controlled at 70% ~ 80% from bud germination to flowering; The flowering period needs to be relatively dry, which is conducive to anther opening and pollen dispersal. However, if it is too dry, it is easy to appear the abnormal phenomenon that the corolla does not crack and fall off, but dries on the stamen, which affects fruit setting. The humidity in the shed should be controlled between 60% and 65%, which is close to the air humidity (60% ~ 69%) in the same period of open cultivation under natural conditions.

Water management. After the shed is buckled, water is poured 1 time, and water is poured for the second time when the buds sprout. Individual single flowers are watered before opening 1 small water supplement. After that, the whole garden was sealed with film. Raise the ground temperature, prevent the water vapor from rising, and reduce the air humidity. After 95% of the flowers in the whole garden are withered, uncover the plastic film and water the flowers for 1 time, and water them for the second time every 20 days. Before the berries become soft, water them for 1 time, and the watering management in the shed is basically completed.

fertilize the soil or land

In the open-air management period, greenhouse grapes are concentrated in 1 October1time. The application amount should be 4.5 ~ 5t (ton) per mu. Add 50kg of potassium sulfate and 50kg of diammonium phosphate. Sufficient organic fertilizer can produce a large amount of CO2 in the decomposition process, which can supplement the CO2 in the shed.

Topdressing should be done in time after the shed is closed, and quick-acting fertilizer should be supplied in the early stage. Topdressing 1 time ternary compound fertilizer should be applied in the bud germination period, with 50kg per mu, 50kg of urea and 50kg of diammonium phosphate respectively. Before flowering, foliar fertilizer (urea, amino acid compound fertilizer and photosynthetic micro-fertilizer, etc.) is supplemented 2 ~ 3 times. After flowering, combined with watering, topdressing urea 50kg per mu, topdressing potassium sulfate 1 time in late April when berries began to soften, and the application amount was 50kg per mu. At the same time, foliar fertilization is carried out for 2 ~ 3 times continuously.

integrated pest control

Grapes in greenhouse grow in a specific environment, and the pests and diseases are generally mild. The main control targets are young ear axis rot, white rot, brown spot, downy mildew and so on. Focus on spraying 3 ~ 5be stone sulfur mixture before bud, spraying nail support twice before flowering, and alternately applying Bordeaux mixture and ethyl phosphate aluminum according to field management to prevent and control the growth period.

prune

Due to the influence of greenhouse cultivation, pruning is divided into two periods:

Summer pruning: the emphasis is on the secondary shoots after culture. One is to flatten the branches after uncovering the film and lower them, leaving1~ 2 secondary shoots of summer buds at the tip, and raise them to erect and tie them for culture. If the secondary shoot leaves are insufficient (generally 2-4 leaves), it can be supplemented by the secondary shoot. When 8 ~10 leaves are used, the core is picked to control the growth and enrich the lower axillary buds, which will be reserved as the fruiting mother vine in the next year. Secondly, after uncovering the film, leave 2 ~ 3 buds for heavy cutting, so as to promote winter buds to form new shoots. When the shoots grow to 8 ~10 leaves, pluck the heart, and enrich the axillary buds under them for the next year's fruiting mother vines.

Winter cutting: after defoliation, cut short according to the development degree of new shoots. Branches with secondary tips are generally cut with 2 ~ 5 buds, and those with large shelf space and thickness of more than 0.7cm can be longer, and those with thin tips are generally shorter (2 ~ 3 buds). After heavy and short cutting, the fruiting mother vines can be appropriately left long points (close to 5 ~ 7 buds of conventional pruning) when they are cut in winter. The experiment proved that the yield of the next year was the highest when the branch was pulled and the secondary tip was left. The yield of secondary shoots cultured by heavy and short cutting is also considerable; According to the conventional pruning method, the tendrils in the following year will have more flowers and buds, less fruits or even no production. Biometric comparison shows that the first two methods are significantly different from conventional pruning.

Attention should be paid to greenhouse cultivation:

(1) The ripening period of grape in greenhouse is delayed compared with that in conventional production. The reason is that the covering material has a certain filtering effect on light quality, and the covering curtain has an influence on sunshine hours, which leads to the grape growing days from germination to maturity in greenhouse at least150 ~155 days, and it is prolonged/kloc-0 ~/kloc-.

(2) The method of cultivating secondary shoots as fruiting female vines can produce good flowers and high yield continuously. The reason is that after removing the film, the growth period of the secondary shoots is completely in the natural environment, and the flowering conditions are better than those in the shed. However, due to the influence of light quality and illumination time, the differentiation was inhibited during flowering in greenhouse. In addition, after removing the film, the leaves on the original fruiting vine are completely aged, the temperature is high in the open field, the consumption is greater than the accumulation, the nutrient reserve level of the tree is low, the nutrient supply in the second differentiation stage is less, the flower quality is poor, the tendrils are more, and the fruit setting is poor.

(3) Compared with heavy and short cutting, the direct branch pulling and keeping the secondary shoot promotes the secondary shoot to blossom better, mainly because after heavy and short cutting, the secondary shoot has a construction period, the accumulation period of nutrients is relatively short, and the storage level is low, so the inflorescence number of the flower spike is small and compact. Xing an has developed 35,000 mu of Kyoho grapes, with an annual output of 40,000 tons and an output value of 80 million yuan. It is the largest Kyoho grape production base in Guangxi and even in South China. Kyoho grapes in Xing 'an are crystal clear, some of them are red, and they are famous for their large grains, bright colors, juicy, delicious and fragrant flavor. During the whole growth period, bagging technology was used in grape cultivation, which avoided all kinds of pollution and ensured the fruit was pollution-free, and it had a strong market competitive advantage.

Since 2003, the quality of Kyoho grape has declined. Some fruits are not ripe, the size of fruit grains is uneven, the color is poor, and the pulp is hard and sour. Some fruit stalks turn brown, wither and grapes rot, which seriously affects the market competitiveness of fresh Kyoho grapes and brings certain economic losses to the majority of fruit farmers. Therefore, active measures should be taken to improve its due quality.

First, strengthen fertilizer and water management. Kyoho grape has a strong growth potential and requires high fertilizer and water conditions.

Usually, for every 100 kg of berries, pure nitrogen1.5 kg, phosphorus1.0 kg and potassium1.5 kg are needed; At the same time, during the growth of berries, sufficient water can increase fruit grains and increase yield. However, if excessive irrigation is carried out from berry coloring to maturity, the sugar content of the fruit will be low, the acidity will be high, the coloring will be poor, and the fruit cracking will easily induce gray mold and late rot, which will affect the color, aroma and taste of Kyoho grape and reduce its quality. Therefore, irrigation should be appropriate, especially before picking15-20 days. It is necessary to control the application amount of nitrogen fertilizer and increase the application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, so as to prevent the plants from overgrowth, closed branches and leaves, poor ventilation and insufficient light, so that grape berries can not grow and mature normally, the fruit stems are crisp and tender, the peel is thin, and the resistance to various germs is poor. Therefore, the quality of berries can be improved by spraying 800 times of potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution on the leaves during the coloring period of berries and spraying it again every half month. After defoliation in autumn, apply 2,000-3,000 kilograms of decomposed organic fertilizer with 2% phosphate fertilizer per mu. At this time, the ground temperature is higher, which is beneficial to the decomposition of organic fertilizer and the absorption and utilization of nutrients by roots.

Second, reasonable pruning. In order to pursue high yield, many fruit farmers do not sparse their inflorescences in summer.

Without pinching the spike tip, the nutrient supply is dispersed, and the fruit size and maturity are different. In winter, when cutting lightly, it is long, leaving more branches and vines, which causes the fruiting parts to move up quickly and makes the fruit ears densely on the upper part of the frame surface. Due to excessive load and uneven distribution, the nutrition is out of balance, and it is difficult to form high-quality fruits. Therefore, Kyoho grape should pick the main shoot in time before flowering, erase the auxiliary shoot, so that more nutrients can be transported to the floral organ, and at the same time, some inflorescences should be properly thinned, and the1/4-1/5 at the end should be pinched off 3-5 days before flowering, so that nutrients can be supplied to the remaining fruit particles in a centralized way. In winter, the medium and long shoots should be pruned, and it is advisable to leave about10-15 new shoots per square meter, staggered up and down, so as to ensure that the grape growth per spike reaches15-25 leaves, and the yield per mu should be controlled within 2500 kg. In this way, the ear of the fruit can be compact, the fruit grains are neat and mature, and the flavor and color of the berries can be improved.

Third, the prevention and control of pests and diseases. When cutting in winter, we should thoroughly clean the fields and eliminate all kinds of pathogenic bacteria.

Spraying 5 Baume lime-sulfur mixture before germination of Kyoho grape in spring to prevent powdery mildew and felt disease; Spraying the same amount of Bordeaux solution 200 times a week after flowering to prevent and control black pox; Since early June, spray 600-800 times of 50% dimethoate for 3-4 times every10-15 days, and spray 400 times of fosfomite to prevent downy mildew, and spray1000-1500 times of 40% dimethoate emulsion to prevent floating. If the damage of grape penetrating wing moth is found on the branches, 50% dichlorvos can be poured into the wormhole, and then the wormhole can be closed with clay. In order to prevent grapes from being contaminated with pesticides after listing, spraying pesticides should be stopped about half a month before picking.

Fourth, timely picking. The growth date of Kyoho grape is130-150 days, and the effective accumulated temperature is 3000-3200℃. Under appropriate cultivation measures, it usually begins to color in early July and ripens in late August.

Only in late August, when the grape berries are purple, the sugar content is above 15%, the acid content is 0.6%-0.8%, and the fragrance is strong, can they be picked. However, in order to seize the fresh grape market, some fruit farmers picked Kyoho grapes and put them on the market in early August, resulting in immature blue berries with low contents of sugar and aromatic substances. In order to reduce the infection of gray mold, spraying 700-800 times thiophanate methyl 7-10 days before picking can significantly reduce the incidence of Kyoho grape during storage and sales.

When picking, it should be done in the morning or afternoon after dew is dry, and it is not suitable for harvesting on cloudy or foggy days, so as to eliminate the heat and humidity brought by grapes from the field as much as possible, and at the same time, it should be cut gently to avoid breaking fruit particles and wiping off fruit powder. The main causes of fruit cracking are:

The fruit cracking of Kyoho grape mostly occurs in the near harvest period. Kyoho grape fruit has poor swelling resistance and is sensitive to ethylene, but the ethylene content in the fruit is high near maturity, so the fruit is easy to crack. There is often drought and little rain in the early stage of fruit growth, rainy or even rainy when the fruit is ripe, and the temperature rises rapidly after ripening, and the weather begins to dry, which makes Kyoho grape easy to crack at harvest. The trees of Kyoho grape are weak, but the amount of fruit left is large, and the fruit is too tight, which also easily leads to serious fruit drop. Applying more nitrogen fertilizer; Grapes on clay ground are prone to waterlogging and drought, and rapid external environmental changes are prone to fruit drop; Following the traditional pruning method, coring leads to fewer leaves, which reduces the ability of the tree to regulate water and easily leads to fruit cracking when it rains; Applying ethephon to accelerate ripening and fruit cracking, among which the fruit cracking is serious when applied in large amount and early.

Control measures of fruit cracking

1, in the early and middle stages of fruit growth, pay attention to spraying more water or sprinkling water. In this way, the cell wall of the secondary epidermis and the lenticels of the fruit stalks will be obviously developed, which can increase the critical swelling pressure that causes fruit cracking; Spraying NAA 15 mg/kg and ABA 100 mg/kg on the ear and nearby leaves can increase the fruit swelling pressure, enlarge the fruit and prolong the leaf life. Try not to use or delay the application of ethephon in the late growth stage to accelerate ripening.

2. Covering the vineyard with plastic film can prevent the roots from accumulating too much rain, resist the evaporation of surface water and reduce the change of soil water. In drought, the combination of mulching with plastic film and irrigation can effectively prevent grape from cracking.

3. If the fruit bearing capacity of Kyoho grape is too large, it will cause poor fruit coloring and increase fruit cracking. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to adjusting the fruit bearing capacity, and reduce fruit cracking due to the fixed yield of the tree.

4. Appropriate amount of nitrogen fertilizer should be applied, more phosphorus and potassium fertilizer should be applied, more organic fertilizer should be applied, and the amount of calcium fertilizer should be increased in sticky soil.

5. Change the traditional coring method and leave more leaves. All the secondary shoots above the ear are left with 2 leaves for coring, and all the winter buds and summer buds between the leaves of the secondary shoots are removed. Reach more than 25-26 normal leaves per fruit branch, and enhance the function of regulating water of the tree.

6. Spraying NAA 20 mg/kg and ABA 100 mg/kg twice at the initial stage of fruit cracking can resist the activity of ethylene in plants and prevent fruit cracking caused by ethephon application.