Liaonan Folk Customs Inventory:

Liaonan Food Style

Liaonan region has an oceanic climate, with many mountains and few plains, and beautiful scenery. Here is rich in aquatic products, fish, turtles, shrimp and crab varieties; mountainous areas have a large area of fruit trees, apples, grapes, peaches and other varieties of superior quality, and the yield is also very high. Apple production often ranks first in the country. A large part of the Han Chinese in Liaonan is immigrants from Shandong, so the food customs here are close to those in Shandong Peninsula. Before liberation, people in Liaonan used corn and sorghum as their staple food. In recent years, with the development of the economy, Liaonan, like the rest of the country, has become a place where staple foods are mostly fine grains. However, there are still many traditional foods that are loved by the local people

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-Daily food customs-

Residents of the area near Dalian like to grind corn into a large residue, plus beans stewed rice, rice made of golden and fragrant. After fermentation of cornmeal, it is used to evaporate cakes and make dumplings; or it is used to make half-hot flour and dough, which is pasted in a cauldron to make a big, crispy cake on one side. Residents along the coast like to eat fish stewed in cakes, which has a distinctive flavor. Some people also use sea vegetables as fillings for the cakes, which are even more flavorful and delicious. Onions dipped in shrimp paste, dipped in soy sauce on the cake to eat, is also a hobby of the local people. The sun-dried radish silk with water, squeeze out the water, mixed with chili oil and a variety of seasonings, is the people's home-cooked small dishes. There is also a dish locals call "shaking soup", in which shredded green radish, sea oysters and small clams are put into the soup, which is even more delicious. Remove the head and viscera of small fish, chopped and stirred, put seasonings and chives blanch balls, not to mention the flavor, the texture is also very tender. Dried turbot soaked and cut into pieces, hanging batter, into the oil fried yellow, cooked through. Fished out, called fried fish balls, extremely chewy, and the more you chew the more fragrant; if steamed in a pot, and then poured with gravy, both delicious and not greasy. Steamed sea mite salt sauce is a meal and wine dishes, the system is the oyster, seasonings, flour together, mixing and steaming can be.

Coastal residents also like to drink a sea vegetable lump soup, this dish is cooked with green sea vegetables and noodle lumps, light

Fresh. Often people will pickle the fish and dry it in the sun, and then steam it when you eat it, so it tastes soft and fresh. Fish can also be grilled food, that is, fish on the homemade wire mesh grilled, chewing, dry flavor thick, endless aftertaste. In the spring, summer and autumn seasons, the cockleshells, put into a pot of boiling water to cook a little and fish out, pick out the meat, dipped in seasonings to eat, fresh and tender, is a very good dish for drinking. However, to do this dish to master the fire just right, if the fire, arkshells inside like gum skin chewing, it is a big loss of flavor.

Liaonan's northern region, the production of miscellaneous fish, small shrimp, people like to eat salt brine Pipi shrimp. Practice is

Salt water will be boiled and cooled, plus green onions, ginger, peppercorns and wine marinated shrimp. This is a good dish for wine and rice. In summer, the staple food is often accompanied by salted fish. In the fall, salt-preserved crabs are eaten. In winter, the most common dish is tofu stewed with shrimp paste, which is tasty and tender.

On the whole, in the Liaonan region, people like salty, fresh and spicy flavors, and eat more raw onions, garlic and seafood.

-The Food Customs of the Year-

Like all over the country, the people of Liaonan attach great importance to the Spring Festival. When the Spring Festival is approaching, every family prepares a wealth of new year's goods as early as possible. In the countryside, families kill the New Year pig, make tofu, make bean buns, steam steamed buns, and kowtow big noodle fruits (i.e., the dough is molded into realistic models of flowers, birds, fish, bugs, people, and buildings, and then baked or burned). On New Year's Day, people get up very early and have a simple breakfast, with many people only having fish stew for breakfast. For lunch, the dishes are the most varied, good in style and high in quality. The whole family sits together to eat, drink food, is the New Year's reunion dinner, very lively. This meal must have fish, which means "surplus" every year. On the evening of the New Year's Eve, dumplings are made with meat, seafood, or vegetarian fillings. At midnight, fireworks are lit, firecrackers are set off, the God of Fortune is received, dumplings are eaten, and the old is removed and the new is welcomed. Each family should

set up an offering table in front of the ancestors' table, put chopsticks on it, and offer steamed buns, dumplings, fruits, snacks, and stir-fried vegetables, with whole chickens and boiled square meats in the center of the table. The ancestors are invited to return to earth for the feast. In the old days, they also burned incense and kowtowed. On the first day of the year, they would say to each other, "Meet me and get rich," and the younger generation would kowtow to the elders. The first three days of the first day to eat dumplings, dumplings eaten on the fifth day of the first day, known as the "broken five".

The night of the Lantern Festival on the fifteenth day of the first month, every family will be a variety of lanterns (paper, radish carving, made of flour, etc.) hung, everywhere brightly. On this night, all farmers go to their ancestors' graves to send lanterns, light wax and offer incense, and return home to eat the Lantern Festival.

The second day of February, called "dragon head-raising", the day early in the morning with cool water to wash your face, so-called "wash dragon head". Some will also be cut into a section of wheat straw to wear a section of wheat between the section of flower cloth, wear in the child's neck or tied in the braid, called "wearing the dragon's tail".

Ching Ming Festival this day, but also to sweep the ancestors, set the table for. Offerings of chicken, fish, meat, and dumplings, buns, steamed bread or pasta and so on. Also put on the wine cups, pouring wine. After the sacrifice, collect the offerings and go home, and the whole family will eat the offerings.

Duanwu Festival families eat dumplings. Some also get up early to the field to pick wormwood and pandelia leaves, hanging on the door, and also use wormwood to boil water to wash your face, so-called disease prevention. Children wear more vanilla purse. Lunar New Year on the 23rd, mainly for the stove, this day to eat stove sugar.

-Marriage Food Customs-

Liaonan also has its own unique food customs in marriage and childbirth. Before the wedding, the woman should go to the man's home to eat the betrothal meal. Unmarried couples and both parents and guests, sitting around the table, while drinking wine and discussing specific matters of marriage. Generally speaking, after this wine is consumed, the marriage is finalized. Wedding bedding must be made by a woman who is both husband and wife. The day before the wedding, the woman sends her dowry to the man's family. Both sides kill pigs and sheep or buy fish and meat in advance to prepare for the guests.

Wedding banquets, in recent years, more to set up a number of desktop, and to the rich food and wine to guests. Seats generally must be "four

Hi pills", "braised fish" and other dishes, for good luck. Bride and groom to the tables again and again to the guests to light cigarettes, toast. Inside the new room, by the "full happiness people" spread quilt, some want to put red dates and chestnuts, some want to put onions, meaning that I hope to give birth to a child early, give birth to a child smart and beautiful, all for the sake of taking a good luck. In the evening, young people come to make trouble in the bridal chamber to amuse the bride and groom.

The third day after the wedding back to the door, the father-in-law and mother-in-law with good food and good food to entertain the new aunt. Relatives, friends,

neighbors came to accompany the guests. They drank and ate together, and it was very lively. When the baby is born, the child's grandparents are invited to eat and drink. There should be a lot of sea food in the dishes.

The child's 100th day of life is called the "100th birthday," and the grandparents are invited to dinner. The meal is served with "centenarian noodles,"

many of which are seafood noodles. Grandmothers give their children small locks, bracelets, necklaces, etc., to wish them a long life. With the revitalization of the economy, the people of Liaonan are getting richer and richer every day, and their dietary practices are constantly

developing and changing, with the types of food diversifying from single to multiple, and the methods of cooking ranging from simple to complex, and some old customs slowly fading away.

Liaonan donkey shadow

Shadow play is a unique style of folk art. It is a drama in which a flat puppet is made of leather, and the puppet is pulled by an artist and projected onto a shadow window. Because it has a fixed voice, it belongs to the category of opera.

Shadow play is very popular in the northeast, throughout Liao, Ji and Hei provinces, the circulation of time is also longer. Liaoning Province to cover the county as the center of the Liaonan shadow is the most famous. Liaonan shadow plays are popular in the rural areas and counties in the southern part of Liaoning Province, and are loved by the farmers. Every year during festivals or during the leisure time of farmers, the artists would form groups and travel around the countryside to give performances. In the old society, due to the fetters of feudal superstition and morality, Liaonan shadow puppets were often performed in the name of ancestor worship, invoking the gods, begging for rain, or granting wishes for rich families. Under the oppression and destruction of the imperialist and reactionary forces during the Japanese rule, Liaonan shadow puppets were considered vulgar and indecent, and were banned several times, with most of the shadow puppets being forced to abandon their art to work in the farms or to live in other villages. After the liberation, the Party and the government carried out a number of reorganization of the Liaonan Shadow Shadow Shadows, and set up shadow shadow societies and teams one after another in various places, making the old shadow shadow classes into professional and semi-professional performing groups, which were active in the rural areas of counties and townships.

The music of Liaonan shadow play is the music of the board cavity developed from folk rap music. Its singing is basically composed of two lines, the upper and the lower, and its rhythm and melody changes to form a variety of different plate styles and card names. Each type of character has its own tunes suitable for expressing different personalities and emotions, some of which are richer, some simpler, and the tunes are of different styles. Generally speaking, the female cadence is more delicate and graceful, suitable for the expression of grief and sorrow; the male cadence is more rugged and bold, suitable for the expression of resolute, bright and impassioned emotions. In comparison, the female accent is more perfect than the male accent.

It is said that the shadow of Liaonan began to appear in the Ming Dynasty, with a history of about 300 years. Around the end of the Qing Dynasty

Early Republic of China, the shadow play around the country flourished for a while, popular in Guanzhou, Hebei Luanzhou, Leiting area of the shadow play began to spread to the Northeast. Due to the Guannai shadow origins of the drought, the higher level of art, especially in the music singing more perfect, some areas of Liaonan shadow artists began to Guannai learning. As a result, two schools of shadow art were formed in the development of Liaonan shadow art: one school was the "flip-book shadow" school, also known as the "northern school" of shadow art, and the other school was the "local shadow" school, also known as the "southern school" of shadow art. The first is the "local shadow" school, also known as the "southern school" of shadow puppets.

The "Northern School" of shadow is mainly distributed in the northern part of Liaonan close to the mainland, including Haicheng, Gaixian,

Dashiqiao, Cricket Rock and part of Fuxian County, of which Gaixian's shadow is the most representative. Because of the economic prosperity of Gai County, folk artists frequent exchanges, Gai County is the earliest area influenced by the Guanzhou. There are more shadow artists there, with higher standards and richest singing voices. In the carving of shadow figures, the shape is beautiful, the color is bright, the knife work is meticulous, the skin is thin and durable.

The "Northern School" of shadow puppets is also developed in Xiuyan, in addition to Gai County. Because Xiuyan is located in a mountainous area, transportation is closed, and cultural exchanges are inconvenient, shadow puppetry has become a major form of entertainment in the countryside, resulting in a dense network of shadow puppet groups and a large number of entertainers, with shadow puppet groups operating in almost every village.

The "Southern School" of shadow puppetry is mainly distributed in the southern and eastern regions of Liaonan. Including Lida, Jinxian, Pulandian, Zhuanghe, part of Fuxian and Kandian, Fengcheng and other places in Liaodong. The music and singing of this school is very different from that of the "northern school" of shadow puppets, especially the female voice is more prominent. Stylistically, it is quite similar to other folk music in Liaonan area, such as ErRenWang, ShanDu, folk songs, etc., with strong characteristics of the Northeast local music style and rap music.

The form of performance of Liaonan shadow puppets is very simple, which only requires a white cloth (powdered lotus paper was used in the early years, but now most of them have been changed to bleached cloth or synthetic fiber products) about 1 meter wide and 2.3 meters long to be set up on a high platform as a shadow window, behind which the artistes manipulate a kind of shadow person carved with animal skin by light to be projected on the shadow window. The performer sings, plays and plays behind the curtain, and the shadow person performs on the curtain, forming a kind of real person and dummy performing art.

The shadow man consists of two parts: the head is called the brain plant; the body is called the poke, both for the side of the human body shadow.

The hands and neck are tied with sorghum stalks connected by wires for manipulation. The appearance of the shadow person, clothing, depending on the gender, age, identity of the person with different carving colors.

A shadow puppet requires at least six to eight people to perform. It is divided into four major parts: "pulling", "playing", "sticking" and "taking". "Pull" that is, the main string player, plays the role of the main accompaniment; "play" for the drummer, plays the role of commanding the singing, doing, reading and playing; "stick" for the shadow, is to assist the oxygen shadow manipulation of the shadow man performance; "take" for the shadow, is to assist the oxygen shadow man manipulation of the shadow man performance; "take" for the performance, is to assist the oxygen shadow man manipulation of the shadow man performance. The "take" for the upper shadow, is the main manipulator of the shadow and "row shadow" work.

During the performance, the participants sit behind the stage in two rows, with the first person on the left in the front row as the shadow taker, the shadow sticker in the center, and the drummer on the right. The back row is for the orchestra accompaniment staff, the main string usually sits on the right, in addition to the main string, other people have to share the role of singing.

The scripts used for turning books into shadows are called "shadow scrolls". Shadow scroll is a kind of large-print ink copy of the book, the performance is placed in the center of the table under the shadow window, so as to facilitate all the singers to watch.

The plays performed by Liukou shadow puppets have no scripts, which are recited orally by the artists, but there are fixed words suitable for expressing different emotions on every occasion and plot, such as the sitting building and thinking of husband when women sit on the floor, the traveling road and traveling car when they are on the road and the traveling army when they are going on a campaign, etc.

Liao Liao's "Shadow Scroll" is a kind of large ink copy scroll with a continuous text.

Liaonan shadow plays mostly depict the historical stories of the court or the people in feudal society, and there are some that write about the struggles between the loyalists and the traitors; there are some that glorify the swordsmen and the heroes of the forests; there are some that describe the family life; and there are some that reflect the conflicts of moral and ethical aspects of the social life. All in all, the subjects it expresses are wide-ranging and rich in content. In terms of art form, it has the characteristics of folk rap and drum lyrics, specializing in narrative, pursuing the effect of bizarre and exaggerated, and the vast majority of them are large continuous stories with complicated characters and a series of words, the longest shadow scrolls can reach as many as 100, and it can be sung for months, and the shortest can be sung for three or five evenings.

In addition to the traditional shadow scrolls, after the liberation of the relevant departments also organized manpower to write a number of new shadow scrolls reflecting revolutionary history

and modern life themes. The performance of these plays not only added new contents to Liaonan shadow play, but also promoted the development and improvement of the shadow art, such as expanding the orchestra, enriching the types of singing, adopting modern lighting sets, increasing the size and width of the shadow man, curtains, etc.

After the liberation, the relevant departments also organized manpower to prepare a number of new shadow plays reflecting the revolutionary history and modern life themes.

Through the efforts of shadow artists, Liaonan shadow has formed a professional team with a certain level of expertise in scriptwriting, directing, acting, music design and choreography

design, etc., and initially accumulated a batch of preserved repertoire;

The art of rapping, "Er Ren Rou (Two People's Revolutions)

The two people's revolutions, formerly known as bungee jumping, have become the most popular art in the world.

The art of rap, "Errenwang," was called "Bunbun" in the old days, and its mother was the ground-angling song that originated in Liaonan. It is mainly popular in Liaoyang, Anshan, Haicheng, Dashiqiao and other areas, about nearly 200 years of history, the performance of songs and dances, the form of performance "single, double, group, theater" four types.

"Single" is a single head, also known as a one-man show. One person sings and performs the main character of the play, but also simulates other characters who do not appear from time to time. Therefore, there is a saying that "one person, one opera".

"Shuang" means "two-toned", i.e., a two-person show. The woman is the role of Dan, the man is the role of clowns, the two have said and sung, no matter how many characters in the story, by the two men and women "color catching the corner", so there is a "thousands of horses, rely on the two of us" said.

The "group" is a collective performance of group singing, group dancing, and sitting singing. However, most of the programs are still sung and danced by a pair of male and female protagonists. In the traditional opera "Da Guan Deng", there are scenes of collective rice-planting songs, but they are not yet an independent form of art, and they have developed into an independent form only after the liberation.

The "play" refers to a play with three or five characters, i.e., a four- or five-person mixed play with the trumpet play as the main theme, with singing as the main theme, emphasizing the air and rhythm, and characterized by a flat plate that captures the characters.

The performance skills of Du Ren Suo emphasize the four skills of "singing, speaking, doing and dancing", plus a great skill. "Singing" work pay attention to the flavor of thick, clear words, beautiful tone, full of energy. Artists say: "Singing, talking, dancing,

singing is the main thing." There are a lot of songs in the Chinese opera, and there are "nine cavities and eighteen tunes, and seventy-two coughs".

Performers should arrange different tunes and use different singing styles according to the character and plot development needs of the play, so as to make the words and tunes combined and blended together.

The main function of "speaking" is to "say mouth". The "speaking mouth" is similar to comedy, male and female, to be funny and humorous,

Mundane does not hurt elegance. The general performance is the opening of the first small cap (Northeastern folk songs), followed by "say mouth" to amuse the audience, and finally sang the main text. In addition, there is the main theater in the "white", "back white", "insert white", "read white" and other kinds of white, also within the said work. The same is true for the "Sangkung", which is the name given to a variety of songs.

"Do" refers to the style of performance, including facial expressions and body movements. Actors have to "act like a dragon,

act like a tiger", "act like a man, act like a martial artist", in addition to showing the various feelings of the characters, but also absorbed some of the body performance of the opera. But different from the general opera, pay attention to the "virtual instead of real", "take light weight". For example, the right hand rests on the cheek, said sleep, a fan can be replaced by a sword, gun and stick, the requirements of similarity, to the point.

"Dance" is dance. The original dance of the two-people turn, mostly from the folk rice-planting songs, the basic movements are jumping,

walking, turning, twisting, staggering, turning, fan shoulders, shaking wrists and so on. The old duet began with the "wave of three fields", saying "the first field to see the hand, the second field to see the twist, the third field of kung fu is all in the walk". The new duet, the dance is divided into four categories: ① pure dance: the opening dance to "lead" - to introduce the audience to the plot; between the dance to "connect" -

< p>-connecting the mood or plot before and after; closing dance to "tight" - see the good end. ② passionate song and dance: characterized by high-pitched fire, mostly used in the beginning of the story to introduce the background of the times. Lyrical song and dance: mostly used to describe the scenery. Narrative dance: mostly used to explain the storyline. In addition to pure dance, should be a combination of song and dance. There are two main categories of "stunts": juggling and fighting. "Juggling" is to play with fans and handkerchiefs, which can be used in a variety of ways. The "beatings" are the "hand yuzi" (holding two small bamboo boards in each hand) and the "sidearm". The "hand yuzi" can be used to play a variety of patterns. The big bamboo boards can fly back or be exchanged between two people. In addition, there are stunts such as playing with colorful sticks and

pulling out the lanterns, which have become rare in recent years.

There are more than 300 traditional programs, such as West Wing, Blue Bridge, Bao Gong Compensation, etc., which have been welcomed by the masses over the years. Some of these programs have been performed abroad and have been well received by foreign artists.

Before the liberation of the three northeastern provinces of the four major genres of two-people turn***, there is a "South by the waves, the North by the singing, the West said, the East

juggling stick" said. Among them, the southern faction, western faction are in Liaoning. The southern school is centered in Dashiqiao, winning by dancing (wave), and the western school is centered in Heishan County, winning by speaking.

After the liberation, there were 34 professional two-people-turning troupes in Liaoning, including the Shenyang Local Drama Troupe, known as the "Shenyang Troupe", which had seven performance teams and was full of talent.

"Ten years of turmoil" in the two people were forced to dissolve the troupe. After the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Party, the restoration of more than a dozen professional troupes and hundreds of small groups of folk artists. At present, Shenyang, Tieling, Liaoyang, Anshan, Fuxin and other cities and places have a two-people turn team, Fushun, Yingkou and other municipal opera troupes also often perform two-people turn.