First, the environmental conditions needed for the growth and development of hops
Temperature: Hops like a cold and dry climate, and are cold-resistant and afraid of heat. The temperature should not be too high in summer. If the temperature is higher than 3℃, the roots and buds begin to move. The suitable temperature for growth and development is14 ~ 23℃. During the growth period, the suitable average temperature is19 ~ 20℃ in April ~ August and 22 ~ 24℃ in July in summer. The growth period of hops is180 ~195 days, and the frost-free period is about 120 days. During the 40-60 days before the flowering and ripening of hops, the temperature is a very important factor. Hops are relatively cold-tolerant, and its underground part can endure the low temperature of -50℃ in winter. However, severe frost in early spring is very unfavorable to the growth of seedlings.
Light: Hops are long-day plants, like light, and belong to plants that like warmth and sunshine. If it rains and the sunshine is short, it is not conducive to the growth and development of hops.
Moisture: hops need water, but it is not suitable for too much. The supply of water depends on the requirements of hops for water at each growth stage.
Soil: hops are not strict about soil quality, but it is best to use loam or sandy loam with deep, fertile and loose soil layer and good permeability. Hops have large and deep roots, and they like to be fat.
Second, the planting management technology of hops
1, seed selection
Must choose a good variety, suitable for the local climate and soil environment, to ensure high-quality seeds.
2. Soil selection
To choose a plot with deep soil layer, it should be close to the processing place. Before planting, the plot should be turned over 25 ~ 30 cm deep and mechanical ditching should be carried out. It is suggested that the depth and width of the ditch should be 50 cm. If it is a plot with newly planted hops, every 667? To apply 3000 kilograms of farmyard manure, it should be applied in the ditch to mix the topsoil evenly. Neutral or slightly alkaline soil with deep soil layer, loose and fertile soil and good permeability can be used.
3. Watering management
Although hops is a kind of plant that needs more water, it still needs the most water from flowering to cone expansion, and it needs less water at seedling stage and cone maturity stage, so watering should be mastered. Before less, after control, after promotion? The principle of ditch planting and ditch irrigation is adopted, and it is forbidden to flood irrigation by all means. When watering after the end of July, it can only be poured to 2/3 of the planting ditch, which can prevent downy mildew. Hops should be kept moist when they are harvested, so as to preserve flowers and delay the aging of hops. When filling water, trickle furrow irrigation should be used, so that there can be no water in the ditch and the harvest of hops should not be affected.
Requirements for watering hops: When the water is flooded for the first time, the land with heavy saline-alkali land can drain the water in time, so that it can be used for washing alkali, and intertillage should be carried out at the right time, and deep digging should be carried out in the ditch, and the border surface can be lightly hoed. The second time, the third time, the water is not watered. The fourth time, the water should be poured quickly and the water can be stopped in time.
In the fourth watering in early July, topdressing fertilizer should be applied to the nest, and diammonium phosphate 15 kg, potassium sulfate 15 kg should be used every 667㎡, and 5 kg of urea should be topdressing for weak seedlings. The period from budding to flower body expansion of hops is an important period from vegetative growth to reproductive growth, and the supply of fertilizer and water must be ensured at this stage. Pay attention to combining before and after watering, and spraying micro-fertilizer on the leaves when spraying pesticide.
At the end of July and the beginning of August, it is necessary to topdressing ferrous sulfate and urea according to the growth of hops and the color of leaves and flowers, which can effectively control the yellowing of hops locally or in pieces to keep the hops in saline-alkali land green.
The watering and water control of hops field depends on the soil moisture of the plot and the growth of seedlings to decide the first watering1~ 3 times, whether to water it or not, and how much to water it.
4. Fertilization management
The choice of fertilization is to control the seedling stage, the bud flowering stage, and to supplement it during the flower body expansion period. In spring, we should combine cutting buds and applying organic fertilizer. It is suggested that 5 kg of diammonium phosphate and 8 kg of heavy calcium superphosphate should be applied every 667㎡ as base fertilizer. It is suggested that 6 kg of urea, 8 kg of diammonium phosphate, 8 kg of potassium sulfate compound fertilizer, 2 kg of potassium sulfate 10 and zinc sulfate should be applied every 667㎡. In August, the flower bud fertilizer should be applied to promote the flower growth. In the middle and early August, the leaf surface of hops should be sprayed with fertilizer. It is suggested that 350 ~ 400g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 200 ~ 300g of zinc sulfate should be applied every 667m2, or 5 ~ 8ml of spraying treasure should be mixed with 70kg of water, which can increase the formic acid content and increase the yield/kloc.
Summary: Hops are the main raw material for brewing beer. Hop cones contain hops, which is the main factor to form a unique flavor when brewing beer. In the process of cultivating hops, the majority of growers should do a good job in fertilization management and master the abnormal problems encountered in the cultivation process, so as to increase the yield more effectively.