2 English reference dried ginger [Landau Chinese-English Dictionary]
Dry rhizome of ginger [Xiangya Medical Dictionary]
Dried ginger [Pharmacopoeia of People's Republic of China (PRC) and China (version 20 10)]
Committee on terminology of traditional Chinese medicine. Terminology of Traditional Chinese Medicine (2004)]
Committee on terminology of traditional Chinese medicine. Terminology of Traditional Chinese Medicine (2004)]
Dried ginger [Chinese medicine terminology Committee]. Terminology of Traditional Chinese Medicine (2004)]
3. To sum up, dried ginger is the name of traditional Chinese medicine, which comes from Shennong Herbal Classic [1]. Dried ginger is the dried rhizome of ginger. [2]. Dried ginger is flat and massive, with finger branches, 3 ~ 7 cm long and 1 ~ 2 cm thick. The surface is grayish yellow or grayish brown, rough, with longitudinal wrinkles and obvious links. Scales often remain on the branches, and there are stem marks or buds on the top of the branches. Solid, yellow-white or gray-white, powdery or granular in cross section, with obvious ring lines in the inner cortex, scattered in vascular bundles and yellow oil spots. It is very fragrant, unique and spicy. The dried ginger slices are irregular longitudinal slices or oblique slices with finger branches, with a length of 1 ~ 6 cm, a width of 1 ~ 2 cm and a thickness of 0.2 ~ 0.4 cm. The skin is grayish yellow or yellowish brown, rough, with longitudinal wrinkles and obvious connections. The section is grayish yellow or grayish white, slightly powdery, with more longitudinal fibers and some hairs. Solid mass and fiber cross section. It is very fragrant, unique and spicy. Canned ginger is irregular thick slices or blocks, with bulging surface, brown and dark yellow inside, loose texture, fragrant smell and spicy taste [2]. Ginger charcoal is an irregular thick piece or block with dark surface and brown inside, which is light and brittle [2]. Bitter and slightly spicy [2].
Spicy taste of dried ginger [2]. Spleen, stomach, kidney, heart and lung meridians [3]. Dried ginger has the effects of warming middle warmer, dispelling cold, restoring yang, dredging collaterals, eliminating dampness and resolving phlegm, and reducing qi [1]. It is used to treat epigastric cold pain, abdominal distension, vomiting and diarrhea, slight cold in limbs, aversion to cold and cold, asthma and cough, and arthralgia due to wind-cold and dampness [1]. Dried ginger can keep and walk, so it is suitable for those with excessive cold pathogen in the middle energizer and heavy dampness, as well as asthma and cough caused by cold drinks [2]. Because of its fast speed and strong effect, this product is very effective in restoring yang and saving inverse [2]. Commonly used for epigastric pain, vomiting and diarrhea, cold limbs and weak pulse, excessive phlegm and cough [2].
Canned ginger tastes bitter, pungent and warm [2]. It has the effects of warming middle warmer, dispelling cold, warming channels and stopping bleeding [2]. Its pungent dryness is weaker than that of dried ginger, and its effect of warming the interior is not as rapid as that of dried ginger, but its effect is mild and lasting, which is better than that of warming the middle warmer to relieve pain, stop diarrhea and warm meridians to stop bleeding [2]. It can be used for abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting blood due to deficiency of cold, hematochezia, metrorrhagia and postpartum abdominal pain due to blood stasis [1][2].
Ginger charcoal tastes bitter, astringent and warm [2]. Spleen and liver meridian [2]. Its pungent taste disappears, which is longer than stopping bleeding and warming meridians [2]. Its meridian warming effect is weaker than that of processed ginger, and its astringent and hemostatic effect is stronger than that of processed ginger. It can be used for all kinds of deficiency-cold bleeding, which is urgent and has a large amount of bleeding [2].
Pharmacopoeia of People's Republic of China (PRC) (20 10 edition) records the pharmacopoeia standard of this Chinese medicine.
4 Latin scientific name of ginger (La) (Chinese medicine terminology (2004))
5 English famous ginger (Chinese medicine terminology (2004))
Dried ginger (terminology of traditional Chinese medicine (2004))
6 Alias of dried ginger: white ginger and ordinary ginger [1]
7 The formula of dried ginger is famous dried ginger, processed ginger and ginger charcoal [2].
The source of dried ginger is the rhizome of dried ginger. [2].
9 Origin of Dried Ginger Dried ginger is mainly produced in Sichuan and Guizhou [1].
10 collection and primary processing of dried ginger; Winter excavation; Removing fibrous roots and deposits; Sun drying or low temperature drying [2].
1 1 Pharmacognostic characteristics of dried ginger 1 1. 1 dried ginger is flat, with finger branches, 3 ~ 7 cm long and 1 ~ 2 cm thick. The surface is grayish yellow or grayish brown, rough, with longitudinal wrinkles and obvious links. Scales often remain on the branches, and there are stem marks or buds on the top of the branches. Solid, yellow-white or gray-white, powdery or granular in cross section, with obvious ring lines in the inner cortex, scattered in vascular bundles and yellow oil spots. It is very fragrant, unique and spicy.
1 1.2 dried ginger slices are irregular longitudinal slices or oblique slices with finger branches, with a length of 1 ~ 6 cm, a width of 1 ~ 2 cm and a thickness of 0.2 ~ 0.4 cm. The skin is grayish yellow or yellowish brown, rough, with longitudinal wrinkles and obvious connections. The section is grayish yellow or grayish white, slightly powdery, with more longitudinal fibers and some hairs. Solid mass and fiber cross section. It is very fragrant, unique and spicy.
The processing of 12 dried ginger began to be divided into ginger charcoal processing and black ginger processing in the Qing Dynasty, and they were mixed into one variety. In some modern areas, they are also used as processed products. According to the analysis of processing temperature and finished product characteristics, processed ginger charcoal and black processed ginger are actually processed ginger charcoal [2].
In the Han Dynasty, there was a method of artillery (Jin Gui Yao lue Fang Lun) [2].
There are four kinds of licorice in Song Dynasty, namely, water-made, scorched (Taiping Shenghui recipe), fried black (materia medica for restoring political channels and collaterals), salt-fried (general record of promoting granulation), calcined (experience book of sores and carbuncle), baked, croton (Taiping Huimin and Hejiju recipe) and wrapped in yellow mud.
The Yuan Dynasty still used "slow blasting" ("Health Collection") [2].
In the Ming Dynasty, there were some methods, such as sprinkling salt sand (miracle prescription), frying black feces of children (medicine primer), soaking in water and simmering until it was extremely black (Shoushi Baoyuan). It was thought that "frying black feces of children could stop epistaxis, hematemesis, bloody dysentery and metrorrhagia" (medicine primer).
In the Qing Dynasty, there were still processed varieties such as ginger charcoal (surgical be adept at), roasted ginger charcoal (surgical treatment for the whole life) and steamed ginger with wine (fried chicken) [2].
At present, the main processing methods are sand ironing and charcoal frying [2].
12. 1 processing method of dried ginger12.10/dried ginger, removing impurities, slightly soaking, washing, thoroughly wetting, cutting into thick slices or blocks, drying, and sieving to remove impurities [2].
12.65438+
12.10.3 ginger charcoal Take pieces of dried ginger, put them in a frying container, heat them with strong fire, fry them until the surface is dark brown and the inside is brown, spray a little water, extinguish the sparks, stir fry them slightly, take them out and dry them, and screen out the impurities [2].
12.2 finished product features: dried ginger is irregular thick slices or diced pieces [2]. The surface is grayish brown or yellowish brown [2]. The section is yellow and white, with obvious veins, pink, special aroma and spicy taste [2].
Canned ginger is irregular thick slices or blocks, with bulging surface, brown and dark yellow inside, loose texture, fragrant smell and spicy taste [2].
Ginger charcoal is an irregular thick piece or block with dark surface and brown inside, which is light and brittle [2]. Bitter and slightly spicy [2].
12.3 The processing efficacy of dried ginger can be maintained, so it is quite suitable for those with excessive cold pathogen and excessive damp pathogen in the middle energizer, as well as asthma and cough caused by cold drinks [2]. Because of its fast speed and strong effect, this product is very effective in restoring yang and saving inverse [2]. Commonly used for epigastric pain, vomiting and diarrhea, cold limbs and weak pulse, excessive phlegm and cough [2]. For example, Dajianzhong Decoction (a brief prescription of Jingui medicine); Sini decoction restores yang to save inverse (note on febrile diseases); Xiaoqinglong Decoction for Warming Lung, Dispelling Cold and Drinking Phlegm (Note on Treatise on Febrile Diseases) [2].
Canned ginger tastes bitter, pungent and warm [2]. It has the effects of warming middle warmer, dispelling cold, warming channels and stopping bleeding [2]. Its pungent dryness is weaker than that of dried ginger, and its effect of warming the interior is not as rapid as that of dried ginger, but its effect is mild and lasting, which is better than that of warming the middle warmer to relieve pain, stop diarrhea and warm meridians to stop bleeding [2]. It can be used for abdominal pain, diarrhea and bleeding due to deficiency-cold [2]. For example, Fuzi Lizhong Pill ("Taiping Huimin and Ji Fang Ju") is used to treat abdominal pain, diarrhea, cholera and other tendon transfer caused by spleen and stomach deficiency and cold; Ai Ye Pill (Taiping Shenghui Formula) is used to treat spleen and stomach deficiency and cold and hematochezia [2].
Ginger charcoal tastes bitter, astringent and warm [2]. Spleen and liver meridian [2]. Its pungent taste disappears, which is longer than stopping bleeding and warming meridians [2]. Its meridian warming effect is weaker than that of processed ginger, and its astringent and hemostatic effect is stronger than that of processed ginger. It can be used for all kinds of deficiency-cold bleeding, which is urgent and has a large amount of bleeding [2]. Such as Rusheng Powder ("Danxi Heart Therapy") is used to treat bloody collapse; Or use dried ginger to burn black, as the end, drink rice and take it, which can cure bloody dysentery ("Yao's Collection") [2].
12.4 study on the processing of dried ginger The main components of dried ginger are gingerol, β myrrh, gingerol, gingerol, 6 gingerol, 8 gingerol, etc. [
12.4. 1 The contents of volatile oil in ginger, processed ginger and ginger charcoal were compared. The results showed that the content of dried ginger was the highest and the color was lighter. The content of ginger decreased obviously after processing. Ginger has the lowest carbon content, which is about 1/2 of dried ginger, and the latter two volatile oils are darker in color [2].
The study of volatile oil and ether extract showed that the chromatographic patterns of volatile oil and ether extract of ginger and dried ginger were almost the same, and there was no obvious difference between processed ginger and ginger charcoal, but the former two had great changes compared with the latter two [2]. After heating the dried ginger, some spots disappeared, while some new spots appeared, and the relative content of the same Rf value also changed obviously [2]. Taking gingerol and 6- gingerol ketone as standard control, TLC analysis showed that the content of gingerol was ginger >: dried ginger > canned ginger > ginger charcoal; 6. Flavonoids content of ginger > dried ginger; Canned ginger > ginger >; Ginger charcoal [2]. The ether extracts of different processed ginger products were detected by GC-MS computer, and 25, 22, 23 and 23 components were detected from ginger, dried ginger, processed ginger and ginger charcoal respectively, and the quality and quantity of the components detected in each processed ginger product changed partially [2].
12.4.2 Influence of pharmacological action (1) Anti-ulcer effect: Take dried ginger and its decoction and give it to rats [2]. The results showed that, except indomethacin model, processed ginger had obvious inhibitory trend on stress gastric ulcer, acetic acid gastric ulcer and pyloric ligation gastric ulcer, while dried ginger had no such effect [2].
(2) Hemostasis: Processed ginger and ginger charcoal can shorten the bleeding time of mice, with a very significant difference compared with the control group [2]. The effect of ginger charcoal is stronger than that of processed ginger, and there is also a significant difference between them [2]. Processed ginger and ginger charcoal can shorten the coagulation time of mice, and the coagulation effect of ginger charcoal decoction is better than that of processed ginger and its own ether extract [2]. The decoction of ginger and dried ginger has no effect on shortening coagulation time [2].
(3) Toxicity: Acute toxicity test in mice showed that the toxicity of the decoction of dried ginger was higher than that of dried ginger, indicating that the water-soluble toxic components of dried ginger may change after heating [2].
12.5 storage method: store it in a dry container and place it in a ventilated and dry place in a sealed way [2].
13 dried ginger is pungent and hot [2].
Dried ginger enters the spleen, stomach, kidney, heart and lung meridians [3].
Dried ginger enters the heart, lung, spleen and kidney meridians [1].
Canned ginger tastes bitter, pungent and warm [2].
Ginger charcoal tastes bitter, astringent and warm, and enters the spleen and liver meridians [2].
14 the efficacy and indications of dried ginger have the functions of warming the middle warmer, dispelling cold, restoring yang, dredging collaterals, eliminating dampness and resolving phlegm [2].
Dried ginger has the functions of warming middle warmer, dispelling cold, restoring yang, dredging collaterals, resolving phlegm and reducing qi [1]. It is used to treat epigastric cold pain, abdominal distension, vomiting and diarrhea, slight cold in limbs, aversion to cold and cold, asthma and cough, and arthralgia due to wind-cold and dampness [1].
Dried ginger has the effects of warming the middle warmer, dispelling cold, restoring yang, dredging veins, warming lung and promoting fluid production [3]. Used for epigastric cold pain, vomiting and diarrhea, cold limbs and weak pulse, cold drinks, asthma and cough [3].
Dried ginger can keep and walk, so it is suitable for those with excessive cold pathogen in the middle energizer and heavy dampness, as well as asthma and cough caused by cold drinks [2]. Because of its fast speed and strong effect, this product is very effective in restoring yang and saving inverse [2]. Commonly used for epigastric cold pain, vomiting and diarrhea, cold limbs and weak pulse, excessive phlegm and cough [2]. For example, Dajianzhong Decoction (a brief prescription of Jingui medicine); Sini decoction restores yang to save inverse (note on febrile diseases); Xiaoqinglong Decoction for Warming Lung, Dispelling Cold and Drinking Phlegm (Note on Treatise on Febrile Diseases) [2].
Canned ginger tastes bitter, pungent and warm [2]. It has the effects of warming middle warmer, dispelling cold, warming channels and stopping bleeding [2]. Its pungent dryness is weaker than that of dried ginger, and its effect of warming the interior is not as rapid as that of dried ginger, but its effect is mild and lasting, which is better than that of warming the middle warmer to relieve pain, stop diarrhea and warm meridians to stop bleeding [2]. It can be used for abdominal pain, diarrhea and bleeding due to deficiency-cold [2]. For example, Fuzi Lizhong Pill ("Taiping Huimin and Ji Fang Ju") is used to treat abdominal pain, diarrhea, cholera and other tendon transfer caused by spleen and stomach deficiency and cold; Ai Ye Pill (Taiping Shenghui Formula) is used to treat spleen and stomach deficiency and cold and hematochezia [2].
Canned ginger: warming the middle to stop diarrhea and stop bleeding. Treat cold diarrhea, vomiting blood due to deficiency of cold, hematochezia, metrorrhagia, postpartum abdominal pain and blood stasis [1].
Ginger charcoal tastes bitter, astringent and warm [2]. Spleen and liver meridian [2]. Its pungent taste disappears, which is longer than stopping bleeding and warming meridians [2]. Its meridian warming effect is weaker than that of processed ginger, and its astringent and hemostatic effect is stronger than that of processed ginger. It can be used for all kinds of deficiency-cold bleeding, which is urgent and has a large amount of bleeding [2]. Such as Rusheng Powder ("Danxi Heart Therapy") is used to treat bloody collapse; Or use dried ginger to burn black, as the end, drink rice and take it, which can cure bloody dysentery ("Yao's Collection") [2].
15 usage and dosage of dried ginger: 3 ~ 9g [1]. Use with caution for pregnant women [1].
The chemical constituents of 16 dried ginger contain volatile oil, and the main components are gingerol, α-curcumene, gingerol, 6-gingerol, borneol, citral and so on. [ 1].
17 The pharmacological action of dried ginger can reflexively excite the vascular motor center and sympathetic nerve, and raise blood pressure [1]. The ingredients of this product can also be anesthetized to reduce temperature [1].
18 dried ginger 18. 1 is called dried ginger.
the Ganjiang River
rhizoma zingiberis
18.2 Source This product is the dried rhizome of ginger. Digging in winter, removing fibrous roots and sediment, drying in the sun or at low temperature. Fresh slices dried in the sun or at low temperature are called "dried ginger slices".
18.3 characteristics 18.3. 1 dried ginger is flat, with finger branches, 3 ~ 7 cm long and 1 ~ 2 cm thick. The surface is grayish yellow or grayish brown, rough, with longitudinal wrinkles and obvious links. Scales often remain on the branches, and there are stem marks or buds on the top of the branches. Solid, yellow-white or gray-white, powdery or granular in cross section, with obvious ring lines in the inner cortex, scattered in vascular bundles and yellow oil spots. It is very fragrant, unique and spicy.
18.3.2 dried ginger slices This product is an irregular longitudinal slice or oblique slice with finger branches, with a length of 1 ~ 6 cm, a width of 1 ~ 2 cm and a thickness of 0.2 ~ 0.4 cm. The skin is grayish yellow or yellowish brown, rough, with longitudinal wrinkles and obvious connections. The section is grayish yellow or grayish white, slightly powdery, with more longitudinal fibers and some hairs. Solid mass and fiber cross section. It is very fragrant, unique and spicy.
18.4 Identification (1) The powder of this product is yellowish brown. There are many starch grains, which are oval, triangular oval, ovoid, quasi-circular or irregular, with a diameter of 5 ~ 40μ m, umbilical point-shaped, located at the smaller end, with some cracks and some obvious. Oil cells and resin cells are scattered in parenchyma and contain light yellow oil droplets or dark reddish brown substances. The fibers are arc-shaped or scattered, with a blunt tip and a small amount of bifurcation, some of which are wavy or unilaterally serrated, with a diameter of 15 ~ 40μ m, slightly thick walls, non-lignified, with oblique pores, and thin membranes are often seen. Trapezoidal catheters, threaded catheters and reticulated catheters are common, and a few are annular catheters with a diameter of15 ~ 70μ m. Sometimes tubular cells containing dark reddish-brown substances can be seen near catheters or fibers with a diameter of12 ~ 20μ m..
(2) Take this product powder 1g, add 20ml of ethyl acetate, perform ultrasonic treatment for 65438 00 minutes, filter, and take the filtrate as the test solution. Take another reference medicinal material, Ginger 1g, and make a reference medicinal material solution by the same method. Take 6 parts of gingerol reference substance and add ethyl acetate to make a solution containing 0.5mg per 1ml as reference substance solution. According to the test of thin-layer chromatography (Appendix ⅵ b of Pharmacopoeia Part I, 20 10), 6μl of each of the above three solutions was absorbed and spotted on the same silica gel G thin-layer plate, and petroleum ether (60 ~ 90℃)- chloroform-ethyl acetate (2: 1: 1) was used as the developing agent. In the chromatogram of the test sample, spots with the same color appear at the positions corresponding to the chromatograms of the reference medicinal materials and the reference substance.
The water content of 18.51shall not exceed 19.0% (Appendix ⅸ H, Method 2, Edition 20 10 of Pharmacopoeia I).
18.5.2 The total ash content shall not exceed 6.0% (Appendix ⅸ k of Pharmacopoeia 20 10).
The extract of 18.6 shall be determined by hot-dip method under the item of water-soluble extract determination (Appendix X A of Pharmacopoeia I, 20 10), and the number shall not be less than 22. 0%.
18.7 content determination 18.7. 1 volatile oil Take the right amount of the coarsest powder of this product, add 700ml of water, and determine it according to the volatile oil determination method (Appendix X D of Pharmacopoeia I, 20 10).
This product contains no less than 0.8%(ml/g) of volatile oil.
18.7.2 6 A gingerol was determined by high performance liquid chromatography (Pharmacopoeia 20 10, Appendix VI D).
18.7.2. 1 chromatographic conditions and system applicability test with octadecylsilane bonded silica gel as filler; Acetonitrile-methanol-water (40: 5: 55) as mobile phase; The detection wavelength is 280 nm. According to the calculation of 6- gingerol peak, the theoretical plate number should not be less than 5000.
18.7.2.2 preparation of reference solution take an appropriate amount of 6- gingerol reference substance, weigh it accurately, and add methanol to make a solution containing 0. 1mg per 1ml.
18.7.2.3 preparation of test solution take about 0.25g of this product powder (pass through No.3 sieve), weigh it accurately, put it in a cork bottle, add 20ml of 75% methanol accurately, weigh it, perform ultrasonic treatment (power 100W, frequency 40khz) for 40 minutes, let it cool, and weigh it again.
18.7.2.4 determination method accurately absorb 10μl control solution and test solution respectively, inject them into liquid chromatograph, and determine.
The content of 6- gingerol (C 17H2604) in this product is not less than 0.60% in terms of dry product.
18.8 dried ginger slices 18.8. 1 processed 18.8. 1 dried ginger, removing impurities, slightly soaking, washing, fully wetting, cutting into thick slices or blocks, and drying.
This product is irregular and massive, with a thickness of 0.2 ~ 0.4 cm.
18.8. 1. 1 Identification, inspection, extract and content determination are the same as those of medicinal materials.
18.8.10.2 ginger charcoal Take dried ginger slices and fry them according to the carbonization method (Appendix II D of Pharmacopoeia I, 20 10) until the surface is black and the inside is brown.
This product looks like a piece of dried ginger, with a dark surface and a brown interior, which is light and crisp. It tastes slightly bitter and spicy.
18.8. 1 Identification Take 2g of this product powder, add 40ml of 75% methanol, perform ultrasonic treatment for 20min, filter, evaporate the filtrate, and dissolve the residue with 1ml ethyl acetate as the test solution. In addition, 6- gingerol reference substance and gingerol reference substance were taken, and ethyl acetate was added to prepare solutions containing 0.5mg 1ml respectively as reference substance solutions. According to the test of thin-layer chromatography (Appendix ⅵ b of Pharmacopoeia I, 20 10), take 6μl of test solution and 6- gingerol reference solution, and 4μl of gingerol reference solution, and spot them on the same silica gel G thin-layer plate respectively. In the sample chromatography, spots with the same color appear at the positions corresponding to the chromatography.
18.8. 1.2.2 The extract is the same as the medicinal materials, and shall not be less than 26.0%[4].
18.8. 1.2.3 the content of 6- gingerol (C 17H2604) shall not be lower than 0.050%.
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18.8.2 Sexual taste and pungent-hot meridian tropism. Enter spleen, stomach, kidney, heart and lung meridians.
18.8.3 Functions and indications: warming the middle warmer to dispel cold, invigorating yang and activating collaterals, warming the lung and promoting fluid production. Used for epigastric pain, vomiting and diarrhea, cold limbs, slight pulse, cold drink, asthma and cough.
18.8.4 Usage and dosage 3 ~ l0g.
18.8.5 Store in a cool and dry place to prevent insects from eating.
18.8.6 preparation of ginger fluid extract
18.9 Source