Ginkgo biloba L.
Ginkgo biloba (Ginkgo biloba., Latin name) alias: ginkgo, gongsun tree, duck foot tree, cattail leaf fan, which belongs to gymnosperms. Ginkgo biloba is a deciduous tree, which blooms in May and matures in 10, and its fruit is orange-yellow drupe. Ginkgo biloba is a kind of relict plant. All the other plants that are related to it have become extinct. Ginkgo biloba is the oldest seed plant in relict plant. The varieties and varieties are: Ginkgo biloba, Ginkgo biloba, Ginkgo biloba, Ginkgo biloba, Ginkgo biloba and Ginkgo biloba. Ginkgo biloba grows slowly and has a very long life span. It takes more than 20 years from planting to fruiting, and it will take 40 years to bear a large number of fruits. Its life span reaches more than 1,000 years. The existing trees are still lush and fruitful for more than 3,500 years. It's the birthday girl in the tree. There is a big ginkgo tree in Dinglin Temple in Fulaishan, Rizhao, Shandong Province. It is said that it was planted in Shang Dynasty and has a history of more than 3,500 years.
Ginkgo biloba first appeared in the Carboniferous period 345 million years ago. Once widely distributed in Europe, Asia and America in the northern hemisphere, Ginkgo biloba was widely distributed in the northern hemisphere in Mesozoic and Jurassic, and began to decline in the late Cretaceous. Until 500,000 years ago, the Quaternary Glacier Movement happened, and the earth suddenly became cold. Most ginkgo plants were on the verge of extinction, and they were extinct in most parts of Europe, North America and Asia. Only China had superior natural conditions, and they were miraculously preserved. Therefore, scientists call them "living fossils" and "pandas in the plant kingdom". Ginkgo biloba in the wild remains in the mountainous area of western Zhejiang in Linyi (Tancheng County) area in the south of Shandong Province, north of Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China. There are wild and semi-wild ginkgo communities in Tianmu Mountain in Zhejiang, Dabie Mountain in Hubei and Shennongjia. Due to the scarcity of individuals and dioecious plants, the remaining forests will be replaced if natural regeneration is not strictly protected and promoted. Ginkgo biloba distribution mostly belongs to artificial cultivation areas, mainly cultivated in China, French and South Carolina. There is no doubt that foreign Ginkgo biloba was introduced directly or indirectly from China.
Ginkgo trees are tall and straight with fan-shaped leaves. The crown is large and shady, which has a cooling effect. The leaves are quaint and have a long life. No pests and diseases, no pollution to the environment, smooth trunk, is a famous pollution-free tree species, conducive to the reproduction of Ginkgo biloba and add scenery. Strong adaptability, Ginkgo biloba has a wide range of requirements for climate and soil. Smoke and dust resistance, fire resistance and toxic gas resistance. Ginkgo tree is tall, with straight trunk, graceful posture, green in spring and summer, golden in late autumn, and is an ideal tree species for landscaping and roadside. It can be used as an ideal cultivated tree species for landscaping, roads, highways, field forest nets and windbreaks. It is listed as one of the four long-lived ornamental trees in China (pine, cypress, locust and ginkgo).
China is not only the hometown of Ginkgo biloba, but also one of the earliest and most fruitful countries and regions in the cultivation, utilization and research of Ginkgo biloba. Throughout the ages, China ranks first in the world in terms of both ginkgo cultivation area and ginkgo output. Judging from the age of the existing ancient ginkgo trees, ginkgo was planted between Shang and Zhou Dynasties in China.
Ginkgo biloba is a unique and rich economic plant resource in China. The testa can be extracted with tannin extract. The wood is light yellow, fine, light and soft, and is used for architecture, furniture, sculpture and other handicrafts. Garden trees and street trees. Seeds contain hydrocyanic acid, histamine acid, protein, etc. Seeds and leaves can be used as medicine in traditional Chinese medicine. They are flat in nature, bitter in taste and slightly toxic.
[Edit this paragraph] Morphological characteristics
Ginkgo biloba is a deciduous tree, with a height of 40 meters and a DBH of 4 meters. The bark of the young tree is nearly smooth and light gray, and the skin of the big tree is grayish brown, irregularly longitudinally split, with long branches and short spur branches that grow slowly. Leaves alternate, scattered radially on long branches, 3-5 in clusters on short branches, with slender petioles, fan-shaped, light green on both sides, notched or 2-lobed at the broad top edge, 5-8 (1 15) cm wide, and with many forked veinlets. Dioecious, sparsely coextensive, and the cones are solitary in the leaf axils of short branches; Male cones are inflorescence-shaped, with many stamens and 2 anthers each; Female cones have long stalks, and the stalks are often bifurcated (sparse 3-5 forks), and the forked ends bear 1 ovules with disk-shaped funicles, and often 1 ovules develop into developing seeds.
The seeds are drupe-shaped, long-stalked, pendulous, oval, oblong-obovate, ovoid or nearly spherical, 2.5-3.5 cm long and 1.5-2 cm in diameter; The aril is fleshy, covered with white powder, and pale yellow or orange yellow when mature; Testa bony, white, often with 2 (sparse 3) longitudinal edges; The endosperm is membranous and reddish brown.
Ginkgo biloba is a positive tree, which likes deep loam with proper moisture and good drainage, and is suitable for growing in subtropical monsoon region with superior hydrothermal conditions. It can grow well in acidic soil (pH4.5) and calcareous soil (pH8.0), while neutral or slightly acidic soil is the most suitable. It can tolerate drought in places that are not resistant to stagnant water, but it can not grow well in places that are too dry and rocky slopes or low humidity. Ginkgo biloba has a long life, with more than 3000 years old trees. Slow growth in the initial stage, long life and strong tillering ability. Female plants generally begin to bear fruit in about 20 years, and 500-year-old trees can still bear fruit normally. Generally, leaves germinate and spread from late March to early April, bloom from early April to middle April, seeds mature from late September to1early October, and leaves fall from late October to 1 1 month.
Ginkgo biloba in wild state is distributed in subtropical monsoon region, and its hydrothermal conditions are superior. The annual average temperature 15℃, the extreme lowest temperature can reach-10.6℃, and the annual precipitation1500-1800 mm. The soil is yellow soil or yellow brown soil, with a pH value of 5-6. Associated plants mainly include Cryptomeria fortunei, Dictyophora bungeana, Torreya grandis, Cunninghamia lanceolata, Blue Fruit Tree, Liquidambar formosana, Litsea cubeba, Fragrant Fruit Tree, Populus davidiana, Phyllostachys pubescens and so on.
[Edit this paragraph] Distribution of Ginkgo biloba
Ginkgo biloba is widely distributed in China, Japan, North Korea, South Korea, Canada, New Zealand, Australia, the United States, France, Russia and other countries and regions. Ginkgo biloba has a wide geographical distribution. From the horizontal natural distribution, the distance between east and west of Ginkgo biloba near the 30o line of north latitude is the longest. With the increase or decrease of this latitude, the distance between east and west of Ginkgo biloba is gradually shortened. The higher the latitude, the more the distribution of Ginkgo biloba tends to the eastern coast, and the lower the latitude, the more the distribution of Ginkgo biloba tends to the plateau and mountainous areas in the southwest.
Ginkgo biloba in China is mainly distributed in temperate and subtropical climate zones, with the marginal distribution of "Shenyang in Liaoning Province in the north, Guangzhou in Guangdong Province in the south, Nantou in Taiwan Province Province in the southeast, Changdu in Xizang Autonomous Region in the west and Putuo Island in Zhoushan in Zhejiang Province in the east", which spans 2LO301-41O461in the north latitude and 97O-in the east longitude. Ginkgo biloba resources in China are mainly distributed in more than 60 counties and cities in Shandong, Zhejiang, Anhui, Fujian, Jiangxi, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Jiangsu, Hunan, Sichuan, Guizhou, Guangxi, Guangdong and other provinces. In terms of resource distribution, Shandong, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Anhui, Guangxi, Hubei, Sichuan, Jiangsu, Guizhou and other provinces are the largest, but the distribution of resources in various provinces is also uneven, mainly concentrated in some counties or cities, such as Xinyi, Dafeng, Pizhou and Wuxian in Jiangsu, Xincun, Tai 'an, Yantai in Tancheng County, Shandong Province, Luoyang Town and Hedian Town in Suizhou, Hubei Province. Many ginkgo experts believe that natural ancient ginkgo groups have been found in remote mountainous areas such as Tianmu Mountain in Zhejiang, Dahongshan Mountain in Hubei and Shennongjia. They are extremely precious cultural heritage and natural landscape, and play an important role in improving the surrounding ecological environment, studying biodiversity and ensuring the sustainable utilization of ginkgo genetic resources. Natural resource researchers also found that Ginkgo biloba was accompanied by Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Davidia involucrata and other relict plant in the deep mountain valleys of Hubei and Sichuan.
The vertical distribution of Ginkgo biloba is also due to the different latitudes and landforms in the region, and the distribution altitude is not exactly the same. Generally speaking, the vertical distribution span of Ginkgo biloba is relatively large, and well-growing ancient Ginkgo biloba trees are found in the eastern plain from several meters to tens of meters above sea level to the southwest mountainous area of about 3000m m. For example, Taixing in Jiangsu is about 5m above sea level, Wuxian is about 300m above sea level, Tancheng in Shandong is about 40m above sea level, Dujiangkan in Sichuan is 1600m above sea level, Gansu is 1500m (Lanzhou), Yunnan is 2000m (Kunming) and Tibet is 3000m (Qamdo). However, these distribution conditions do not indicate that Ginkgo biloba can be distributed in all areas within such a vertical span, because besides latitude and altitude, topography and soil are also very important factors, such as soil water content, salt content, sunshine and extreme temperature, which directly limit the development of Ginkgo biloba. In the marginal areas where Ginkgo biloba is naturally distributed, there may be a microclimate conducive to the growth of Ginkgo biloba due to terrain and other factors, and Ginkgo biloba can still grow well. Similarly, in the natural distribution area of Ginkgo biloba, there are areas unsuitable for the growth of Ginkgo biloba due to the differences of microclimate or topography, soil and hydrothermal conditions, so in the natural distribution area, Ginkgo biloba is mostly distributed in points. Judging from the climatic factors, the vertical distribution is mainly concentrated in the annual average temperature of 8O -20o, and the absolute minimum temperature is not lower than-20O, which is in line with the ecological habits of Ginkgo biloba.
[Edit this paragraph] Protecting value
Ginkgo biloba is the only living species of Ginkgo biloba, a famous living fossil plant, a precious medicinal material and a dried fruit tree species. Because of its many primitive characters, it is of great value to study the phylogeny of gymnosperms, paleoflora, paleogeography and Quaternary glacial climate. The leaves are peculiar and quaint, and they are beautiful garden ornamental trees. It has strong resistance to soot and sulfur dioxide and is an excellent anti-pollution tree species. Seeds are used as dried fruits. Leaves and seeds can also be used for medicine.
Endangered category: rare
Protection level: This species has been listed as a national first-class protected wild plant (approved by the State Council1August 4, 1999).
West Tianmu Mountain in Zhejiang Province is one of the nature reserves in China, and logging of wild Ginkgo biloba in this area should be strictly prohibited. On the steep rock wall at an altitude of 1000 meters, an ancient ginkgo tree with five generations living under one roof regenerated from stems and stem bases has been reinforced with stones. The scattered ancient ginkgo trees in China should also be protected; Many provinces and regions have cultivated it.
[Edit this paragraph] Cultivation points
Seedling propagation of ginkgo biloba. The embryo has dormancy. Sow in winter or early spring after stratification. It can be planted when the seedling height is above 1 m. Male plants should be selected as street trees. It can also be propagated by cutting and tillering. In order to promote early fruiting and cultivate improved clones, bud grafting or branch grafting can be used for propagation.
Ginkgo biloba is the oldest seed plant in relict plant. It takes more than 20 years from planting to fruiting, and it can bear a large number of fruits after 40 years, and it can live to be over 1000 years old. Ginkgo biloba is a deciduous tree, which blooms in May and matures in 10, and its fruit is orange-yellow seed stone fruit. Ginkgo biloba was originally distributed all over the world, and only remained in the subtropical mountainous area of China after the Quaternary Glacier. Most of the distribution of Ginkgo biloba now belongs to artificial cultivation areas, mainly cultivated in China and October.
Planting method
1. Seedlings should be harvested with large particles, and the mother tree with a tree age of about 80 years is the best. The harvested seeds should be peeled and dried in the shade. Autumn sowing can be done in the south, and spring sowing is suitable in the north. The seedbed should be sandy loam with good water permeability.
2. The sprouting branches with roots at the base half of the seedlings propagated by sprouting tillers are dug around February (after thawing in the north) and planted in the nursery, with a diameter of 1 cm to 4 cm. This method is easy to survive. It can blossom and bear fruit in about 10 years.
3. For cuttage seedling, soft branches of the same year are selected from May to June, and cut into10cm to15cm, and 3 to 4 leaves are left on the cuttings. Half of the cuttings are often sprayed with water to ensure that the leaves are not dry, and they can take root in about one and a half months to two months.
4. Seedlings transplanted Ginkgo biloba can be planted with bare roots below 5 cm in diameter, and generally cultivated with soil above 6 cm. The seedlings planted with bare roots were in the slow seedling stage. The seedlings with soil lumps can grow in that year. After the seedlings are planted in rows, they are flooded with water. When planting a big tree, it is best to fill the pit with water before planting. After the water in the pit is infiltrated, plant the big tree in the pit and tamp it so that the water in the pit can come back to moisten the roots. The next watering should be to dig a diversion ditch near the pit and fill it with water, so that the water can slowly penetrate into the roots of Ginkgo biloba. Don't flood with water. The main reason why many people transplant ginkgo biloba is not dry, but soaked. Because the root system of Ginkgo biloba has a large respiratory capacity and is flooded with water, the root system is deprived of oxygen and suffocated, so that new roots cannot be produced, and the root system gradually decays. Even if some ginkgo leaves are dead, they can still spread out, and even germinate in the second and third years, but the leaves are very small, and they will not grow leaves until the nutrients in their bodies are exhausted. This is the "fake living" phenomenon of ginkgo biloba. However, some ginkgo leaves do not appear in the first year after planting, or even in the second year. If you pinch the skin, you will find that the skin is fresh and the branches will not shrink. This kind of tree is not necessarily dead, but maybe it will appear in the third year. This phenomenon is also known as the "suspended animation" phenomenon of Ginkgo biloba. To determine whether Ginkgo biloba is fake dead or fake alive, we can't just look at the leaves, it's important to look at the roots. Therefore, when buying big seedlings, especially heel in seedlings purchased from abroad, we must see whether the roots are black. If so, it means that this seedling is a fake live seedling, no matter how cheap it is. Fresh seedlings should have white xylem, slightly red bark and close xylem.
5. Management of seedlings
(1) There is no need to irrigate ginkgo frequently after it survives. In the northern area, water should be watered once after thawing and before germination. In May, if the weather is dry, water can be watered once, because this is the peak growth period of ginkgo. In autumn, mid-August is the second growth peak of Ginkgo biloba in a year, which can be watered once, and both irrigation can be combined with fertilization.
(2) Fertilization: Fertilization in the nursery can be carried out in spring and summer. In spring, 5,000 kg to10,000 kg of decomposed organic fertilizer is applied to each acre between two rows, and then it is rotated by a small rotary tiller to make the fertilizer evenly rammed into the soil. For large seedlings, several radial ditches can be opened, and the organic fertilizer and topsoil can be mixed and filled into the ditches. If the amount of fertilization is large in spring, it can be applied once a year.
(3) Pruning: Ginkgo biloba generally does not need pruning, because the new shoots of Ginkgo biloba are less, even the seedlings in the nursery should keep as many branches and leaves as possible, so as to accelerate their thickening. The year before the seedlings are to be sold, the branches below 1.8 meters will be cut off. After a year of growth, the cut mouth will be full, the skin will be smooth and the branches will be upright.
(4) intertillage: Appropriate intertillage can improve the permeability of soil, and intertillage can prune the fibrous roots of Ginkgo biloba, which can stimulate more fibrous roots to germinate. The number of intertillage can be one in spring and one in autumn.
(5) Disease prevention and insect control: The disease of Ginkgo biloba is mainly damping-off in seedling stage. The main pest of seedlings in the field is chafer larvae (grubs). Pay attention to ventilation and dehumidification in seedling stage, loosen topsoil and spray Bordeaux solution to prevent damping off. The way to control grubs is to apply decomposed organic fertilizer as much as possible. When applying fertilizer, spray 500 times of 39 1 1 pesticide once in the whole garden, and then rotate it once, and then rotate the sprayed fertilizer into the soil. Another way is to wet the bran and rice bran, mix with trichlorfon, and use it in barrels for two days to fully absorb the pesticide, then sprinkle it into the ground and then cultivate it. Another way is to bury a pile of dried grass every 10 meter, often pour some water on the dried grass, open the dried grass every two months, and there will be many grubs below, which will be killed centrally.
(6) Cultivation of fruiting trees: Ginkgo biloba is dioecious and cross-pollinated, so the fruiting trees should be equipped with pollinating trees. Ginkgo biloba has a strong pollination ability, and it is an effective pollination area 25 kilometers downwind in the breeze. The difference between male trees and female trees is that the female branches rotate obviously, the branches grow horizontally and the leaves are thick, while the male branches are upright and alternate. Ginkgo orchards are planted at a spacing of 4m× 6m, and the seedlings grow rapidly. Select seedlings with DBH of 3cm to 4cm, and cut them off for grafting. Generally, select 3-year-old scions with shiny skin and 3 to 6 short branches, and it is better to have excellent varieties with large fruit grains. Fruit can be borne in 3 to 4 years after grafting.
[Edit this paragraph] Common diseases
Ginkgo blight
Symptoms: after the invasion of bacteria, smooth lesions, round or irregular shapes are produced on the smooth bark. After that, the lesion continued to expand, the diseased part gradually became swollen, and the bark appeared longitudinal cracking. In spring, on the damaged bark, there are many withered yellow pangasis with a diameter of L-3mm. When the weather is wet, strips of pale yellow to yellow tendril-like meristematic horns will be squeezed out from the seat of the sac. In autumn, the daughter seat turns dry red to sauce red, and gradually forms a cyst in the middle. Between the cortex and xylem of the diseased tree, a feather-like fan-shaped mycelium layer can be seen, which is dirty white at first and yellowish brown later. The diseased spots of the diseased branches spread, gradually causing the bark to become annular necrosis, and finally leading to the death of branches and plants.
Pathogen: Ginkgo stem blight, also known as Ginkgo trunk blight. The pathogens are fungi of Ascomycetes and Coccinerea. The pathogen can also infect chestnuts and other trees.
Pathogenic regularity: Pathogenic bacteria invade from wounds, overwinter in diseased branches with mycelium and conidia, and start to move when the temperature rises. In the Yangtze River basin and south of the Yangtze River, symptoms began to appear from the end of March to the beginning of April, and accelerated with the increase of temperature until 10 stopped in late October. Conidia are spread by rain, insects and birds, and can be repeatedly infected. It is distributed in all major ginkgo producing areas in China and is common in ginkgo trees with weak growth.
Prevention and control methods:
① Strengthen management, enhance tree vigor and improve plant resistance. This is the key measure to prevent and control ginkgo blight.
(2) seriously ill plants and branches that died of illness should be cleaned up and destroyed in time to thoroughly remove the pathogen.
③ Scrape the diseased spots in time, and brush the wound with 1: 100 bordeaux solution or 50% carbendazim wettable powder 100 times solution or 0. 1 mercuric chloride solution,1%ferrous sulfate solution and lime whitening agent to kill germs and prevent the spread of germs.
[Edit this paragraph] Ginkgo varieties
Ginkgo varieties are divided into five categories according to the shape of seed nucleus: eldest son, bergamot, bell, plum kernel and round subclass.
Classification of Ginkgo Cultivars
Cultivated variety types and representative varieties
Nuclear varieties: Jiafo Finger, Maling No.3 (Kuiling), Dajingou, Dongting Emperor, Dameihe, Haiyang Emperor.
Leaf varieties Gaoyou Y-2, Anlu 1 and WL43.
Ornamental varieties of Ginkgo biloba, Ginkgo biloba, Ginkgo biloba, Ginkgo biloba, Ginkgo biloba.
Male plant varieties G ♂ ~ 1 2 #, Songyou1,Guangxi Zaohua
Wood varieties Yuwan 9# and Zhigan Ginkgo S-3 1
The seed varieties of Ginkgo biloba L. are traditional excellent varieties bred in various ginkgo producing areas for many years, such as Taixing Buddha Finger, Dongting Finger, Tancheng Golden Pendant, Marble, Tancheng Round Bell and so on.
Some improved varieties are introduced below:
Anyin 1 Damaling: The average seed kernel is 268 per kilogram, the seed rate is 28%, and the seed kernel rate is 78%. The output of crown projection area is 2.7 kg per square meter. Sweet taste, waxy, extremely high yield and high quality.
Giant Buddha Hand: The main local species in Dongting Mountain area of Jiangsu Province. The seeds are oval in shape, about 2.88cm long and about 1.73cm wide, with 300-350 seeds per kilogram. They are sweet, waxy, extremely productive and of high quality.
Dayuanling: It is the main variety planted in Tancheng, Shandong Province. The fruit is round, brown and covered with thin white powder when ripe, and it is translucent and oily. The single grain weight of the seed is11.8-15.7g, and the number of grains per kilogram is 64-85. The kernel is oval, the single grain weight is 2.97-3.75g, and the number of grains per kilogram is 266-366.
Xiaoyuanling: As a specialty of Dafeng Forestry Base in Jiangsu Province, it not only supplies fruits all the year round, but also has tens of thousands of ginkgo trees for greening. It is one of the protected areas of Ginkgo Base in China.
[Edit this paragraph] Economic value
Ginkgo biloba, also known as ginkgo biloba, belongs to the category of dried fruits, and its economic bearing life can reach thousands of years. Among many dried fruits, Ginkgo biloba ranks third in economic value. The value of ginkgo is mainly reflected in food and medicine. The output of ginkgo biloba in China accounts for 90% of the world's total output. Ginkgo biloba and ginkgo biloba are important products to earn foreign exchange through export, especially important pharmaceutical raw materials for preventing and treating hypertension and heart disease. Ginkgo biloba extract can "defend the heart and protect the brain". There are as many as 160 kinds of chemical extracts of Ginkgo biloba whose chemical components are known. There are mainly flavonoids, terpenoids, phenols, alkaloids, polyisoprene, quinic acid, linoleic acid, python oxalic acid, ascorbic acid, a- hexenal, bilobanol, bilobanone and so on. The medicinal use of ginkgo is mainly reflected in medicine, pesticide and veterinary medicine.
Ginkgo biloba was listed as a royal tribute in the Song Dynasty. Japanese people have the habit of eating ginkgo every day. Westerners must have ginkgo at Christmas. As far as eating methods are concerned, Ginkgo biloba mainly includes fried food, roasted food, cooked food, side dishes, cakes, candied fruit, canned food, beverages and alcohol. In the Ming Dynasty, Li Shizhen once said: "Enter the lung meridian, benefit the temper, stop asthma and cough, and reduce defecation." Ginkgo biloba in Ben Jing Feng Yuan written by Zhang Lulu in Qing Dynasty has the functions of reducing phlegm, clearing away toxin and killing insects, and can be used to treat "boils, furuncle, ulceration of mammary abscess, dental caries, infantile diarrhea, leucorrhea with red and white discharge, chronic stranguria, nocturnal emission and enuresis". In the Ming Dynasty, Chinese patent medicines made of ginkgo appeared in Jiangsu, Sichuan and other places for clinical use. It has the functions of astringing lung and relieving asthma, and is mainly used for treating phlegm, asthma, cough, nocturnal emission, leukorrhagia and frequent urination.
Ginkgo biloba exocarp contains a lot of hydrogenated ginkgolic acid and ginkgo flavone. Ginkgo biloba has the function of regulating respiratory organs, and the water-soluble components of exocarp have good antitussive and expectorant effects, which are similar to cyclophosphamide and dexamethasone. Ginkgo biloba contains ginkgolic acid, which has a strong inhibitory effect on mycobacterium tuberculosis and dermatophytes, so it can be used to treat tuberculosis and dermatoses. The effective rate of exocarp alcohol intermediates in inhibiting 22 common clinical pathogenic fungi was 8 1%. The effective rate of 0. 1% hydrogenated ginkgolic acid in inhibiting 25 kinds of clinical pathogenic fungi was 92%. Ginkgo biloba leaves have important medicinal value. Ginkgo biloba leaves, bitter and astringent in nature, contain biflavonoids. It has been proved by experiments and clinic that it can reduce serum cholesterol and dilate coronary arteries, and has certain auxiliary treatment effect on coronary heart disease and hypertension. In 1960s, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences and other units developed Shuxuening injection with Ginkgo biloba leaves, which has certain curative effect on coronary heart disease, angina pectoris and cerebrovascular disease.
The inhibition rate of Ginkgo biloba exocarp extract on apple anthracnose and other 1 1 plant pathogens reached 88%- 100%. The control rate of alcohol extract on geometrid simian was 100% within 3 days, and it could also control tetranychus urticae, peach aphid, Chilo suppressalis and other pests. According to "Herbal Medicine of Folk Veterinary Medicine", Ginkgo preparation can treat the symptoms of livestock strain, nose hanging, lung abscess, cough due to lung deficiency, urine dripping with blood, female livestock leucorrhea and so on. Dingchuan decoction developed by Shandong Animal Husbandry Medical Station is used to treat infectious laryngotracheitis in chickens, and the cure rate is 95%. Ginkgo biloba leaves can also be used as pesticides. Add 20kg of water to 1kg leaves, boil for 30min, and then soak for 2-3 days. The insect control rate of spraying its liquid medicine on red spider and cabbage caterpillar is over 90%, and there is no residue.
Using the effective chemical components of Ginkgo biloba leaves and its special medical and health care functions to produce health food, medicine and cosmetics is attracting the attention of research, development and production units at home and abroad. Many enterprises in various countries are competing to develop and produce natural green products with Ginkgo biloba as raw materials to replace synthetic chemicals with great side effects on human health. There are more than 20,000 ginkgo biloba beverage, ginkgo peach juice, ginkgo beer, ginkgo tea and other health products developed from ginkgo biloba leaves in Jiangsu Dafeng Ginkgo biloba base, which have been circulated in the market. Pizhou City, Jiangsu Province is in the advanced ranks in the cultivation of Ginkgo biloba leaves and the production of processed extract (GBE). Ginkgo biloba and ginkgo biloba leaves are used to make healthy pillows. It is recorded in Pillow Book that ginkgo biloba leaves and other precious Chinese herbal medicines over three years old are selected to make healthy pillows. It is light and fragrant, which can improve human breathing and sleep quality. Long-term use can prevent and treat cardiovascular diseases, prevent hypertension, stroke and diabetes caused by vascular aging in adults, and enable adults to maintain normal cardiac output and normal nervous system function, especially in middle-aged and elderly people, so as to maintain a normal cell life cycle as much as possible.
Ginkgo trees are straight and straight, and wood is a high-grade material for making musical instruments and furniture. Ginkgo biloba wood is of high quality and expensive, and is known as "silver fragrant wood" or "silver wood". Ginkgo wood has luster, straight texture, fine structure, easy processing, no cracking, strong corrosion resistance, easy painting, low nail digging force, special medicinal fragrance and strong moth resistance. Ginkgo wood can be used to make carved plaques, wooden fish and other handicrafts, as well as high-grade furniture such as cabinets and desks. Ginkgo wood has the characteristics of singing, sound guiding and elasticity, and is an ideal material for making musical instruments. It can be used to make surveying and mapping instruments, pens and other cultural goods, and it is also the first-class wood for making chessboards, chess pieces, sports equipment, seals and small handicrafts. In industrial production, silver wood is most suitable for making X-ray machine filter plates, textile printing and dyeing rollers, machine models and wooden models of bodiless lacquerware, plywood, chopping boards, wooden telephones and so on.
Ginkgo biloba is recognized as an economic tree with greening, beautifying the environment and ornamental value. Ginkgo trees are magnificent in appearance, beautiful in leaf shape, long in life and few in pests and diseases. They are most suitable for shade trees, street trees or solo trees. It has good ornamental value. Ginkgo biloba is lush in summer and golden in autumn, giving people a sense of being handsome, magnificent, luxurious and elegant. Therefore, Ginkgo biloba is regarded as an important tree species in courtyards, sidewalks and gardens at all times and in all countries. When ginkgo biloba is used for street greening, male plants should be selected to avoid polluting pedestrians' clothes. Dandong City was the first city in China to use ginkgo as a street tree.
matters need attention
Ginkgo biloba can't make tea with tea and chrysanthemum. Ginkgo biloba contains a lot of ginkgolic acid, which is toxic. Generally, the leaves bought have not been deeply processed and extracted, and the ginkgolic acid content in them is as high as 3000-4000ppm. In particular, ginkgolic acid is water-soluble. Instead of eating the effective substances such as ginkgo brass and ginkgolic acid in it, the effect is the opposite, and it is toxic! In medicine, especially in ginkgo products used in hospitals, ginkgolic acid with a little 10ppm is allowed!
[Edit this paragraph] Ecological value
Human beings know the ecological value of ginkgo late, and the highest level of ginkgo value-ecological value is priceless! The ecological benefits of ginkgo biloba are mainly reflected in: from the perspective of cultivation, ginkgo biloba belongs to fruit trees-dried fruits; Belongs to forest trees-timber trees, protective trees, pest-resistant trees, long-lived trees and pollution-resistant trees. Ginkgo biloba has strong adaptability, and it is an ideal tree species for fast-growing and high-yield forest, farmland shelterbelt, road shelterbelt, bank protection forest, beach shelterbelt, village shelterbelt, forest-grain intercropping and "four sides" greening. It can not only provide a large number of high-quality wood, leaves and seeds, but also green the environment, purify the air, maintain water and soil, prevent and control pests, adjust the temperature and psychology, etc. It is a good tree species for afforestation, greening and ornamental, which is of great significance to the adjustment of agricultural and forestry planting structure in the north and south of China and the development of forestry in plain agricultural areas.
I. Greening the environment
Ginkgo biloba, which is resistant to pests and diseases, is recognized as a pollution-free tree species and the most ideal tree species for ornamental greening. Parks, gardens, residential quarters, roadside, urban greening and ginkgo planting can be described as "once and for all".
Second, purify the air
Ginkgo biloba has anti-pollution, anti-fireworks, anti-dust and other functions. Ginkgo trees can be planted in industrial areas, residential quarters, towns, densely populated areas, rest quarters, etc. according to a certain proportion, forming ginkgo forest areas and ginkgo forest belts, naturally purifying the air, reducing the content of suspended solids in the atmosphere and improving air quality.
Iii. soil and water conservation
Ginkgo biloba has the functions of water conservation, wind and sand fixation, and soil and water conservation. In areas with deforestation, soil erosion and sand erosion, ginkgo shelterbelt, shelterbelt, road protection forest, bank protection forest, beach protection forest, sand prevention forest, etc. are cultivated to maintain water and soil and improve the ecological environment. 1996 Puding County, Guizhou Province took the cultivation of ginkgo biloba and the development of ginkgo biloba industry as the way to get rid of poverty and become rich. The soil erosion in this county is serious, even a handful of soil should be planted with a corn, and the ground is covered with Carboniferous azithromycin granules. In order to prevent soil erosion, farmers planted Ginkgo biloba, which not only improved the ecological environment, but also generated economic income (Ginkgo biloba leaves were sold to processing plants). Nowadays, Ginkgo biloba has been used as a new way to get rid of poverty and become rich in Dabie Mountain, Daba Mountain, Yimeng Mountain and other old, less and marginal areas, that is, planting Ginkgo biloba, improving the ecological environment and forming an industrial economy, which has multiple benefits.
Fourth, pest control
Ginkgo biloba has the function of killing pests and diseases of crops, especially for cotton, spider mite, peach aphid and Chilo suppressalis. Planting ginkgo around agricultural areas is the natural enemy of crop pests to protect crops.
V. Adjusting the temperature
Ginkgo tree has the special function of being warm in winter and cool in summer. In midsummer, the palm of your hand feels cold when you touch the trunk of ginkgo, and it feels hot when you touch other trunks (willows). According to the measurement, in midsummer, when the direct sunlight reaches 40.20C, the air temperature is 35.30C under ginkgo trees, and the temperature difference between the air temperature and the shade of ginkgo trees is 4.90C, while the temperature difference between weeping willows is only 2.30C, and the temperature adjustment ability of ginkgo trees is more than twice that of willow trees. Therefore, the construction of ginkgo forest area and ginkgo forest belt will form a scale and cause the climate of the community, which will have a good influence on farmland and residential areas to adjust the temperature and improve the climate.
artistic value
Ginkgo biloba is magnificent, and its trunk is winding and lush. In China's famous mountains and rivers, ancient temples and temples, there are all tall and straight ancient ginkgo biloba. They have gone through many vicissitudes and traced back to ancient and modern times, giving people a sense of mystery. Poets and poets in past dynasties set foot in temples and left many poems and poems, and they were proud of their beautiful scenery and their merits. Ginkgo biloba with beautiful posture is selected and processed into bonsai, and the majestic posture of Ginkgo biloba in nature is concentrated in the basin. It is elegant and interesting, and it is clear for the desk, which makes people happy.
Ginkgo biloba is a famous long-lived tree species, with strong vitality, peculiar leaf shape, easy grafting, propagation and pruning, and it is a high-quality material for making bonsai. Ginkgo biloba bonsai made from ginkgo biloba milk is a must, with high ornamental value and economic value. Ginkgo biloba is a commonly used tree species in China bonsai. Ginkgo biloba bonsai is a must among China bonsai because of its thick stem, curved branches, exposed roots, unique shape, vigorous and chic, and interesting. Summer is lush and green, and autumn is golden, which gives people a sense of precipitousness, grandeur and elegance. In recent years, it has been paid more and more attention and is known as "living art sculpture". According to people's different appreciation requirements, there are several types of bonsai, such as ornamental bonsai, foliage bonsai and stump bonsai ... References:
/view/3 1047.html? wtp=tt