Looking at the edible mushroom market in 2009, we can see that the whole market is in a situation of strong demand and rising prices, that is to say, the edible mushroom market is on the rise, the mushroom farmers have good benefits and the operators are full of confidence. In 2009, the fresh price of most varieties increased by more than 80% compared with 2008, and some varieties even exceeded 100%. For example, the price of Agaricus bisporus has increased by 200% compared with 2008. It is predicted that the edible mushroom market will still improve in 20 10, mainly because:
First, with the rapid development of China's national economy, the income level of residents is getting higher and higher, and the demand for food is growing. People's demand for low-sugar, low-fat and high-protein green foods is growing day by day, and the turnover of such foods has maintained a strong growth momentum. Edible fungus is an ideal food with rich nutrition, delicious taste and good health, and it is also one of the three major foods of human beings. At the same time, it also has high medicinal value and is recognized by the people as a high nutritional health food. Edible fungi production can not only turn waste into treasure, but also be comprehensively developed and utilized, which has very significant economic and social benefits. With the continuous improvement of people's living standards and the further development of commodity economy, edible fungi products not only sell well in major domestic markets, but also sell well internationally.
Second, the development trend of China's edible fungi industry is obvious, which is mainly reflected in the modern food enterprises represented by chain operation, brand cultivation, technological innovation and scientific management, gradually replacing the traditional casual production, single shop workshop and artificial experience production of edible fungi industry, and moving towards industrialization, collectivization, chain and modernization. Modern science and technology, scientific management and modern nutrition concept are more and more widely used in edible fungi industry.
Third, from the perspective of national policies and social environment, edible fungi have reached the golden age of development. Because the cultivation technology of edible fungi is a labor-intensive industry, it plays a very important role in solving the employment problem. At present, solving the employment problem is the main embodiment and policy orientation of governments at all levels to benefit the people.
Fourthly, the edible fungus industry can also promote the development of animal husbandry and planting. It is an important industry to solve the "three rural issues" and increase farmers' income. It plays an important role in China's industrialization, urbanization and agricultural modernization, so the state has given great tilt to tax policy and industrial policy.
Fifth, in the market, the pace of urbanization in China has accelerated, a large number of rural people have gradually become citizens, and the consumption power of the original urban population has gradually increased. Due to China's large population and sustained and rapid economic development, China has become the largest edible fungus production and consumption market in the world under the cultural background of "food is the most important thing for the people" and "green and healthy diet".
Sixth, in the production of edible fungi, technology is still an urgent problem to be solved. Compared with the production of field crops, mushroom farmers need to improve their mastery of edible fungi production technology. Technology, like varieties, has been restricting the development of edible fungi industry and affecting the output of edible fungi.
Think calmly when the market goes up.
The production situation of edible fungi is excellent, and the market is rising. There is no doubt that the Year of the Tiger will usher in great development. However, the author also has to remind the mushroom farmers that in the face of the best development momentum, they should think calmly and not blindly follow suit. The reasons are: first, to prevent rushing headlong into action and "breakthrough development"; Secondly, the production technology of edible fungi is not easy to learn, even if you master the technical essentials skillfully, you should use it flexibly; Third, whether the materials needed by the strains are matched, especially the strains.
First, the development of edible fungi production should be adapted to local conditions, and we must choose marketable varieties. In the selection of strains, mushroom farmers should do adaptability tests and demonstrations according to local resources, climate and other conditions, develop varieties with regional characteristics according to local conditions, and pay special attention to developing new varieties with marketable names, specialties and excellent qualities.
The second is to actively promote the industrialization of edible fungi. At present, the production of edible fungi is mostly decentralized family workshop production, which does not meet the requirements of large market and large circulation. It is necessary to further accelerate the industrialization process of edible fungi production. Where conditions are ripe, we should actively establish professional cooperative economic organizations for edible fungi, and gradually form the production and operation mode of "leading enterprises in the market and farmers in professional cooperative organizations", so as to guide production by the market and realize the operation mechanism of the industrialization development of edible fungi.
The third is to strengthen competition awareness and improve product quality. The whole process from the production of edible fungus culture materials to sowing, spawning, mushroom management, mushroom picking, processing, packaging, storage and transportation, and sales must strictly follow the principle of pollution-free, and high-quality products with competitive advantages must be produced to achieve the goal of organic, green and pollution-free edible fungus products.
The fourth is to establish a new technology research and promotion system to meet market demand. Research institutions, strain factories, stations and promotion departments of edible fungi at all levels should carry out research and promotion around the breeding of excellent varieties of edible fungi, pest control, product preservation, processing, storage and transportation. And transform scientific research achievements into productive forces in time, improve the scientific and technological quality of edible fungi growers as soon as possible, and do a good job in the construction of standardized cultivation and standardized production demonstration bases.
Fifth, give priority to facility cultivation and actively promote the factory production mode. Although this cultivation mode has high investment and high risk, it has high profit and income, which is the direction of edible fungi production and development in the future. Now factory facilities are mushrooming in some places, and some owners have built one this year and another next year. Factory facilities cultivation can best achieve a balanced supply of the market every month and every day, so that the peak season is not prosperous and the off-season is not weak. At present, the varieties cultivated in factory facilities are Flammulina velutipes, Pleurotus eryngii, hypsizygus marmoreus, Pleurotus geesteranus and so on. , has broad development prospects.
Sixth, we must pay attention to the early word in production, and at the same time pay attention to the development of off-season production. For example, in the production of Agaricus bisporus, it should be remembered that it is best to sow before September 5, and not later than September 15 at the latest, so as to achieve the highest yield. Even if the price is lower, the yield is still good. We can consider producing Pleurotus ostreatus out of season. If mushrooms are produced around July 15, it is also very profitable, and the profit per kilogram of dry materials will definitely not be lower than 1 yuan.
Seventh, we should pay attention to the reasonable formula of culture materials in production. Different varieties, the formula of culture medium will not be the same; Different strains of the same variety will have certain differences in formula, mainly reflected in nutritional components and pH value, so it is necessary to do a good job in adaptability test.
Cultivation techniques of mushrooms
Farming season
Mushrooms in Weibei dry zone have large temperature difference, low air humidity and rapid seasonal changes, so they can be planted in advance, and the time is arranged from mid-August to early September. Guanzhong Plain is arranged from the end of August to the middle of September. Of course, mushroom farmers with caves and fruit pits can pile up wheat straw for fermentation after harvest, sow it at the end of July and harvest it in late August. After harvesting the corn stalks, when the corn stalks are completely dried, the second round of sowing can be carried out. The cut corn stalks and cow dung are used for sowing at 65438+2- 1 month, overwintering, and the mushrooms begin to grow in March in spring and end before the end of May. The yield and quality are similar to those of wheat straw.
Preparation of raw materials
The main raw materials for cultivating Agaricus bisporus are wheat straw, corn straw and cow dung. Accessories; Oil residue, phosphate fertilizer, lime, gypsum, urea. The wheat harvest begins in June, and the wheat stalks are put away and piled up in the open space far away from the sowing shed. There is no need to crush when stacking: when collecting corn stalks, they can be crushed and used when drying in the sun in June 5438+065438+ 10, or they can be cut into two sections for fermentation; Cow dung should be pulled back to cool and semi-dry and mashed in advance, and then piled up into a pile with a width of 2 meters, a height of 1.5 meters and an unlimited length, naturally fermented and the temperature raised to 75℃. /kloc-turn the pile once every 0/5 days, exchange the position inside and outside, and let it ferment naturally. Cow dung can also be dried, mashed and stored for later use. In addition, chicken manure and pig manure can also be added for culture. You can't mix clods with manure. Oil residue: vegetable oil residue is the best, and cotton oil residue can also be used. Bean straw: It is best to add a small amount of bean straw to the fermentation material. Prepare phosphate fertilizer, urea, gypsum and lime. 1. Before pre-wetting the pile, sprinkle a layer of lime powder on the wheat straw pile, wet the wheat straw with a water pipe and let it soften for three days, or directly pour lime water on it. 2. When piling, pull all the weighed auxiliary materials to the front of the pile, first sprinkle a layer of lime on the ground, and spread a layer of hay on the surface, with a thickness of about 30 cm, a width of 2.3 m and a length of about 28 m 1 mu. The materials are stacked in 5-6 layers, with a layer of 25-30cm wheat straw, a layer of lime on mushrooms, a layer of cow dung, a layer of oil residue, phosphate fertilizer, gypsum (the dosage is 1/2), urea placed on the upper two layers respectively, mixed with auxiliary materials, and spread a little on each layer in 6 portions, and then spread the materials. Build a pile of such a layer of forage and a layer of accessories. Start watering after sprinkling, and water the surface of the material once. The periphery of the material should be vertical and tidy. Make a pile in the same way, the total height is 1.5m, and the top is turtle-backed. Cover with film for fermentation. 3. The temperature of the pile reaches 70-7℃ in the first 6 days, and the pile can be turned over after it is stable. The method of turning the pile is: start from one side of the pile, focus on building a new pile on the other side, and insert a wooden stick or bamboo pole, that is, turn the pile. When turning the pile, the top material of the pile should be put aside and then sandwiched, the outer material should be placed on the inner layer, the inner material should be placed on the outer layer, and the lower material should be stacked on the upper layer. When flanging, the culture material should be shaken loose, and the culture material should be stirred evenly to eliminate the waste gas in the material and increase the fresh air. Spray the remaining lime and gypsum in layers. When the substance is dry yellow and white, it means that the water is insufficient. Sprinkle water when stacking materials to replenish water. Erect a wooden stick every 50 cm. After folding the stick, shake it and pull it out, which means adding a lot of pores. Because the forage has softened after a period of accumulation and fermentation, the volume of the forage pile has been reduced, so when building the pile, the length of the forage pile should be shortened appropriately, that is, the length of the forage pile should be shortened by about 2 meters, the width and height should remain unchanged, and the forage should be vertical and tidy around, rectangular, with a turtle-back shape at the top and a film-type straw curtain at the top. Don't cover the film too tightly, which is not conducive to exhaust. Uncovering the film every other day to discharge waste gas is also conducive to raising the temperature. After about 3 days, the temperature can be raised to above 70℃, kept for 2 days, and then turned over. 4. The second time, the first time, after adding auxiliary materials and air holes, the temperature of the material rises rapidly, and it takes about 5-6 days to turn over the pile. Turn the pile of paper over in the same way. At this time, you can turn the pile over from one end, arrange wooden sticks to leave air holes, and then cover it with film. After five days, turn over the pile for the third time in the same way, and spray dicofol around after turning over. 5. After the fourth pile turning for three times, the material has rotted, and the mature standard is brown-red wheat straw. When the hand is pulled, it will break, and the material will not touch the hand. At this time, the fourth turning is to spray deodorant or formaldehyde and acaricide on the upper edge of the material surface. Check the pH value, which is 8-8.5. After turning over, you can prepare the cold material for sowing in two days. 6. After the fourth pile turning, the material can be discharged when sowing. The key is to recognize the maturity of the material. Compost requires uniform decomposition, brownish red, soft and elastic straw, broken hands, no ammonia smell, no odor, no stickiness and no blackening, taking loose materials as the standard. The PH value is 7-8. There must be no raw materials, or there will be ghostly fungi in culture. Specific practice: spread the pile out and exhaust the waste gas, which can be opened outdoors in cold weather or directly into the shed. According to the requirements of shed opening, different sheds, different venues, rows, distances and thick wastes are different.
Ingredients and compost
Formula of culture medium: dosage per mu 1, wheat straw 5000 kg, boron fertilizer 200 kg, fresh cow dung 10 m3, urea 40 kg, cottonseed hull 500 kg, oil residue 200 kg, lime 250 kg, gypsum 200 kg, and PH value around 8. 2. 2500 kg of corn straw, 2500 kg of wheat straw, 6 m3 of fresh cow dung, 500 kg of cottonseed hull, 200 kg of oil residue, 200 kg of phosphate fertilizer, 200 kg of gypsum, 40 kg of urea and 250 kg of lime. 3. Stacking: According to its own geographical environment, whether it is greenhouse, greenhouse, field or cave cultivation, stacking and fermentation are all built in breeding places close to the cultivation site and convenient for water and electricity. The composting fermentation steps are pre-wetting, composting, first composting, second composting, third composting, fourth composting and de-composting for about 28 days. It has been described above.
Selection and opening of greenhouses and open spaces
Mushrooms can be cultivated in existing greenhouses, large bow sheds and small and medium-sized sheds. If you want to build a shed, in the field where wheat has been harvested, the bow shed runs north and south, and the greenhouse runs east and west. Use old film or black film in greenhouse, and add straw curtain. Generally, the shed is 30-50 meters long. 1. shed opening method ① straight type: generally, three rows and two lanes (4m shed) or four rows and three walkways are paved in the shed. Pay-off shall be paved with 60cm on both sides, 1.2m in the middle and 70cm in the walkway. ② Horizontal border: Leave 70cm wide ditches in the center of the shed as horizontal border, with 80cm- 1m for each border, and the gap between ditches is 40cm. After that, calculate how many borders the shed can make. No matter which method is used to open the border, the border should be leveled in advance, weeds should be pulled out, and the soil in the shed should be watered once a day before paving, and the humidity is appropriate, so that the soil in the shed can be squeezed into pieces by hand, and then it can be spread, and 25 kilograms of lime can be sprinkled on each mu of land. 2. The method of opening the field edge is to open the edge with a straight edge, with a width of 65,438+0m, a straight edge with a width of 70cm (65,438+00cm is reserved on both sides to borrow soil), a depth of 20cm is the underground edge, and a depth of 20cm is the aboveground edge. Fill the soil with water, then lay the line, lay it, cool it and discharge the waste gas.
broadcast
Sowing should be carried out in sunny and cloudy days, not in rainy days, because the material will increase the water content after being wet by rain, which is easy to be infected with miscellaneous bacteria. It is sunny at noon, and it is not suitable to sow when the sun is strong, so as not to kill the strain. 1. Spreading: Take the fermented compost out of the compost heap, put it on the bed sprinkled with fresh lime, let it cool to below 30℃, then shake the compost evenly and spread it on the bed with turtle back. The compost thickness is about 20 cm, and the compost thickness is uniform. Sow while sowing materials. 2. Sowing methods include sowing, hole sowing and layer sowing. Regardless of greenhouse cultivation or open field cultivation, wheat seeds should be sown in layers. Use 1.5-2 bottles of seeds per square meter. The strain requires thick white mycelium, no yellow water, no atrophy, no mixed bacteria and no mites. First, wash the strain bottle in 0.2% potassium permanganate aqueous solution, disinfect the surface before use, break the strain bottle, put the seed block into a clean basin, break it by hand, take two-thirds of the strain and sprinkle it on the material surface, then grab the culture material with a fork or hand, let the strain block fall into the material layer, level the material surface, then evenly sprinkle the remaining one-third of the strain on the material surface, and finally use a board or basin. The thickness is about 4 cm. Special attention should be paid to: the area should not be too large when sowing, and how much soil should be covered. In addition, the greenhouse can be covered with soil after 7 days of sowing.
Soil covering and management
1, covering time should be covered immediately after sowing, which is beneficial to heat preservation and water growth, and mushrooms can also be produced early. Generally, mushrooms begin to grow about 25 days after sowing. If the material is wet, it can be covered with soil after 7 days of sowing, so that on the one hand, the water can be evaporated, on the other hand, the mycelium growth of the strain block can be seen. After sowing, it can be covered with film or straw curtain. 2. The cultivation of Agaricus bisporus must be covered with soil, and it is impossible to grow mushrooms without covering soil. The greenhouse and open field are cultivated evenly, and soil is directly taken from the aisle. First, break the excavated part of the walkway, sprinkle a little phosphate fertilizer, slag and lime powder on it and mix well. The maximum size of soil particles shall not exceed 2 cm, and the soil moisture shall be kneaded into a flat shape by hand and kneaded into a ball shape without sticking to hands. Cover the soil when sowing. If you sow in the open field, you can directly cover it with a plastic film and a straw curtain. The frame should be turtle-shaped, and the soil around the material surface should be tightly covered, with a uniform thickness of about 4 cm. By the way, a ditch is formed in the aisle, which can drain water, humidify, ventilate and moisturize mushrooms. 3. Sow in the management greenhouse after covering the soil. After covering the soil, the surface of the material can be covered without straw curtain. In order to prevent the rapid loss of water on the soil surface, a plastic film can be covered. Don't uncover the film for the first three days, then uncover it once a day, and ventilate for 30 minutes each time to increase the fresh air in the bacterial bed. If the soil surface is dry and white, you can spray the surface with a sprayer. If the hyphae under the film have been on the soil for about 15 days, the film can be uncovered to increase the humidity, so that the aerial hyphae can lodging and thicken, and grow linearly and horizontally, so that the hyphae in the soil can not reach the soil surface because of the dryness of the soil layer, and can be managed flexibly according to the soil conditions of the hyphae. The distance between mycelium and topsoil is 1 cm, and all substances are white. Can enter the mushroom production period management.
Mushroom production management
When the temperature drops below 20℃ and stays above 13℃, the mycelium full of substances will soon produce mushrooms. At this time, the key is to keep the soil moisture. Check whether the mycelium in the soil layer is about 1 cm away from the ground surface, the edge of the mycelium is low, the fruiting is slow, the mycelium is on the surface layer, the fruiting density is small, and it is easy to become thin-skinned mushroom with low yield. 1, mushroom promotion is to induce hypha to kink and form primordium. The main method of mushroom promotion is water, which is called mushroom water. When the mycelium grows to 1 cm above the soil surface, spray heavy water once, with water of .5-2.5 kg per square meter. Water can be sprayed according to the degree of dryness and wetness of the soil, and it should be sprayed below 20℃ in the morning or afternoon. Increase the ventilation after spraying water. Air holes should be opened on both sides of the greenhouse, and both ends should be exposed, 1-2 times a day, 30 minutes each time. After spraying water, if the temperature is appropriate, a large number of original white spots will be formed in the soil. At this time, water spraying can no longer be used to avoid the death of the original base, and attention should be paid to the management of heat preservation and moisturizing. 2. Management of fruiting body growth time. After 2-3 days, the primordium formed by water spraying will differentiate into mushroom buds. When the soybean grows to the size of soybean, spray heavy water once to increase the soil moisture and meet the water needed for the growth of fruiting bodies. This time, the water is called mushroom water. Spraying water depends on the weather, soil moisture and the size and number of mushroom buds. On sunny days, the soil is dry and white, there are many mushrooms, mushroom buds are big, and the amount of water sprayed is large. Spray water with a sprayer or pour water with a watering can. Rainy days and cloudy days, the soil is wet, there are few mushrooms, and the mushroom buds are small, so spray less or no water. When the mushroom surface is smooth, white and without scales, it means that the water is insufficient, and it is necessary to spray water in time to increase the humidity. The soil moisture of the mushroom can also be squeezed flat and round without sticking hands, and the mushroom cover can be harvested about 5 cm.
Harvest and management
1, when the mushroom bud grows to 3-5 cap diameter, the membrane is not broken and the folds are not exposed, it should be harvested. Generally, it can be harvested in 5-7 days at a suitable temperature. When harvesting, pick the big ones and keep the small ones, and take turns picking, taking care not to hurt the young mushrooms around. For clustered mushrooms, cut the big mushrooms with a knife, leaving the small mushrooms to continue to grow. Stem 1 cm, the incision should be smooth and not broken. When cutting roots, put open mushrooms and deformed mushrooms together, put standard mushrooms together and carefully put them in plastic baskets or barrels. At the same time of harvesting, clean up the dead mushrooms and sick mushrooms on the mushroom bed, and fill the mushroom foot pit with soil. 2. Tide-turning management After harvesting each batch of mushrooms, thoroughly clean up and remove the residual roots and dead mushrooms on the grate bed, repair the covering layer, fill the foot pit of Pleurotus ostreatus, spray insecticide, cypermethrin and acaricide once each, and then spray heavy water again, which is called tide-turning. After 3-5 days, the next wave of mushrooms formed again. Some mushroom beds produce mushrooms continuously, generally 4-5 tide mushrooms, and the nutrition is basically exhausted. Before the Spring Festival is frozen, if you sow early and in early September, you can sow 2-3 crops before 65438+February, then only 1 crop, and sow 3 crops after March in spring. Guanzhong area has a dry climate, high degree of artificial management and obvious mushroom tide times. In the humid areas of the south, mushrooms are constantly produced, and there is no obvious tide. The quality of autumn mushrooms is better than that of spring mushrooms.
Overwintering management
When the temperature is lower than 10℃, few mushrooms grow. At this time, stop spraying water and do a good job in wintering management. Its practice is: cover the bed with a layer of grass curtain or film, keep warm and moisturize, remove the cover 1-2 times a week, and ventilate 1 hour at noon. If there are mushrooms on the bed, harvest them in time, check that the soil on the bed is not too dry and keep the soil in a slightly wet state.
Mushroom management in spring
After harvesting corn stalks in winter every year,11-65438+February can be used for sowing. Mushrooms grow in winter before winter and spring. These mushrooms are also called spring mushrooms. The temperature of autumn mushroom in spring is above 12℃, that is, in mid-March, it will enter the management of spring mushroom. At this time, uncover the film, spray insecticide once, then spray 1 time heavy water, drench the soil and fill the walkway with water. If the soil is dry, it can be flooded twice until the soil penetrates. In spring, the temperature rises quickly and mushrooms grow fast. You need to pick it twice a day in May to avoid picking big mushrooms. After the last two mushrooms come out, they can be sprayed with nutrients and most of them to increase the yield and quality.
Eliminate pests and diseases
In the process of mushroom growth, diseases and pests will occur due to inappropriate environmental conditions, or lack of fermentation culture materials, or failure to clean up in time after mushroom picking. Each manager is required to complete each operation strictly, hygienically and adequately. The fields in the shed are often sprinkled with lime, the materials must be thoroughly cooked and mixed, and the covering soil should be clean. The water should be sanitary, clean and the air in the shed should be fresh. Once there are flies and nematodes, spray them with mushroom insecticide, beta-cypermethrin or salt water, and spots will appear on the upper surface of mushrooms. More ventilation, less water. Spraying Kangning or Chlorothalonil for early prevention and treatment can completely control the occurrence of pests and diseases.