In order to unify the command of a large-scale hunting or fighting, to combine several cattle Lu into a larger unit, with the flag as a guide, not to lose their way. The Manchu word for flag is "Gushan", so the largest unit taller than the cattle is called Gushan, which is called "flag" in Chinese.
Sweet strawberry Miao Tianbao 123
Nurhachu first imitated this custom, compiled the "Lu Niu". 1601, Nurhachu established the Lu Niu military organization. Each Ru Niu has a Ru Niu, five Ru Niu have a peg, each peg has a peg, five pegs have a Lone Mountain, and each Lone Mountain has a Lone Mountain. Each lone hill had a flag of one color.
In the beginning, there were four flags: yellow, red, blue and white. By 1615, due to the increase in population, four more Lone Hills were added and borders were placed around the original flags of various colors. The yellow, white and blue flags were edged in red and the red flags were edged in white to mark the distinction. Initially set up four solid color flag for the yellow levy flag, the positive white flag, the positive blue flag, the positive flag flag, the addition of four new side flags were set up yellow flag, white flag, blue flag, red flag, composed of eight flags, that is, the eight banners of Manchuria.
Nurhachu is the commander-in-chief of the eight banners, all the Manchus are organized into the eight banners, usually production, enlisted in wartime. In this way, the eight banners system has three major functions: military, administrative and production. Tiancongyuan year, Nurhachu eighth son Huang taiji succeeded to the throne, the organization joined the Mongols and Han Chinese, increased the Mongolian eight banners and Han eight banners. In fact, the entry of the Qing Dynasty was twenty-four banners, but customarily still called the eight banners.
Before the entry, the eight banners in the yellow flag, yellow flag by the emperor of Shan Yu direct command, the other six banners by the emperor of Shan Yu's son and nephew command. Shunzhi eight years, dorgon collapse, shunzhi emperor in power. Dolgon under the jurisdiction of the white flag to the emperor's command, the formation of the upper three banners five banners.
In the early Qing Dynasty, in order to strengthen the military defense, eight banners were stationed in the capital and other places. It was not until the middle of the 18th century that the eight banners battalions were finally systematically distributed and permanently stationed at important military sites throughout the country.
The eight banners of the Qing Dynasty were divided into five kinds of troops: the pro-army, the Xiaoqi, the vanguard, the escort, and the infantry, which were called the "frontiersmen". There are also cultivated soldiers. In addition, Jishen battalion is selected from the above battalions. The Kensui Battalion was selected from the Vanguard Battalion. The Gun Battalion, Cannon Battalion, and Rattan Battalion were selected from the Han Army of the Little Seven Battalions. The Firearms Battalion was selected from the Manchurian and Mongolian soldiers who studied firearms. These belong to the special forces.
The eight flags are registered according to the colors of the military flag. The strongest soldiers were in principle edited once every three years and were divided into the main household, other households, other chi and their families. The eight banners set up Zongluo Jueluo school, official school, etc.. and taught their children. The marriage and funeral of the princes and officers and soldiers of the eight clans were regulated. In the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, the Manchus and the Manchus did not intermarry until the twenty-seventh year of Guangxu, when the ban was lifted. In fact, people have intermarried.
Eight marks were set, one for each. Deputy Commander-in-Chief, of the second rank, two for each flag; in charge of the affairs of the twenty-four Manchurian and Han Chinese flags. The following officials are: Participation, Assistant Participation, Assistant Participation, and Little Seven Schools. In addition, the eight banners in various places also have generals, from the first rank; Cheng Shouwei, is the third rank; collar, from the doctrine; lieutenant, is the fourth rank
Even Kangxi in the pacification of the three feuds, had to fight with the Han Chinese green battalions. Thereafter, the Eight Banners officers and soldiers became increasingly corrupt. After the middle of the Qing Dynasty, many of the children of the Eight Banners became poorer and poorer and could not even settle down. After the Opium War, the Qing court's financial resources dried up, and military rations could not be issued on time, so the lives of ordinary Banners were made worse. Until the end of the Qing Dynasty, the eight banners system collapsed, the eight banners also said goodbye to the identity of the "flag", into the Chinese people to create a better future in the historical torrent.
The eight banners won and the eight banners lost.
It can be said that the Eight Banners system allowed the Manchurian Qing Dynasty to rise rapidly and dominate the Central Plains, and it was the Eight Banners system that ruined the Qing Dynasty. Due to the inherent ills of the Eight Banners system, it quickly degenerated into a social carbuncle after the Qing Dynasty won the world, and gradually eroded the social muscle, and finally hollowed out and knocked down completely.
We know that the Qing Dynasty ultimately fell in the Wuchang New Army Uprising, which emerged because the eight banners system of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom was so protracted and flawed that it was no longer sufficient to suppress the unrest. The court had no choice but to let Zeng Guofan and others recruit their own men, resulting in the Xiang and Huai armies. The eight banners system is consistent with the Qing regime, which is not only one of the important factors in the victory of the Qing Dynasty, but also make the Qing Dynasty eventually decline.