The scientific name of Flammulina velutipes is Flammulina velutipes, also known as Flammulina velutipes, Mushrooms, Mushrooms, Frozen Mushrooms, Flammulina velutipes and Intelligent Mushrooms. Because of its slender handle, it looks like a day lily, so it is called Flammulina velutipes, which belongs to Flammulina velutipes, a fungus, algae and lichen. Flammulina velutipes has high medicinal and dietetic effects. Flammulina velutipes is widely distributed in nature, including China, Japanese, Russian, Europe, North America and Australia. Heilongjiang in the north, Yunnan in the south, Jiangsu in the east and Xinjiang in the west are suitable for Flammulina velutipes to grow in China. Flammulina velutipes contains no chlorophyll, no photosynthesis and no carbohydrate, but it can grow completely in the dark. It must absorb ready-made organic substances such as carbohydrates, protein and fat degradation products from the culture medium. It is saprophytic, belonging to heterotrophs and basidiomycetes. Flammulina velutipes is a wood saprophytic fungus, which easily grows on the withered leaves and stumps of broad-leaved trees such as willow, elm and poplar.

1. Growth conditions of Flammulina velutipes

1, temperature: Flammulina velutipes is a low-temperature fruiting fungus, and its mycelium can grow in the range of 5 ~ 32℃, but the optimum temperature is 22 ~ 25℃. Mycelia is resistant to low temperature, but weak to high temperature, and stops growing or even dies above 34℃. The fruiting body differentiated in the range of 3 ~18℃, but the optimum temperature for its formation was 8 ~10℃. Flammulina velutipes grows vigorously at low temperature, but at high temperature, the handle is slender and the lid is small. At the same time, Flammulina velutipes can stimulate the primordia of fruiting bodies when the temperature difference between day and night is large.

2. Moisture: In the mycelium growth stage, the water content of the culture medium should be 65% ~ 70%. Below this water content, the mycelium will grow poorly, and above 70%, the oxygen in the culture medium will decrease, which will affect the normal growth of mycelium. At the stage of primordium formation, the relative humidity of air in the environment is required to be about 85%. In the growth stage of fruiting body, the relative humidity of air should be kept at about 90%. When the humidity is low, the fruiting body can not grow fully, and when the humidity is too high, pests and diseases are easy to occur.

3. Air: Flammulina velutipes is an aerobic fungus, which needs to constantly absorb fresh air during metabolism. In the mycelium growth stage, micro-ventilation can meet the needs of mycelium growth. The fruiting body consumes a lot of oxygen during the formation period, especially when it is cultivated in large quantities. When the concentration of carbon dioxide in the air exceeds 0.6%, the formation of fruiting body and the development of mushroom cap will be inhibited.

4. Illumination: Both mycelium and fruiting body can grow in complete darkness, but in complete darkness, the growth of mushroom cap is slow and small, resulting in more deformed mushrooms. Weak scattered light can stimulate the growth of crown, and too much light will inhibit the growth of stem. Flammulina velutipes, which mainly eats stems, can be shaded by paper tubes during cultivation to promote the elongation of stems.

5.pH: Flammulina velutipes requires acidic environment, and the mycelium can grow in the range of pH 3 ~ 8.4, but the optimum pH is 4 ~ 7, and the optimum pH for fruiting body formation is 5 ~ 6.

Second, Flammulina velutipes planting techniques

1, making a fungus bag.

The production of bacteria bags requires plastic film bags, collars and cotton. The film bag of Flammulina velutipes should be made of polypropylene. The specification is 38 cm long and 15- 16 cm wide. The thickness of film bag is 5-6 silk meters, and the quality of plastic film bag has great influence on the yield of Flammulina velutipes bag cultivation. Attach importance to the inspection of film quality. There are two kinds of collars: plastic collars and cardboard collars. Cotton used as tampons should be exposed to the sun before use and stored in a dry and ventilated place.

Step 2 mix materials

There are two kinds of mixed materials: organic mixing and artificial mixing. When mixing materials, special attention should be paid to the full mixing of various culture materials and auxiliary materials, as well as the full mixing between culture materials and water. The specific method is to weigh the required amount in strict accordance with the formula of the culture medium. Except for a small amount of water-soluble auxiliary materials such as sugar, dry materials are mixed evenly first, and soluble auxiliary materials such as sugar are dissolved in water at the same time. Dilute in proportion, spray on the culture material, and mix while spraying until the water content is appropriate. The theoretical water content of the culture medium for Flammulina velutipes cultivation is 58-65%. However, due to different types of culture media and different dry and wet conditions, it is necessary to master the preparation according to specific conditions. It is usually tested by experience. The method is to hold the culture material by hand and spread it on the ground. Hold the culture medium tightly with thumb, forefinger and middle finger, and it is advisable to see the water mark.

Step 3 load the goods

At present, there is no special bagging machine for cultivating Flammulina velutipes in China, and the cultivated mushroom sawdust can be bagged by bagging machine. The specific operation of manual bagging is: after putting a small amount of culture material into the bag, press the two corners of the bottom of the bag into the bag with your thumb and forefinger to make the bottom square and make the fungus bag stand upright, and then continue bagging and compacting. In order to shorten the culture time of mycelium, a conical rod with a diameter of about 1 cm can be put in a plastic bag when bagging, and the material can be fully bagged and compacted, and then the rod can be gently rotated to take it out. After the materials are packed, put on the collar and put on the cotton plug for disinfection. The amount of nutrients loaded is about 3/5 of the total length of the bag, and 15-20 cm is left at the upper end of the bag.

4, sterilization

The bag cultivation of Flammulina velutipes is clinker cultivation, that is, it needs to be sterilized in a sterilization pot or furnace. During sterilization, the pressure cooker should be kept at 65438 0.5 65438±0.5kg/cm 65438±0.5 hours, and the atmospheric furnace should be kept at 65438 000 hours when the temperature of the culture in the furnace reaches 65438 000℃. After sterilization, open the vent to gradually cool down, and then open the oven door to take out the bag.

Step 5 graft wood

The bag culture inoculation of Flammulina velutipes is usually carried out in a sterilized inoculation box. If there is no inoculation box, it can also be inoculated in the inoculation room according to the conventional operation of edible fungi. Personnel inoculated in the inoculation room should wear clean clothes before entering the inoculation room, and their hands and utensils should be disinfected with 70% alcohol. People should not go in or out until the vaccination is completed. The cultivated varieties of Flammulina velutipes should be carefully selected. If it is found that the strains with miscellaneous bacteria cannot be used, the age of the bacteria should be within 1.5 months. When inoculating, the mouth of plastic bag should be close to the aseptic ring of alcohol lamp flame, and the inoculation amount should be large. A small amount of bacteria should be inoculated in the hole, and most of them are distributed on the surface of the culture medium, so that about 40 bags of original seeds can be inoculated in each bottle.

Thirdly, the management of mycelium growth period.

The management of the mycelium growth period of Flammulina velutipes bag culture refers to the management from inoculation to fruiting. The main task of this stage management is to create the most suitable temperature for the growth of Flammulina velutipes mycelium as much as possible. After inoculation, the fungus bags should be moved to the mycelium culture room in time, and the mycelium culture room should be kept clean and dry with a relative humidity of about 70%. When the relative humidity of the culture room is too low, the air is dry and the moisture of the culture material is easy to evaporate; When the relative humidity in the culture room is higher than 70%, it is easy to cause mixed bacteria pollution. The temperature of the culture room is controlled at about 20-23℃. After 3 to 4 weeks of culture, mycelium can be full of culture.

Fourth, the management of the result period.

Fruiting period management can be divided into bud promotion management and fruit management.

1, accelerate germination

When the mycelium is full of fungus bags, it should be moved to the germination room for germination management. There are two ways to promote bud management. One method is to remove the cotton plug and cotton collar, straighten the upper end of the plastic film bag into a cylinder, cover the plastic bag with clean newspaper, spray water on the newspaper every day to keep it moist, or cover it with agricultural plastic film. Another method is to remove the cotton plug and cotton from the fungus bag, straighten the upper end of the plastic bag, and then fold it to one side, so that the upper end of the plastic bag is folded into a wedge shape. In this method, the inverted plastic bag is used to moisturize, and there is no need to add newspapers and spray water, only to increase the humidity of the indoor space for promoting germination. In order to promote the orderly growth of mushroom buds, the temperature can be reduced to 4-5℃ after budding and ventilated frequently. A large number of orderly mushroom buds can be formed after low temperature treatment for about 10 days.

2. Mushroom management

When a large number of mushroom buds appear in order, they will be transferred to mushroom production management. If you want to keep moisture and promote germination by folding plastic bags upside down, straighten the plastic bags and cover them with clean newspapers or plastic films. The temperature in the fruiting stage was increased from 4-5℃ in the germination stage to 12- 16℃, but it should not be higher than 18℃. If the temperature is higher than 18℃, the mushroom stalks are thin and yellow-brown, and the commodity value decreases. If there is no air conditioning equipment, pay attention to heat preservation and close the doors and windows at low temperature. The temperature of doors and windows is tighter to lower the room temperature. When producing mushrooms, the relative humidity of the air in the cultivation room should be 90-95%.

Step 3 harvest

Flammulina velutipes should be harvested at the right time. Harvest when the stem is not fully extended, and the yield is low; The mushroom cap is completely unfolded or rolled up, which has high yield, but poor shape, which affects the commodity value. Canned food should be harvested at the beginning of mushroom cover. After 6-7 minutes, when the mushroom cover is opened, fresh mushrooms can be harvested. After harvesting, the aged hyphae on the surface of the culture medium should be scraped off, the material should be leveled, and then the bag mouth should be folded to allow the hyphae to grow again.

Step 4 stage by stage

Fresh Flammulina velutipes is usually divided into four grades. The first-class mushroom can't be opened, with a diameter of about 1 cm and a stalk length of 15 cm. Mushrooms are white and fresh in color, and there is no rot and deterioration. The secondary cap can't be opened, the cap diameter is below 1.5 cm, the stem length is below 13 cm, and the stem base is yellow to light brown, with good freshness and no rot. The diameter of the third-grade cap is less than 2.5 cm, the stem length is less than 1 1 cm, and the stem 1/2 is light brown, which has good freshness and does not rot.