1. Eurasian populations
It is the species with the highest cultivation value and is widely distributed around the world. This species can be divided into two subspecies: the wild cis-type forest grape and the cultivated type. Eurasian grapes have weak cold resistance, are susceptible to fungal diseases, are not resistant to phylloxera, and have strong lime resistance. There are differences among different varieties in terms of drought resistance, salt resistance, and adaptability to soil.
2. North American populations
It includes 28 species, only a few of which are used in production and breeding. Most of them are strong vines that grow in forests and river valleys in eastern North America. Commonly used species in cultivation and breeding include:
(1) American grape grows wild in the southeastern United States and southern Canada. It has strong cold resistance, can withstand -30°C, and has moderate disease resistance. The most commonly cultivated varieties in production are Isabella, Konco, Cataba, etc., which are natural hybrid varieties of this variety and Eurasian grapes. Among them, Canker is a famous variety for making red grape juice.
(2) Riparian grape is native to eastern North America. It has strong cold resistance and can withstand -30°C. It has strong resistance to fungal diseases and phylloxera. It is mainly used in breeding to cultivate phylloxera-resistant rootstocks. Betta, a cross between Vitis riparia and Vitis americana, can be used as a cold-resistant rootstock.
(3) Sand grapes are native to the central and southern United States and grow in dry canyons, hills and gravel soils. They are small shrubs with strong branches. This species has strong disease resistance to phylloxera, is cold-resistant and drought-tolerant, and is mainly used to cultivate phylloxera-resistant rootstocks. (4) Blanche grape, also known as Spanish grape, is native to the southern United States and northern Mexico. It is a small climbing plant that can withstand less than 65% of soluble lime. Hybrid varieties of this species and Eurasian species can also tolerate 40% to 45% lime. This species is mainly used to cultivate rootstocks that are resistant to phylloxera and calcareous soil. Some famous rootstock varieties such as Kober 5BB, 420A, SO4, etc. are hybrids of this species and Riparian grape.
3. East Asian populations
Including more than 39 species, growing in forests, mountains, river valleys and coasts in China, North Korea, Japan, the Far East of the former Soviet Union and other places. There are about 30 species growing in China, with rich varieties and types. They are mainly used as rootstocks, for ornamental purposes and as raw materials for breeding.
(1) Vitis vinifera grows wild in Northeast China, the Far East of the former Soviet Union and North Korea. It is the most cold-resistant species in the genus Vitis. The branches and vines can withstand severe cold of -40℃, and the root system can withstand -14℃~16℃. It is not resistant to cold. Phylloxera and fungal diseases. Mountain grape grows vigorously, and its branches and vines can climb up to 25m in the forest. It is dioecious. my country once bred a complete flower variety Shuangqing, and the former Soviet Union also found varieties with two flower types. After years of efforts by scientific and technological workers, wild grapevines have been successfully domesticated and cultivated. The Special Products Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences and other units have selected some excellent grapevine strains, such as Changbai No. 5, 6, and 9, Tonghua No. 1, 2, No. 3, Zuoshan 1, Zuoshan 2 and bisexual flower varieties, etc., the yield of artificially cultivated mountain grapes can reach about 700-800kg per mu. This variety is an excellent parent for cold-resistant breeding. The Beijing Botanical Garden of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the Jilin Chestnut Tree Research Institute and other units have used the cross between Vitis vinifera and Eurasian grapes (rosacea) to develop new cold-resistant wine grape varieties such as Beichun, Beimei, Gongniang No. 1, Gongniang No. 2, etc., which have been used in It is widely cultivated in production. (2) Wild in the provinces of North, Central and South China, as well as North Korea and Japan. It has strong cold resistance and can survive the winter in the open field in North China. It has strong fruiting ability. The Beijing Botanical Garden and other institutions have used it to cross with Eurasian species and obtain some varieties suitable for making juice. (3) Kudzu grows wild in Hainan, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Hunan, Hubei, Yunnan and other provinces as well as North Korea and Japan. The fruit is small, sour in taste, and has strong disease resistance. Jiangxi Agricultural University used this species as the male parent and crossed it with Rose Fragrance to develop a purple-black, small-fruited, wine-making variety called Rose Wild Grape, which is suitable for high temperature and rainy climates. (4) V. davidii Foex. is a vine shrub that grows wild in Hunan, Zhejiang, Jiangxi and other provinces. With strong growth potential and strong disease resistance, this species can be used as a moisture-resistant rootstock and an excellent raw material for disease-resistant and moisture-resistant breeding. In addition, there are many valuable germplasm resources in the East Asian populations native to China, which have yet to be developed and utilized, such as: North China grapes with strong fruiting ability, Yanshan grapes with drought and cold resistance, East China grapes with resistance to hot and humid climates Grapes etc.