Chinese alias calcium oxalate; Calcium oxalate (1:1); calcium oxalate

English name calcium oxalate

English alias calcium oxalate; UNII-26 12hc 57 ye； Calcium oxalate (1:1); Calcium oxalate (1:1); Oxalic acid, calcium salt (1:1); Calcium glycol

Chemical formula CaC2O4

Molecular weight 128. 10

Si Nuo. 563-72-4

European energy center number 209-260- 1

Property density is 2.20.

Physical and chemical properties:

Calcium oxalate (also known as calcium oxalate) is a white crystalline powder. Insoluble in water and acetic acid, soluble in concentrated hydrochloric acid or concentrated nitric acid. It will become calcium carbonate or calcium oxide when burned. Toxic.

Used for glazing ceramics and making oxalic acid.

Its crystal is a colorless columnar crystal containing bimolecular crystal water, which is a common component of plants, especially herbs, and mostly exists in the form of potassium salt or calcium salt. Begonia and banana exist in the form of free acid. When the crystal is heated to 100℃, it loses crystallization water and becomes anhydrous oxalic acid. Anhydrous oxalic acid has a melting point of 189.5℃, which is soluble in water or ethanol and insoluble in ether. The laboratory can use oxalic acid to decompose by heat to produce carbon monoxide gas.

Gem introduction

Calcium oxalate stone is the most common of the five kinds of kidney calculi, accounting for more than 80% in kidney calculi. It is formed in acidic or neutral urine, and the patients are mostly young adults and men.

The main reason for the formation of kidney calculi is diet. It is caused by too many related ingredients that can form stones in the diet.

A. Among them, the excessive accumulation of oxalic acid is the biggest reason. The accumulation of oxalic acid in the body is one of the factors leading to kidney calculi. Such as spinach, beans, grapes, cocoa, tea, oranges, potatoes, plums, bamboo shoots and other things that people generally like to eat are foods with high oxalic acid content. Doctors found through research that 200 grams of spinach contains 725.6 milligrams of oxalic acid. If a person eats all 200 grams of spinach at one time, 8 hours after eating, the excretion of oxalic acid in urine is 20-25 mg, which is equivalent to the average total amount of oxalic acid excreted by normal people in 24 hours.

B. The second reason is the increase of sugar. Sugar is an important nutrient of human body, so it should be supplemented regularly and appropriately. However, if you supplement too much at once, especially lactose, it will also create conditions for the formation of stones. Experts found that both normal people and patients with stones, after eating100g sucrose, examined their urine for 2 hours, and found that the concentrations of calcium and oxalic acid in urine increased. If lactose is ingested, it can promote the absorption of calcium, which is more likely to lead to the accumulation of calcium oxalate in the body and form urinary calculi.

C. The third reason is protein overdose. The chemical analysis of kidney calculi showed that calcium oxalate accounted for 87.5% of the stones. The source of such a large proportion of calcium oxalate is that in protein, besides glycine and hydroxyproline, protein can also promote the absorption of calcium by intestinal function. If you often eat too much high-protein food, calcium, oxalic acid, uric acid and other components in the kidney and urine will generally increase. If the excess calcium, oxalic acid and uric acid in the body cannot be excreted through renal function in time and effectively, the conditions of kidney calculi and ureteral calculi will be formed. This is the main reason for the rising incidence in kidney calculi, a developed country in the world.

food therapy

Calcium oxalate stone: low calcium and low oxalic acid diet should be adopted. Eat less milk and dairy products, bean products, meat, animal internal organs (such as liver, heart, kidney, intestine, etc.). ), as well as chocolate, strong tea, sesame paste, egg yolk, mushrooms, spinach, dried shrimps, radishes, cocoa, celery, potatoes and so on. It is found that cellulose in food can reduce the formation of urinary calcium, such as wheat bran bread and rice bran in wheat bran food, which is effective for recurrent high calcium urinary calculi. Lack of vitamin B 1 and vitamin B6 increases urinary oxalic acid, so foods rich in these vitamins, such as grains, dried fruits and hard fruits, should be increased.

(1) Drinking plenty of boiled water and water will dilute urine, reduce the concentration of calcium ions and oxalate, and will not form calcium oxalate stones. Studies have shown that the incidence of kidney calculi can be reduced by 86% if urine volume increases by 50%.

(2) Reasonable calcium supplementation, especially dietary calcium supplementation. Kidney calculi patients often "talk about calcium discoloration" and mistakenly think that calcium is the chief culprit in kidney calculi, but it is not. Kidney calculi patients also need calcium supplements. The medical profession explains why kidney calculi patients need calcium supplementation from two different angles.

First of all, calcium supplementation can combine with oxalic acid contained in vegetables in the gastrointestinal tract to form insoluble calcium oxalate, which will be excreted with feces, reducing part of oxalic acid absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract and excreted by the kidneys, thus reducing the probability of kidney calculi.

The second is the "acid-base balance theory" put forward by Japanese scholars. That is, when the blood is acidic, it is easy to form stones. When alkaline, inhibit the formation of stones. When calcium is deficient, the blood is acidic, and reasonable calcium supplementation makes the blood alkaline, which is beneficial to inhibit the formation of stones.

(3) Limit sugar intake. A recent study by American scientists shows that eating high-sugar foods will increase the risk of kidney calculi's disease. So pay attention to eating less sweets.

(4) Eat less foods with high oxalate content. Foods with high oxalate content include tomatoes, spinach, strawberries, beets and chocolate. Excessive oxalate intake is also one of the main reasons for kidney calculi.

(5) Eat less soy products. The content of oxalate and phosphate in soybean food is very high, which can be fused with calcium in kidney to form stones.

(6) Drink milk carefully before going to bed. People with poor sleep, drinking milk before going to bed will help them sleep. However, after sleep, urine volume decreased and concentrated, and various tangible substances in urine increased. 2~3 hours after drinking milk is the peak of calcium excretion through the kidney. Calcium suddenly increases through the kidney in a short time, which is easy to form stones. Therefore, kidney calculi patients should not drink milk with high calcium content before going to bed.

(7) Don't eat too much cod liver oil. Cod liver oil is rich in vitamin D, which can promote the absorption of calcium and phosphorus by intestinal membrane. However, sudden increase in the excretion of calcium and phosphorus in urine will inevitably lead to precipitation and easy formation of stones.

(8) Eat more black fungus. Auricularia auricula is rich in various minerals and trace elements, which can produce a strong chemical reaction to various stones, so that stones can be stripped, differentiated, dissolved and excreted.

medicine

(1) Citric acid Citric acid is an important inhibitor of naturally occurring stones in urine. It can affect the crystallization of calcium oxalate in many ways, and 60% patients with calcium oxalate stones have reduced urinary citrate excretion. Citrate has a weak direct inhibitory effect on the growth of calcium oxalate crystals, and works with macromolecules in urinary tract to reduce the growth rate and supersaturation of calcium oxalate. The remission rate of citrate in the treatment of stones is extremely high, which can significantly increase the excretion of citrate in urine, thus reducing the recurrence rate of calcium oxalate stones.

(2) Magnesium preparation can reduce the supersaturated concentration of calcium oxalate, increase the solubility and inhibit the growth and aggregation of calcium oxalate crystals. Hypomagnesemia is a risk factor for stone formation. Magnesium preparation is an early drug for preventing and treating calcium oxalate stones in bed, and its curative effect is good. Supplementing magnesium oxide or magnesium citrate to patients with magnesium deficiency stones can increase the excretion of urinary magnesium and citrate, reduce the supersaturation of urinary oxalate and calcium oxalate and reduce the recurrence rate of stones.

(3) Oral phosphate therapy is reasonable for patients with calcium-containing stones and hypercalciuria. High phosphate intake can increase urinary phosphate excretion, inhibit intestinal absorption of calcium by reducing vitamin D, thus reducing urinary calcium excretion and increasing the excretion of pyrophosphate, a crystallization inhibitor of calcium oxalate.

(4) Cellulose Phosphate Sodium Cellulose Phosphate Sodium is an ion exchanger, which can combine with divalent ions in the intestine to exchange sodium, which can effectively reduce the absorption of calcium in the gastrointestinal tract, but also reduce the absorption of magnesium, and increase the absorption of oxalic acid by limiting the formation of calcium oxalate in the intestine. For absorption hypercalciuria, it is reasonable to use sodium cellulose phosphate, supplement magnesium and limit oxalate diet.

(5) The study of acetylcysteine proved that the number of large crystals in urine of patients with urolithiasis was significantly higher than that of normal people, and these large crystals were easy to form stones due to the polymerization of mucin. Acetylcysteine can inhibit the polymerization of TH mucin, reduce the content of calcium oxalate crystals and prevent the formation of kidney calculi. The most obvious change of patients with urolithiasis after taking acetylcysteine orally is the decrease of large crystal blocks in urine, thus reducing the risk of urolithiasis. The oral dose of acetylcysteine is 3 grams per day, taken four times. After clinical use, the side effects of acetylcysteine are very small.

Other drugs include sphingosine, taurine, biliverdol and magnesium gluconate. For patients with excessive intake of oxalate and its precursors, it is only necessary to avoid eating foods and drugs rich in oxalate and its precursors, such as spinach, coriander, tea, vitamin C and so on. When vitamin B6 is deficient, glyoxylic acid in human body can not be converted into glycine, but into oxalic acid through oxidation. For hyperoxaluria caused by vitamin B6 deficiency, a small dose of vitamin B6 can significantly reduce the urine oxalic acid concentration.

product application

Calcium oxalate crystal: the formation of calcium oxalate crystal is considered to have detoxification effect, that is, a large amount of oxalic acid toxic to plants is neutralized by calcium. In organs, with the aging of tissues, the crystallization of calcium oxalate gradually increases. Calcium oxalate is often a colorless and transparent crystal, which is distributed in cell fluid in different forms. Generally speaking, only one form can be seen in a plant, but a few plants have two or three forms.

Calcium oxalate crystal is a secondary metabolite in the process of plant growth and development, which widely exists in plant tissues and cells. During the growth and development of each plant, the types, shapes and sizes of crystals contained in tissues and cells are relatively stable, that is, the shapes, sizes and distributions of crystals are different in different medicinal families and genera. According to this feature, it can be used to identify different species of medicinal materials or as an auxiliary basis for the classification and retrieval of unknown medicinal materials in microscopic identification [1].

A. Types and distribution of calcium oxalate crystals [2,3]

Calcium oxalate crystal can be divided into tetragonal system and monoclinic system according to different crystal properties, which is due to the different amount of crystallization water contained in the crystal. Tetragonal crystal system contains three kinds of crystal water, including square crystal, sand crystal, columnar crystal and cluster crystal. The monoclinic system contains 1 crystal water, and most of them appear in the form of needle crystals. The reason for its formation may be that cells often contain mucus, which is sticky and the crystal deposition speed is fast. Calcium oxalate crystal is insoluble in chloral hydrate solution and dilute acetic acid, soluble in dilute hydrochloric acid, without bubbles, and forms acicular calcium sulfate crystal when it meets sulfuric acid.

According to the morphological classification of Pobeg-uin [4], calcium oxalate crystals can be divided into three types: (1) cluster crystals (including lotus crystals, spherulites and polycrystals); (2) Single crystals (including square crystals, sand crystals, rhombic crystals and crystals with similar long and short diameters); (3) Needle crystals (including columnar crystals, rod crystals and rod crystals).

1. 1 cluster crystal: the crystal shape of calcium oxalate is cluster needle. Its diameter ranges from 2 ~ 190μ m, and it exists not only in parenchyma cells and intercellular spaces of plant tissues, but also in thick-walled cells and aleurone particles. Medicinal materials with cluster crystals in parenchyma cells and intercellular spaces include Radix Stephaniae Tetrandrae, Radix et Rhizoma Rhei, Radix Paeoniae Alba, Radix Paeoniae Rubra, Radix Notoginseng, Ginseng Radix, Radix Angelicae Dahuricae, Rhizoma Chuanxiong and Radix Dipsaci. The medicinal materials with cluster crystals and aleurone particles in thick-walled cells are Broussonetia papyrifera, Fructus Cnidii and Fructus Foeniculi.

1.2 single crystal: calcium oxalate single crystal includes square crystal and sand crystal. Square crystal of calcium oxalate: the crystal is square, rhombic, polyhedral, prismatic, rectangular and irregular. Crystals generally exist in parenchyma cells, and some exist in parenchyma cells around fiber cells, forming crystal sheath fibers; Some exist in stone cells and thick-walled cells; Or several situations exist at the same time. The crystal diameter ranges from a few microns to 70 microns. Medicinal materials existing in parenchyma cells include papaya, hemp seed, bergamot, dried tangerine peel, green tangerine peel, rafters and so on. Calcium oxalate sand crystals: Calcium oxalate crystals are granular, dispersed or clustered, and exist in parenchyma cells. There are the following medicinal materials, such as Radix Cyathulae, Radix Bupleuri, Radix Clematidis, Uncaria rhynchophylla, Fructus Lycii, etc.

1.3 acicular crystals of calcium oxalate: including acicular crystals, columnar crystals, rod-shaped crystals and rod-shaped crystals. The crystals are needle-shaped, columnar and rod-shaped, bundled or dispersed in parenchyma cells and mucus cells, and the range of crystals is usually from a few microns to 25 microns ... It is distributed in the following medicinal materials: Morinda officinalis, Atractylodes lancea, Pinellia ternata, Arisaema, etc.

1.4 mixed crystals of calcium oxalate: there are two or more crystal forms of calcium oxalate in the tissue cells of the same medicinal material, and the crystal diameters range from several microns to112 μ m. For example, cluster crystals+cubic crystals: calcium oxalate cluster crystals and cubic crystals exist in the tissue cells of medicinal materials, such as polygala tenuifolia, Toosendan Fructus and Ziziphi Spinosae Semen.

B, using the existence of crystals as one of the evidences for microscopic identification of medicinal materials.

2. Identification of authenticity of1Panax notoginseng: Panax notoginseng is the wall of Panax notoginseng. VAX。 Sanqi (Burkill)hoo &；; Tseng] roots, calcium oxalate clusters and water in parenchyma cells. False: (1) There are no calcium oxalate crystals in the parenchyma cells of the rhizome of Compositae plant Inula notoginseng. (2) There are no calcium oxalate crystals in the rhizome and tissue cells of Curcuma zedoary.

2.2 Identification of Trichosanthes kirilowii and its adulterants: Trichosanthes kirilowii. It is the root of cucurbitaceae, and there are no calcium oxalate crystals in tissues and cells. False: (1) Cucurbitaceae tuberous root [bitter gourd. )Spreng。 The parenchyma cells contain calcium oxalate crystals, which form crystal sheath fibers with fibers. 2 Luo? The tuberous roots and parenchyma cells of Cynanchum bungeanum, a family plant, contain calcium oxalate clusters.

C, using different crystal morphology as one of the evidences for microscopic identification of medicinal materials.

3. Identification of1Ji Fang and its adulterants: Ji Fang: The dry root of Litsea litsea contains calcium oxalate clusters in its parenchyma cells. False: The dry root of Aristolochia of Aristolochiaceae contains calcium oxalate prisms in parenchyma cells.

3.2 People participate in the identification of counterfeit products: the rhizome of Ginseng (Araliaceae) contains calcium oxalate clusters in parenchyma cells. Roots and parenchyma cells of Phytolacca acinosa (1). Needle-like crystal bundles containing calcium oxalate sand. (2) The roots and parenchyma cells of Solanaceae plants contain calcium oxalate sand crystals. (3) The root of Euphorbiaceae. The parenchyma cells contain calcium oxalate sand crystals. (4) The parenchyma cells of Mirabilis jalapa root contain needle-like calcium oxalate crystal bundles.

D, identifying medicinal materials by using different crystal sizes.

4. 1 Differentiation between Araceae Araceae Araceae Araceae Araceae Araceae Araceae Araceae Araceae Araceae Araceae Araceae Araceae Araceae Araceae Araceae Araceae Araceae Araceae Araceae Araceae Araceae Araceae Araceae Araceae Araceae Araceae Araceae Araceae Araceae Araceae Araceae Araceae Araceae Araceae Araceae Araceae Araceae Araceae Araceae Araceae Araceae Araceae Araceae Araceae Araceae Araceae Araceae Araceae Araceae Araceae Araceae Araceae Araceae Araceae Araceae Araceae Araceae Araceae Araceae Araceae Araceae Araceae Araceae Araceae Araceae Araceae Araceae Araceae Araceae Araceae Araceae Araceae. )Breit。 ] Araceae. Needle-like crystals of calcium oxalate exist in mucus cells, which are distributed in a single bundle or scattered, with a length of 20 ~110 μ m.

4.2 Identification of Arctium lappa L. and its adulterants [5]: Arctium lappa L. is the mature fruit of Arctium lappa L., and the square crystal of calcium oxalate exists in the brown endocarp cells, with a diameter of 6 μ m ~ 18 μ m. Fake: the mature fruit of Echinacea purpurea L. of Compositae. Square crystals of calcium oxalate exist in the cells of brown-red endocarp, with a diameter of 6 ~10 μ m. ..

Safety terminology

S26 In case of contact with eyes, immediately flush with plenty of water and seek medical attention.

After accidental contact with eyes, please immediately rinse with plenty of water and seek medical attention.

S37/39 Wear proper gloves and eye/face protection devices.

Wear suitable gloves, goggles or masks.

S24/25 Avoid contact with skin and eyes.

Avoid contact with skin and eyes.

Risk terminology

R20/2 1/22 Inhalation, skin contact and swallowing are harmful.

Inhalation, skin contact and swallowing are harmful.

R36/37/38 is irritating to eyes, respiratory system and skin.

Irritating to eyes, respiratory system and skin.

R2 1/22 Harmful to skin contact and swallowing.

Harmful to skin contact and swallowing.

refer to

[1] Wang Xifang: Preliminary analysis of 57 kinds of calcium oxalate crystals; Journal of traditional chinese medicine, China1989; 14(3): 10

[2] He Zhengquan: The distribution of calcium oxalate crystal in angiosperms and its application in micropharmacology; Journal of traditional chinese medicine, China1989; 14( 1):3

[3] Xu Yimin et al: The types and distribution of crystals in medicinal plants are described in China Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine 1989; 14(2):6

[4]Pobehuin T . Ann Sci Nat Bot Ser 1943； 1 1(4): 1

[5] Li Feng: Identification of Xinjiang Fructus Arctii and its adulterants; Bulletin of Traditional Chinese Medicine1987; 12(4):6