A few common respiratory infectious diseases epidemic characteristics:

1, influenza referred to as influenza, is an acute respiratory infectious disease caused by the influenza virus, highly contagious.

The source of infection is influenza patients. Influenza is mainly spread by air or droplet transmission in crowded and confined environments, and can also be transmitted through direct contact with the patient's secretions.

The population is generally susceptible. The incubation period is short, usually 1-3 days.

The influenza epidemic has a certain seasonality, China's northern region of the epidemic generally occur in the winter and spring seasons, the south of the four seasons have cases, the peak of the incidence of summer and winter.

The main clinical manifestations: fever, headache, myalgia, malaise, rhinitis, sore throat and cough, but also gastrointestinal discomfort.

2. Mumps is an acute respiratory infection caused by the mumps virus.

The source of infection is mumps patients and people who carry the virus. Mumps can be spread by direct contact with the patient's saliva or droplets. Patients are contagious from 6 or 7 days before to 9 days after the parotid gland swells significantly.

Susceptible people are children and adolescents older than 1 year. The incubation period is 12 to 25 days, usually 18 days. Infection usually results in persistent immunity.

Mumps occurs throughout the year, but mainly in winter and spring.

The main clinical manifestations: prodromal symptoms may appear fever, headache, weakness, loss of appetite, etc., 1 to 2 days after the onset of the zygomatic arches or ear pain, and then salivary gland enlargement, usually seen on one side or bilateral parotid swelling, in addition to parotid gland swelling, but also can cause meningitis, meningoencephalitis, testicular inflammation, ovarian inflammation, pancreatitis, etc..

3. Chickenpox is an acute respiratory infection caused by varicella zoster virus (a type of herpes virus).

The source of infection is the chickenpox patient. Chickenpox is transmitted through droplets produced by the patient's cough or airborne nasopharyngeal secretions, and can also be transmitted directly through person-to-person contact, or indirectly through contact with items contaminated with chickenpox plasma.

The population is generally susceptible, but the disease is mainly children. The incubation period is 10 to 24 days, usually 14 to 16 days. Lifelong immunity can be obtained after the disease.

The main clinical manifestations: the patient is infectious from 2 days before the appearance of the rash to 6 days after the appearance of the rash. In the early stages of the disease, there is a slight fever, fatigue and weakness; the macular rash transforms into papules and herpes a few hours after the rash appears. The distribution of the rash is centripetal, i.e. more on the trunk and head and less on the extremities. The typical blistering rash usually lasts about 1-6 days. Since the rash is sequential and appears in batches, all stages of the rash (i.e., macules, papules, herpes, and crusts) can be seen together in the same area of the patient's body within the first 2-3 days of rash appearance. In most cases, the patient's symptoms are mild and may resolve without treatment.

4. Measles is an acute respiratory infection caused by the measles virus.

The source of infection is measles patients. Measles is mainly spread through droplets or direct contact with the patient's nasopharyngeal secretions.

The population is generally susceptible. Before there was a measles vaccine, measles was a widespread childhood infection; after the invention of the relevant vaccine, the incidence of measles has been greatly reduced. The incubation period for measles is 7 to 18 days, usually 14 days. There is persistent immunity after recovery from the disease.

Measles occurs more often in winter and spring, but can occur throughout the year.

The main clinical manifestations: cough, runny nose, fever, red eyes and white spots in the mouth (Koch's white spots) in the early stage of infection; maculopapular rash will appear on the skin in 3 to 7 days, usually spreading from the face to the whole body, lasting for 4 to 7 days, and may be up to 3 weeks, leaving brown scars or flaking; the respiratory system, digestive system and the brain of those who are seriously ill will be affected, leading to serious consequences, and even death. The respiratory and digestive systems and the brain can be affected in severe cases, leading to serious consequences and even death.

Second, respiratory infectious disease prevention and control focus

1, maintain good personal and environmental hygiene.

2, wash your hands often, use soap or hand sanitizer and wash your hands with running water, do not use dirty towels to wipe your hands. Hands should be washed immediately after contact with respiratory secretions (e.g. after sneezing).

3, sneezing or coughing should be handkerchiefs or tissues to cover the mouth and nose, to avoid droplet pollution of others. Patients should wear masks at home or when going out to avoid infecting others.

4, balanced diet, moderate exercise, adequate rest, avoid excessive fatigue.

5, school classrooms, dormitories and other concentrated places should be opened several times a day to ventilate (winter to avoid the wind through the hall), to keep the indoor air fresh.

6, in the high incidence of respiratory infectious diseases, try not to crowded, dirty air places; have to go, it is best to wear a mask.

7, in the flu epidemic season before the flu vaccine can also reduce the chance of infection or reduce flu symptoms.

8, prevention and control of respiratory infectious diseases, the key to do "four early", namely: early detection, early reporting, early isolation, early treatment.

(1) the establishment of the school morning inspection system, the cause of absenteeism due to disease tracing and registration system for the early detection of infectious diseases is very very important, especially in the epidemic season of infectious diseases. Therefore, schools (especially primary and secondary schools) or child care institutions should establish and implement the establishment of a school morning examination system, the cause of absence due to disease tracing and registration system. Teachers who find students with early symptoms of infectious diseases, suspected infectious disease patients and absence from school due to illness should promptly inform the school infectious disease epidemiologist for further investigation to ensure that infectious diseases are detected and reported early.

(2) Once the school found infectious disease patients or suspected infectious disease patients, should be promptly reported to the local disease prevention and control agencies, and at the same time to the higher education administrative departments. And under the guidance of the health department to make appropriate prevention and control work. Education administrative departments at all levels receive reports of infectious disease outbreaks in schools, should be promptly reported to the higher level of education administrative departments and the same level of government and health administrative departments.

Epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis prevention and control knowledge

Epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis, referred to as "meningoencephalitis", is caused by Neisseria meningitidis and spread through the respiratory tract caused by a kind of purulent meningitis. After infection with Neisseria meningitidis, most of the people show nasopharyngeal bacterial status (carriers), and only a few of them become patients with meningitis. Patients with meningitis and carriers are the source of infection. The germs are spread directly from the air by coughing, sneezing, etc. via droplets. The population is generally susceptible, but predominantly adolescents aged 10-20 years. The disease can develop throughout the year, but it mostly occurs in winter and spring (November to May, with a peak in March-April). The main clinical manifestations of epidemic encephalitis are sudden onset of high fever, headache, vomiting, meningeal irritation such as hemorrhagic spots or petechiae on the skin and mucous membranes and cervical stiffness, and cerebrospinal fluid showing purulent changes. A few cases of severe condition, rapid progression of the disease, improper treatment can easily lead to death.

The key to preventing and controlling "epidemic brain" is to do the "four early", namely: early detection, early reporting, early isolation, early treatment. The prevention and control measures are based on strengthening personal protection, preventive vaccination, strengthening monitoring, early detection of patients, and active isolation and treatment.

On epidemic detection and reporting. The establishment of a sound monitoring and reporting system for infectious diseases in schools is crucial to the early detection and control of "epidemic" in schools. Educational administrative departments at all levels and schools must as soon as possible clear school infectious disease outbreak reporters, responsible for school infectious disease monitoring and reporting work. The school infectious disease epidemic reporter should keep abreast of the students' attendance and health condition, and once found infectious disease patients or suspected infectious disease patients, should promptly report to the local disease prevention and control organization, and at the same time report to the higher education administrative departments.

(I) epidemic discovery. Primary and secondary schools should establish and implement the "morning inspection" system to strengthen the monitoring of students' health status. Morning inspection should be under the guidance of the school full-time (part-time) health care personnel or school infectious disease outbreak reporter, by the class teacher or classroom hygienist to the school in the morning each student observation, questioning, and timely understanding of the students' attendance, health status; class teacher or classroom hygienist found that students with early symptoms of infectious diseases (such as fever, body aches, headache, vomiting, coughing, skin and mucous membrane hemorrhages or petechiae, etc.) and suspected infectious disease patients (including those who have been infected with infectious diseases). As well as suspected infectious disease patients (students on sick leave should be traced for the cause of the disease), they should be promptly reported to full-time (part-time) health care personnel or school infectious disease outbreak reporters for investigation to ensure that early detection is achieved. In addition, schools should educate students to carry out self-observation and tell their parents or teachers promptly if they have fever, generalized pain, headache, vomiting, coughing and other physical discomforts, so as to ensure early detection and treatment.

(ii) Outbreak reporting. When symptoms such as fever, generalized pain, headache, vomiting, coughing, bleeding spots or petechiae on the skin and mucous membranes occur in more than one student within a short period of time in the same class, on the same floor, or in the same dormitory, a high degree of attention should be paid to whether it is a precursor symptom of an epidemic of an infectious disease. Class teachers or teachers, dormitory administrators and other relevant personnel should immediately report to full-time (part-time) health care personnel or the school's communicable disease outbreak reporter. The school's infectious disease epidemic reporter must be the first time to the location, county (district) level disease prevention and control institutions, and at the same time to the higher education authorities. The report should include: time of onset, place of onset, number of cases, main symptoms, close contacts, and measures taken. After receiving the report of the epidemic, the educational administrative departments at all levels should promptly report to the higher educational administrative departments and health administrative departments, and major epidemics should be reported to the local government.

On the handling of epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis epidemic. The occurrence of "epidemic" schools should take the initiative to cooperate with the Center for Disease Control and Prevention to carry out the work, provide the required information, the implementation of relevant measures to appease the patient's family, reasonable adjustment of the work and teaching plan to control the epidemic, and do a good job of stabilization. Schools should actively cooperate with the local Center for Disease Control and Prevention to take the following measures to control the epidemic and prevent its further spread.

(a) Isolation of patients. Found that there are early symptoms of infectious diseases, should be taken in a timely manner to isolate, urge sick students or notify their parents to immediately go to the hospital. (1) fever (body temperature ≥ 38 ℃), or ≥ 37.5 ℃ with chills, cough, headache, vomiting, muscle aches and pains should be urged to seek medical attention in a timely manner and go home to rest or arranged to live in a separate dormitory area, do not participate in group activities during the rest period, do not enter the public **** place. At the same time, assign personnel responsible for tracking and recording the transfer situation and report to the local disease prevention and control organization. (2) After the fever subsides for 48 hours, the patient may resume normal classes.

(2) A daily morning examination system is implemented. If students are found to have fever, generalized pain, headache, vomiting, coughing, bleeding spots or petechiae on the skin and mucous membranes and other early symptoms of "epidemic brain", they should be urged to seek medical treatment in time and go home to rest.

(3) Strengthen indoor ventilation. In accordance with the "primary and secondary school classroom ventilation health standards" (GB/T17226/1998), the hourly need to replace the air. (1) classrooms, libraries (reading rooms) and other learning places ventilation and air exchange. Schools should be based on the different seasons and weather, to determine the mode and frequency of air exchange, such as warm weather is appropriate to implement the whole day open windows of the mode of air exchange, cold weather in the pre-school and recess period is appropriate to use the classroom and corridor windows to open the windows for air exchange. (2) Ventilation and air exchange in dormitories and other living places: dormitory administrators should urge students to open the dormitory windows every day after getting up to ensure that the air in the dormitories is fresh. Classrooms, dormitories and other student learning and living places should be supervised and inspected every day, which is included in the evaluation of grades and classes.

(d) the school according to the actual situation to reduce or stop collective activities, as far as possible to minimize the contact with students in the morbidity class, try to avoid the whole school or a larger number of people gathered. If necessary, according to the law (approved by the county and district governments) can be taken to suspend classes and other emergency measures to control the further spread of the epidemic spread.

(E) disinfection treatment. Schools should be in the local disease prevention and control agencies under the guidance of professionals in some key places, public goods for wet cleaning, if necessary, with 1% bleach powder clarifying solution or other chlorine-containing agent spray disinfection, the surface of the object can be used in the appropriate concentration of hydrogen-containing agents (chlorine-containing disinfectant such as 1:49 bleach, chlorine dioxide liquid) wipe or wipe wash.

(F) Strengthen hygiene promotion and health education work, enhance students' awareness of prevention and prevention ability. Schools should be based on the epidemic characteristics of infectious diseases, through a variety of forms to increase the students in winter and spring infectious disease prevention knowledge of publicity and education, in particular, to educate students to develop good personal hygiene, such as: sneezing, coughing should be used tissue paper, handkerchiefs and cover the mouth and nose, do not directly face others sneezing, coughing, used tissue paper, handkerchiefs do not throw away; sneezing, coughing and wiping their noses to wash their hands after. Wash your hands immediately after contacting patients and respiratory secretions, and wear a mask when caring for patients. Enhance physical exercise and nutrition, and get enough rest to strengthen the body and improve its ability to resist diseases. Maintain air circulation in home classrooms. Encourage patients to seek medical attention and rest at home.

(7) Preventive medicine and emergency vaccination. In accordance with the requirements of the "Regulations on the Administration of Vaccine Circulation and Preventive Vaccination", by the decision of the people's government at or above the county level where the school is located, and reported to the competent health department of the people's government of the province, autonomous region and municipalities directly under the Central Government for the record, can be carried out on the school population of the prophylaxis and emergency vaccination. (1) preventive medication: emergency preventive medication can be taken to close contacts under the guidance of doctors. Drugs can choose sulfa drugs or other antibacterial drugs (such as rifampicin). (2) emergency vaccination: according to the results of laboratory diagnosis of cases of influenza, population immunization monitoring and flora monitoring, etc., the type of vaccine to be used will be decided by health professional organizations.

When spring blooms it's time for a new mention of an old saying, five seasonal infectious diseases you should be careful of:

Scarlet fever, meningitis, measles, chickenpox, mumps.

Spring has passed, and the topic of preventing spring infectious diseases is an old story with a new twist. Professor Tan, an expert in infectious diseases, reminded us in particular: early spring season temperatures are dry, respiratory resistance is poor, if you often go to crowded public **** place, easy to cause infectious diseases.

Strawberry tongue to identify scarlet fever

Scarlet fever is a bacterial respiratory infectious diseases, manifested as fever, pharyngitis and rash, the rash is characterized by: in the fever of the next day or so, in the whole body of the skin diffuse congestion (pressure of the fading) on the basis of redness, can be seen on the basis of the needle tip size of the point of the rash. At the same time, there is white moss on the surface of the tongue, and the tongue is red, very much like a strawberry, so it is called "strawberry tongue".

Fluenza identification

Fluenza is characterized by fever, headache, vomiting, and in severe cases, septic shock, even high fever, convulsions, and coma (fulminant), and most of the patients with flu have a lot of red dots on their bodies (skin or mucous membranes).

Adult measles to be alert

Adult measles: fever accompanied by respiratory khat symptoms (manifested as coughing, runny nose, sneezing, reddened eyes, and much secretion, etc.), and on about the fourth day of the fever, a rash appeared from the back of the ear and the roots of the hair, and then spread all over the body.

Chickenpox does not leave marks

Chickenpox is a common infectious disease in children, and the rash appears on the day of fever: it manifests itself as a blotchy rash, papules, and herpes blisters, with scabs and scabs falling off without leaving marks. Chickenpox can also be complicated by pneumonia, encephalitis, and secondary infections of the rash (in the case of herpes hydatidis).

Mumps is mumps

Mumps, commonly known as mumps, is a disease of a variety of glands throughout the body caused by the mumps virus, in addition to invasion of the gonads and so on. In addition to fever, accompanied by localized glandular swelling and pain, children can also be combined with meningitis, adults more pancreatitis and orchitis (male).

Infectious diseases focus on prevention, should seize the epidemic of infectious diseases in three links: control the source of infection; cut off the transmission channels; protection of susceptible people, do a good job of preventive vaccination, preventive medicine and strengthen the outdoor exercise, and strive to improve the body's immunity and resistance to disease.

Concerned about common spring infectious diseases in children

Spring not only brings us warm sunshine and fresh air, but also brings viruses and bacteria at the same time.

Experts suggest that spring is the season of high incidence of infectious diseases, such as chicken pox, mumps and meningitis. As children's various systems are not well developed and their resistance is low, they are often defenseless against diseases.

Here we introduce the identification and home care methods of chickenpox, mumps and meningitis for the reference of parents:

I. Chickenpox is an acute infectious disease caused by the herpes zoster virus

Age of susceptibility: 3-5 years old

Transmission route: respiratory droplet transmission and direct contact transmission

Isolation period: at least 6 days

Incubation period: 7-17 days

Prodromal stage: the onset of disease is rapid, the prodromal symptoms of young children are often not obvious, the beginning of the rash. Older children often have fever, up to 39-40 ℃, often accompanied by general malaise, loss of appetite, can be seen in the precursor rash, such as scarlet fever or measles-like rash, disappeared in 24 hours.

Rash period: on the day of onset of disease or the second day of the appearance of the initial red maculopapular rash, a few hours later quickly changed to herpes blisters, the diameter of 0.3-0.8mm teardrop-shaped blisters, which is surrounded by a red halo. 24 hours of the blisters become cloudy liquid, easy to break, herpes lasts for 3-4 days and then scabs, scabs cover the shedding in 5-10 days, short-term ellipse shaped shallow scars remain. Chickenpox rash usually appears in batches within 3-5 days of the onset of the disease, the development of each batch of rash has the above process, therefore, at the same time, maculopapular rash, herpes blisters and scabs can be seen. The rash is pruritic. The rash is mainly found on the trunk and head and face, less on the distal extremities, and even less on the palms and soles of the feet, with a centripetal distribution, which is one of the characteristics of chickenpox rash. The number of rashes varies from tens to hundreds. Mucosal chickenpox rash can occur in the oral cavity, the conjunctiva of the eye, vulva, etc., and can become shallow ulcers after rupture, which heal rapidly. If herpes occurs in the cornea, it is potentially dangerous to vision.

Complications: More commonly, the rash is secondary to a bacterial infection.

Home care methods:

1, fever should be allowed to bed rest, drink plenty of water, strengthen nutrition, give the child easy to digest food.

2, help the child to cut short nails, in order to avoid the child can not resist the itch and scratch the herpes, otherwise it is easy to cause secondary infection. If the blisters break down and have yellow scabs, it means that the infection has been secondary, and effective antibiotics must be added.

3, if the child feels itchy, and the herpes has not been scratched, can be used to wipe the wound with glycerine, and oral paracetamol.

4, pay attention to keep the skin clean, underwear should be changed often.

Two, mumps is an acute respiratory infection caused by the mumps virus.

Susceptible age: mostly seen in 3 to 15 years old

Transmission route: through air droplets

Isolation period: generally about 40 days

Incubation period: 14-24 days, but 17-18 days is the most common

Precursor period: 1-2 days, often fever, tiredness, muscle aches, loss of appetite, vomiting, headache, Combined with meningitis, pharyngitis, etc., occasionally may first appear meningeal irritation signs, most patients can be no prodromal period, to the lower part of the ear swelling, pain as the earliest symptom.

Parotid swelling stage: parotid swelling is usually bilateral, can be seen first on one side, 1 ~ 2 days later, the other side is also enlarged, swollen parotid to the earlobe as the center, spreading to the surrounding area, 2 ~ 3 days to reach the peak of the local pain, more pronounced when the mouth is open or chewing, the surface of the surface of the burning, buccal parotid ducts can be seen at the mouth of redness and swelling, submandibular gland and the saliva gland are also successively involved. The swelling of the parotid gland decreases after 4 to 5 days, and the whole course of the disease is about 1 to 2 weeks.

Complications: meningoencephalitis and orchitis are more common.

Home care methods:

1, sick children need to be isolated until the swelling of the parotid gland completely subside.

2, the diet should be fluid or semi-fluid to reduce the pain caused by chewing, avoid acidic food, avoid increased salivation to aggravate the pain. At the same time to drink more water.

3, pay attention to oral hygiene, available salt water gargling, 3 to 4 times a day.

4, the family room often open doors and windows to fully ventilate. Under the guidance of the doctor oral tablet tablet Gan punch and other medicines, parotid swelling can be localized compresses of drugs, with Ruyi Tu Huang San + vinegar or tea after mixing the external compress, 1 to 2 times a day; or with cactus mashed juice + sugar coated in gauze on the external compress on the swelling, every 12 hours to replace a time. If the child has a persistent high fever, headache, vomiting, abdominal pain and other abnormalities, should be promptly to the hospital infectious diseases department or infectious diseases hospital, in order to clarify whether there is a combination of meningoencephalitis, pancreatitis may be.

Three, meningitis is a special type of purulent meningitis caused by the meningococcus. It is transmitted through the respiratory tract and is highly contagious, with the highest prevalence in children under 6 years of age.

Susceptible age: children under 6 years old

Transmission route: through droplets and airborne

Isolation period: from the onset of the disease until the disappearance of the symptoms

Incubation period: 2-10 days, usually 2-3 days

Ordinary encephalitis: in the winter and spring seasons, the symptoms of respiratory infections above the onset of illness, sudden onset of fever, headache, neck pain, vomiting. In some patients, herpes around the corners of the mouth appeared on the 3rd-4th day. Some patients develop herpes around the corners of the mouth on the 3rd-4th day. Neck stiffness, Kirschner's and Brinell's signs of meningeal irritation are positive. In most cases, petechiae, ecchymosis, or maculopapular rash appeared on the skin and mucous membranes a few hours after the onset of the disease, which was dark red or purplish-red in color, varying in size and distribution, and most of them did not fade away when pressed.

Outbreak of epidemic epidemic:

1, shock type: acute onset of high fever and headache, extreme depression, impaired consciousness, convulsions. Ecchymosis and petechiae all over the body expand rapidly, even subcutaneous hemorrhage or necrosis. Pale face, blue lips, cold limbs, shortness of breath, thin pulse, blood pressure drop.

2, meningoencephalitis type: acute onset of high fever, severe headache and vomiting, restlessness, frequent convulsions and convulsions, rapid coma. Heart rate, respiration can be slow, elevated blood pressure, pupils large and small, irregular edges, slow reaction to light or disappear, irregular breathing.

Family care methods:

1, as little as possible to take the child to the public **** place;

2, open the doors and windows at regular intervals to ventilate the room; diligent sun bedding, washing clothes, salt water to wash the mouth and nose, can effectively prevent the occurrence of the epidemic.

3, pay attention to protect the skin clean, wash and change clothes and pants, can eat, give carbohydrate-based liquid diet, keep the airway open. Pay close attention to the changes in body temperature, high fever, every 2 hours to measure the body temperature.