Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is a minimally invasive operation in urology. PCNL, together with ureteroscope and extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, has become the main method to treat upper urinary calculi in modern times, completely changing the traditional open surgery. Percutaneous nephrolithotripsy, ureteroscopic lithotripsy and extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy can save most of the open kidney calculi.

Indications: 1. All kidney calculi requiring open surgical intervention include complete and incomplete staghorn calculi, kidney calculi ≥2cm, symptomatic renal calices or diverticulum calculi, and stones that are difficult to crush by extracorporeal shock wave and fail to be treated.

2. Large stones above the waist in the upper ureter, with heavy obstruction or long diameter1.5 cm; Or ureteral calculi caused by polyp wrapping and curved ureter, ineffective ESWL or failed ureteroscopy.

3. Special type of kidney calculi, including children with obvious kidney calculi obstruction, kidney calculi and kidney calculi with ureteropelvic junction obstruction or ureteral stricture, solitary kidney with stone obstruction, horseshoe kidney with stone obstruction, transplanted kidney with stone obstruction and kidney calculi without hydronephrosis.