Potato
Solanum tuberosum; potato
Annual herb of the genus Solanum, family Solanaceae. Also known as potatoes, yams, yam eggs and so on. Tubers are edible, is an important food, vegetables and dual-use crops. Some scholars believe that the potato *** there are seven cultivars, mainly distributed in South America, the Andes and the nearby coastal areas of temperate and subtropical regions. The most important potato cultivar is the tetraploid species. Tetraploid cultivars of potatoes spread to all parts of the world, initially from Colombia in South America in 1570, the short-day type introduced into Spain, Europe, by artificial selection, to become a long day type; and then spread to Asia, North America, southern Africa and Australia and other places. Potato high yield, rich in nutrients, strong adaptability to the environment, now all over the world, tropical and subtropical countries and even in the winter or cool season can also be cultivated and get high yield. The world's major potato producers are the former Soviet Union, Poland, China and the United States. The main production areas of potato in China are the southwestern mountainous areas, the northwestern part of the country, Inner Mongolia and the northeastern part of the country. The southwestern mountainous areas have the largest sown area, accounting for about 1/3 of the country's total area, and Heilongjiang province is the country's largest potato planting base.
Ordinary cultivated species of potato by tuber propagation growth, shape varies according to varieties. The height of the plant is about 50 to 80 centimeters. The stem is divided into two parts: the above-ground stem and the underground stem. The tuber is round, ovoid or oblong. The color of the potato skin is white, yellow, pink, red, or purple; the flesh is white, yellowish, or yellow. Plants grown from seeds form an elongated primary root and branched lateral roots; while plants propagated from tubers have no primary root and only form a fibrous root system. The primary leaves are simple and entire. As the plant grows, it gradually forms pinnately compound leaves. Cymes are terminal and come in white, light blue, purple, and reddish colors. Berries.
The cultivation techniques of the potato around the world vary according to the geographical and climatic conditions. The main use of tubers for asexual reproduction. In order to avoid cutter-transmitted viruses (fusiform tuber, X and S mosaic virus) and ring rot, healthy seed potatoes with a diameter of 3-3.5 cm should be used for whole potato sowing. Potatoes are most susceptible to diseases. Fungal diseases include late blight, scab and early blight. Bacterial diseases include ring rot and green blight. Viral diseases include leaf leaf disease, leaf curl disease, virus-like diseases, and mycoplasma diseases. Insect pests include tuber moths, nematodes, tigresses, and grubs. Most cultivars are selected through crossbreeding. In view of the paucity of common cultivars of potato varieties, in recent years, special attention has been paid to synthesizing the chromosome sets of potato's close cultivars, including common cultivars and diploid cultivars, in order to facilitate the selection and breeding of new varieties with high yields, high resistance and high starch and protein content. The main ways of selection and breeding are: ① using diploid hybrids that produce 2n gametes to cross with common cultivars. ②Use of new cultivars and ordinary cultivated species hybridization.
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Potato tubers contain 76.3% water and 23.7% dry matter, including 17.5% starch, 0.5% sugar, 1% to 2% protein and 1% inorganic salt. Fresh potatoes can be boiled for food or vegetables. But the fresh potato tuber volume, high water content, transportation and long-term storage difficulties. For this reason, countries all over the world pay much attention to the production of processed foods of potato, such as French frozen fried strips, fried pieces, instant whole powder, starch, as well as a wide variety of cakes, egg rolls and so on, for the number of more than 100 kinds of. The fresh stems and leaves of potatoes can be used as feed through silage, but they contain lobelia alkaloids, which must be prevented from causing livestock poisoning. Some areas of China use potato stems and leaves to do green manure, its fertilizer effect is similar to zi Yunying.